Sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,and high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC） treated by sequential therapy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization（TACE）,three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy（3-DCRT） and high-intensity focused ultrasound（HIFU）.From October,2005 to September,2010,120 patients with unresectable HCC received the sequential treatments of several courses of TACE followed in 2-4 weeks by 3-DCRT and then a single session of HIFU with a curative intent.The median tumor irradiation dose was 40 Gy.Tumor response,toxicity and overall survival rate were analyzed.Clinicopathologic factors affecting the primary technique effectiveness and overall survival rates were investigated by univariate analysis or multivariate analysis.All 120 HCC patients were followed up by the last follow-up time.Among these patients,hepatic toxicities due to treatment were notable in 9 cases.Gastrointestinal bleeding after the overall treatment occurred in 2 cases,leukopenia of grade III was detected in 1 case,radiation-induced liver disease（RILD） was observed in 2 patients,and first-and second-degree skin burn around the HIFU treatment zone were observed in 2 patients and 1 patient,respectively.Among 120 patients,23,83 and 14 cases achieved partial response,stable disease and progressive disease,respectively.The overall survival rates at 1 year,3 years and 5 years were 70%,35% and 15%,respectively,with a median survival time of 26 months.Both Child-Pugh liver function grading and radiation dose were determined to be independent predictors for overall survival revealed by the multivariate analysis.It is concluded that the sequential therapy of TACE,3-DCRT and HIFU is a promising therapeutic regimen for unresectable HCC.

Concurrent gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with 3D conformal radiotherapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Objective： To study the toxicities and efficacy of concurrent gemcitabine plus cisplatin combined with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Methods： Thirty-six patients with pathologically diagnosed NSCLC received radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. There were 22 patients with stage Ilia and 14 patients with IIIb. Radiotherapy was given a total of 60-70 Gy in conventional fractionation. Chemotherapy included gemcitabine （600 mg/m^2） and cisplatin （20 mg/m^2）, once per week. Results： Thirty-two patients received a total dose of 60-72 Gy. Two patients received 56 Gy and another two patients received 58 Gy. Thirty-four patients received 4-6 weeks of chemotherapy, while two patients received only 2 weeks of chemotherapy. The overall response rate （CR ＋ PR）, complete response rate （CR）, partially response rate （PR） were 83.3% （30/36）, 11.1% （4/36） and 72.2% （26/36） respectively. The median follow-up duration was 18.4 months. The 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 77.8% （28/36） and 55.6% （20/36）, respectively. Conclusion： Concurrent gemcitabine and cisplatin combined with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer is effective and well tolerated. Lone-term results need further study.

Dosimetric study of five-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy compared with conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for rectal cancer

Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the difference of dose distribution in clinical target volume and organ at risk （OAR） between five-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT） and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3DCRT） in the radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Methods： Fifteen patients with rectal cancer treated with radio- therapy （RT） were retrospectively analyzed. Among the patients, seven received RT preoperatively and 8 postoperatively. The target volume and the OARs such as the small bowel, bladder and femoral heads were contoured for each patient. 3DCRT-plan and IMRT-plan were performed for each patient respectively, with the prescribed dose covering at least 95% of the planning target volume （PTV）. The conformity index （CI） and homogeneity index （HI） were used for evaluation of the dose distribution in the target volume, and the Dx% （the lowest dose to the x% volume of the OARs that received the highest dose of irradiation） and the mean dose were used for evaluation of the dose to OARs. Paired-T test was used for companson of the difference between the two plans. Results： In the IMRT-plan and 3DCRT-plan, the CI were 0.94 and 0.87 （P = 0.000） and the HI were 1.13 and 1.17, respectively （P = 0.001）. For small bowel, the D30%, D50% and the mean dose were 19.67 Gy, 15.13 Gy and 18.81 Gy in the IMRT-plan and 25.20 Gy, 22.20 Gy and 22.89 Gy in the 3DCRT-plan, respectively （P 〈 0.001 for all pairs of parameters）. For bladder, the D30%, D50%, and the mean dose were 24.80 Gy, 34.20 Gy and 28.70 Gy in the IMRT- plan, and 35.07 Gy, 44.67 Gy and 35.68 Gy in the 3DCRT-plan, respectively （P 〈 0.001 for all pairs of parameters）. For femoral heads, the D5% in the IMRT-plan and 3DCRT-plan were 40.6 Gy and 40.47 Gy, respectively （P = 0.936）, and the mean dose were 30.14 Gy and 25.57 Gy, respectively （P = 0.001）. Conclusion： Five-field IMRT-plan is better than 3DCRT-plan in the conformity and the dose homogeneity within target volume and also better in sparing the small bowel and bladder.

Evaluation of whole-course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with late-course accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma patients

Objective： The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of whole-course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3DCRT） combined with late-course accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy （LCAFR） on patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods： one hundred and one patients with esophageal carcinoma were divided into two groups. Observing group （49 cases） were treated by whole-course 3DCRT. Patients in control group （52 cases） were treated by conventional radiotherapy. Clinical efficiencies and radiation toxicities were compared between two groups. Results： The side effects including radiation esophagitis （63.2%） and tracheitis （49.0%） decreased in observing group, but there was no significant difference between two groups （69.2% and 55.7% in controls）. The 1-, 2-and 3-year tumor local control rates and overall survival rates in the observing group were significantly improved compared with the control group, being respectively 87.8%, 75.5%, 63.3% vs 71.2%, 55.8%, 42.3% and 85.7%, 71.4%, 46.7% vs 69.2%, 51.9%, 26.9% （all P 0.05）. Conclusion： The therapeutic effect of whole-course 3DCRT combined with LCAFR for esophageal carcinomas is superior to conventional radiotherapy.

Three-Tesla Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Imaging in Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer

Aims and background: we evaluate CT-3Tesla MRI fusion in conformal radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.Methods: 18 consecutive patients underwent a 3T MRI scan under radiotherapy planning conditions, after the CT scan. Bowel and bladder preparation were prescribed. CT and MR images were automatically fused;prostate and seminal vesicles were contoured on CT and on MRI, organs at risk were defined on CT-MRI fusion. Late rectal and sexual toxicity, differences in target volume between MRI and CT and differences in rectal and penile bulb dose distribution based on CT only or on CT-MRI fusion were evaluated.Results: one patient experienced a late rectal toxicity;no patient had sexual toxicity. The difference between the mean MRI and CT target volumes was statistically significant (p = 0.0001 paired Student's t-test). The dose-volume histogram (DVH) analysis shows a significant reduction of the dose received by the rectum and the penile bulb in MRI-plans compared to CT-plans.Conclusions: 3 Tesla MRI scan under radiotherapy planning conditions along with bowel preparation significantly improves the definition of the target volume sparing normal tissue irradiation.

The Effect of Treatment Position on Rectal and Bladder Dose-Volume Histograms for Prostate Radiotherapy Planned with 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy

Purpose: To compare target coverage and organ at risk (OAR) sparing in the supine and prone positions with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in low- and high-risk prostate radiotherapy cases. Materials and Methods: Using magnetic resonance images of five healthy volunteers, six treatment plans (supine 3DCRT, prone 3DCRT, supine IMRT, prone IMRT, supine VMAT and prone VMAT) were generated. Planning target volume 1 (PTV1) was defined as the prostate gland plus the seminal vesicles with adequate margins in a high-risk setting, while PTV2 was defined as prostate only with margins in a low-risk setting. The mean dose for both PTV1 and PTV2 was set at 78 Gy. Plans generated by each of the 3 techniques were compared between the supine and prone positions using dose-volume histograms (DVHs). Results: For PTV1, prone 3DCRT provided a significantly higher D98% than did supine 3DCRT, and its homogeneity index (HI) was significantly better. IMRT and VMAT values did not differ significantly between the prone and supine positions. For PTV2, no values differed significantly between the supine and prone positions under any treatment plan. With respect to OAR, the rectal D mean, D2%, V50, and V60 values of PTV1 were statistically higher in supine 3DCRT than in prone 3DCRT, while there were no significant differences in rectal values between the supine and prone positions with IMRT or VMAT. The rectal Dmean, V50, V60, V70, and V75 values of prone 3DCRT were significantly higher than those of supine IMRT or supine VMAT. There were no significant differences in any values for the rectum and bladder for PTV2. Conclusion: Although prone 3DCRT was found to be superior to supine 3DCRT in terms of rectal sparing in high-risk prostate cancer, IMRT and VMAT techniques could possibly cover this disadvantage.

Results of flexible 3D-conformal radiotherapy for patients with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma and comparative study of this technique with conventional radiotherapy

Objective： To observe the effects of the new technique of flexible 3D-conformal radiotherapy with combination of photon and electron （3DCRT） in the treatment of the patients with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma （MPM）, and carry out the comparative study between flexible 3DCRT and hemithoracic conventional radiotherapy （CRT）. Methods： From January 2004 to October 2007, 8 patients with MPM were treated with flexible 3DCRT. 5 patients had received cycles of chemotherapy before radiation. New technique of flexible 3DCRT with combination of photon and electron was used in our study, and DT 32.2-64 Gy with conventional split were delivered. CRT technique was mimicked to compare with 3DCRT technique to predict the possibility of lung damage in two methods. Results： One patient reached CR and other 7 patients got PR after radiation. Two patients died during the follow-up. The median survival time （MST） was 15.4 months and it was 18.8 months for sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy group and 9.7 months for radiotherapy alone group. The V20, V30, and ipsilateral and contralateral median lung dosage （MLD） were 20.5%, 15.6%, 18.8 Gy and 2.2 Gy respectively when the flexible 3DCRT technique was used, whereas they were 36.8%, 27.9%, 31.1 Gy and 1.2 Gy respectively when the CRT technique was used. They were statistically different for the lung V20, V30 and ipsilateral MLD between the two techniques （P 〈 0.01）, whereas there was no different for the contralateral MLD （P = 0.08）. All patients received radiation were found to have lung fibrosis and classified as grades 1-2 radiation pneumonitis. The quality of life was increased from score 2.83 to 3.76 and it was significantly different （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： MPM is moderately sensitive to radiation. The flexible 3DCRT technique is feasible in the treatment of MPM and lung damage is reduced apparently comparing with the CRT technique. The quality of life of patients with MPM is improved after irradiation.

Clinical observation of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT) with concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of recurrent cervical cancers

Objective： The aim of the study was to explore the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3D- CRT） combined with TP concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of recurrent cervical cancers. Methods： From May 2005 to May 2009, 36 patients with recurrent cervical cancer were treated by 3D-CRT of 60-66 Gy and TP （docetaxel 70 mg/m^2, d1; cisplatin 20 mg/m^2, dl-d3; 21 days per cycle, totally 2 cycles） concurrent chemotherapy. Results： All of the patients had finished the 3D-CRT, the total response rate, complete response rate and partial response rate were 80.0% （28/35）, 45.7% （16/35）, and 34.3% （12/35）, respectively. The pain-alleviation rate was 91.4% （32/35）. The hemorrhage control rate was 94.3% （33/35）. The median overall survival was 21.2 months. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 54.3%, 37.1% and 22.8%, respectively. The life qualities of the patients were improved, without any treatment related death. Conclusion： Radiotherapy is effective and well-tolerated for recurrent cervical cancers, and it can promote regional control of the disease and prolong survival time.

Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal Vein Thrombosis Using Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy

Objective: To determine the possible therapeutic gain of using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) as a treatment option for portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to evaluate the tolerance and toxicity of using such treatment. Materials and methods: Sixty two patients were enrolled in this prospective study between June 2013 and August 2015. The clinical target volume (CTV) was the PVTT and the prescribed dose was 50 Gy/25 fractions. The median follow-up time was 7.4 months. Results: The thrombus crude response rate was 40.4% and the only significant prognostic factor for response was the thrombus size. Responders had significant better survival compared to non-responders with a median survival of 12.5 and 8 months respectively (P Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that radiotherapy should be considered as a safe treatment option for HCC patients with PVTT. It is effective not only for PVTT local control but also for survival, although prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm these results.

Clinical observation in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of postoperative cerebral gliomas

Objective:The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) combined with Temozolomide (TMZ) concurrent chemotherapy in treatment of postoperative cerebral gliomas by prospective randomized controlled trials. Methods: Sixty-two patients with cerebral glioma who had residual tumor were divided into 3D-CRT group (radiotherapy group, n=31) and 3D-CRT with concurrent chemotherapy group (chemoradiotherapy group, n=31) prospectively. All patients received a dose of 50-60 Gy/25-30 F/5-6 weeks by 6 MV-X ray, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 1 f/d, 5 times a week. Chemotherapy regimen was Temozolomide:75 mg/m2/d, concomitantly with radiotherapy, followed by 150-200 mg/m2/d, 5 days, 28 days per cycle, totally 3-6 cycles. Results: The total response rate was 35.3% (11/31) in radiotherapy group. The response rate was 61.3% (19/31) in chemoradiotherapy group. There was significant difference in curative effect (P=0.042). There was no significant difference in survival comparison of two groups (P=0.263). Stratified analysis showed the patients with grade Ⅲ gliomas of chemoradiotherapy group had better prognosis than ones of radiotherapy group (P=0.043). Conclusion: The 3D-CRT with concurrent chemotherapy can improve the survival of cerebral gliomas with pathological grade Ⅲ.

Radiotherapy to the Left Breast with 3DCRT, IMRT or VMAT: International Medical Center Experience

Radiation therapy after conservative breast surgery is an integral part of the treatment of early breast cancer. The aim of radiotherapy is to achieve the best coverage of the Planning Target Volume (PTV), while reducing the dose to the Organs at Risk (OAR). Such goals are not always achievable with the conformal three dimensions plans (3DCRT). Recently, radiation oncologist uses Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for irradiating the breast. In this study, we compared 3DCRT, IMRT and VMAT for left breast cancer patients in terms of PTV coverage, OAR. We also revised the different dose distribution in 1) different breast volume categories, 2) nodal irradiation versus breast only, and 3) boost versus no boost. Results: The routinely reported dose constrains for the ipsilateral lung and for the heart were not significantly different on comparing the three techniques. While for the contralateral lung, the difference in mean dose was in favor of 3DCRT. In large breast volume, 3DCRT provided a lower Max dose to the contralateral lung and the lowest mean dose to the contralateral breast when compared to IMRT p < 0. 046. In case of no nodal irradiation, the contralateral breast mean dose was lower in 3DCRT in comparison to IMRT and VMAT p < 0.037. When boost dose was given, 3DCRT plans had produced a lower Max dose to the contralateral lung p < 0.017. Conclusion: The three techniques (3DCRT, IMRT, and VMAT) can meet the clinical dosimetry demands of radiotherapy for left breast cancer after conservative surgery, as long as the routinely OARs only (heart and ipsilateral lung) are reported. Our study showed that 3CDRT can provide a lower dose to the contralateral organs (breast and lung), specially, in case of large breast volumes, no nodal irradiation and when a boost is given.

Curative 3D Conformal Radiotherapy of Non-Operated Prostate Adenocarcinoma at Pointe-a-Pitre University Hospital (Guadeloupe): About 29 Cases

Context: Technological advances have improved the toxicities of radiotherapy. We are evaluating the 3D technique in prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study from January 2015 to December 2015 with 29 files. Survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: We collected 29 patient records over the study period. The median age was 75 years with the following extremes: 54 years and 83 years. The median PSA level was 12 ng/ml with a range of 3.05 to 79 ng/ml. Gleason score analysis showed 6 patients (20.69%) with a score of 6 (3 + 3), 23 patients (79.31%) with a score of 7 including 12 patients (41.38%) with grade 3 and 11 patients (37.93%) with grade 4. The median dose delivered was 74 Gy, with a mean dose of 73.79 Gy and extremes of 70 Gy for the minimum and 76 Gy for the maximum. Hormone therapy was combined with radiotherapy in 17 patients (58.62%). Seven patients (24.14%) had grade 1 acute bladder toxicity and one patient (3.45%) had grade 2 acute toxicity. Late bladder toxicity was grade 1 in 5 patients (17.24%), grade 2 in 3 patients (10.34%) and grade 3 in 1 patient (3.45%). Late rectal toxicity, grade 2 in 3 patients (10.34%), grade 3 in 1 patient, was noted. Overall survival at 2 years was 100% and 89.65% at 5 years. Relapse-free survival at 2 years was 82.76% and 62.07% at 5 years. There were 3 deaths (10.34%) of which only one was related to prostate cancer. Conclusion: Radiotherapy, like surgery, is a fundamental option for the treatment of prostate cancers, particularly those that are locally advanced. It is gaining in importance with the improvement of techniques (IMRT, VMAT…) and new fractionations which contribute to the reduction of toxicities and the comfort of patients (shorter spread).

颈段、胸上段食管癌3DCRT/IMRT剂量学比较

目的通过对颈段、胸上段食管癌三维适形(3DCRT)和调强(IMRT)放疗计划的剂量学比较,选择符合临床要求的最优方案。方法 14例颈段、胸上段食管癌患者模拟定位后参考食管钡餐和内镜检查结果勾画GTV,按照统一标准确定CTV、PTV,分别设计3DCRT、5野均匀分布IMRT-A和5野非均匀分布IMRT-B共3套放疗计划,以95%PTV获得100%处方剂量进行归一,分析各计划靶区剂量分布及危及器官受量的差异。结果本组病例所有的IMRT计划均能满足治疗要求,而4例3DCRT计划不能满足要求,本研究仅对10组可行计划进行进一步的剂量学比较。预防照射区(PTV1):3DCRT计划的剂量参数Dmean、D100、D95分别为(5725±54.96)cGy、(4703±25.26)cGy、(5203±71.70)cGy,明显高于IMRT-A的(5348±27.14)cGy、(4158±27.36)cGy、(4996±54.74)cGy和IMRT-B的(5232±26.85)cGy、(4286±12.13)cGy、(4979±31.78)cGy(P<0.05);3DCRT V105为(82.95±3.02)%,高于IMRT-A的(71.07±6.68)%和IMRT-B的(69.55±4.56)%(P<0.05),V100、V95无明显差异(P>0.05)。肿瘤区(PTV2):3套放疗计划的Dmean、D100、D95、V105、V95无明显差异(P>0.05),而IMRT-A和IMRT-B的V100分别为(95.21±1.78)%和(96.12±2.55)%,均高于3DCRT的(88.69±1.84)%(P<0.05);IMRT-A和IMRT-B HI分别为1.08±0.01和1.02±0.01,低于3DCRT的1.18±0.03,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。除肺V5外,IMRT-A和IMRT-B脊髓Dmax、肺V20、V30、MLD分别为(3641±23.41)cGy、(22.08±0.31)%、(11.07±0.51)%、(1034±37.51)cGy和(3303±75.39)cGy、(19.82±1.74)%、(10.14±1.20)%、(981±38.16)cGy,均小于3DCRT的(4113±38.28)cGy、(28.07±6.30)%、(19.72±5.26)%、(1356±38.91)cGy,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。IMRT计划剂量参数、体积参数、剂量分布均匀性无明显差别(P>0.05);IMRT-B肺MLD和脊髓Dmax较IMRT-A低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈段、胸上段食管癌放疗采用IMRT优于3DCRT,根据靶区形状非均匀布野IMRT可进一步降低肺和脊髓受照剂量。

胰腺癌3DCRT联合化疗的疗效分析

目的:观察三维适形放射治疗(3 dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT)联合化疗治疗胰腺癌的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析我院自2006年1月至2011年6月收治的60例胰腺癌患者。治疗组28例,于化疗第1天行3DCRT,每周期第1、8、21、29天静滴吉西他滨(GEM)1000mg/m2,草酸铂130mg/m2,静脉滴注。对照组32例,给予每周期第1、8、21、29天静滴GEM 1 000mg/m2,草酸铂130mg/m2,静脉滴注。比较两组治疗完成情况、临床疗效、毒副反应及生存情况。结果:治疗组治疗完成率89.29%,对照组治疗完成率93.75%,两组在统计学上差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);两组总有效率分别为25.0%与3.1%(P<0.05)。两组毒副反应主要为血小板减少(28.6%,21.9%),白细胞下降(39.3%,31.3%),胃肠道反应(82.1%,75.0%)以及肝功能变化(10.7%,9.4%),两组毒副反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组与对照组在6个月生存率(82.1%,53.1%)、12个月生存率(46.4%,21.9%)及中位生存期(11.2个月,7.6个月)比较,差异具有统计学显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:3DCRT+吉西他宾+草酸铂治疗胰腺癌疗效确切,可减轻临床症状。

3DCRT技术治疗原发性肝癌的临床剂量学研究

目的探讨3DCRT技术治疗原发性肝癌的方法、处方剂量与疗效的关系。方法27例有随访结果的肝癌患者,对其肿瘤体积大小、位置、处方剂量及生存期作回顾性总结。结果治疗后肿瘤局部控制率为85.2%(23/27),1年生存率为70.4%(19/27),2年生存率为55.6%(15/27),3年生存率为33.3%(9/27)。所有病人无放射性肝炎等严重副反应发生。结论3DCRT技术治疗不宜手术的肝癌是一种无创而有效的治疗方法,可提高肝癌的局部控制率,不良反应轻微,病人生存质量得到提高。

非小细胞肺癌患者血清sTim-3和SPINK1水平与三维适形放疗效果及预后的关系

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌患者血清可溶性T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子3(sTim-3)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Kazal1型(SPINK1)水平与三维适形放疗效果及预后的关系。方法选取102例肺癌患者作为研究对象,收集患者的一般临床资料(包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、肿瘤直径、TNM分期、分化程度以及病理类型),抽取入院第2日空腹外周静脉血,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清sTim-3、SPINK1水平并据中位数大小将患者分为sTim-3低和高水平组、SPINK1低和高水平组;患者均进行三维适形放疗,随访12个月,观察并记录患者疗效,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和log-rank检验研究血清sTim-3、SPINK1与患者预后的关系,采用COX回归研究非小细胞肺癌患者预后的影响因素。结果肿瘤直径>3.0 cm、肿瘤淋巴结转移(TNM)分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、分化程度为低分化的非小细胞肺癌患者血清sTim-3、SPINK1表达水平高于肿瘤直径≤3.0 cm、TNM分期为Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、分化程度为中高分化的非小细胞肺癌患者(P<0.05);接受三维适形放疗后,血清sTim-3、SPINK1低水平组非小细胞肺癌患者总有效率高于高水平组(P<0.05);sTim-3、SPINK1高水平组非小细胞肺癌患者生存率分别低于对应的低水平组(P<0.05);sTim-3、SPINK1、TNM分期、分化程度是影响非小细胞肺癌患者预后的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论非小细胞肺癌患者血清sTim-3、SPINK1高表达与三维适形放疗疗效以及预后有关。

3DCRT联合周剂量顺铂治疗局部中晚期食管癌临床研究

目的:探讨三维适形放射治疗(3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy,3 DCRT)联合周剂量顺铂(DDP)与单纯3DCRT治疗局部中晚期食管癌的治疗效果及不良反应。方法:将168例局部中晚期食管癌患者随机分为两组,各84例。放化组:采用3DCRT联合每周一次DDP 25mg/m^2,静脉滴注,连续5次～6次;单放组:行单纯3DCRT治疗。结果:治疗结束后1月放化组及单放组食管片示Ⅰ级缓解率分别为57.1%及40.5%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ级+Ⅱ级缓解率分别为91.7%及77.4,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);1年局部控制率放化组优于单放组(P<0.05),3年、5年局部控制率两组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);5年生存率放化组高于单放组(P<0.05);放化组及单放组死于远处转移分别为10例及25例(P<0.05);放化组及单放组死于局部未控分别为38例及37例(P>0.05);≥Ⅱ级的急性反应及后期并发症两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:3DCRT联合DDP治疗局部中晚期食管癌具有协同作用,具有较好的疗效,可提高肿瘤局部控制率和5年生存率,降低远处转移率。

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RADIATION THERAPY FOR LOCALLY RECURRENT NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3-D CRT) for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: From April 1998 to March 2000, 34 patients who had undergone previous external beam radiation therapy were retreated with 3-D CRT for locally recurrent NPC (33 poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, 1 adenoma). The patients were re-staged according to Huaqing staging system with the following distribution: T1N0M0 in 5 cases, T2N0M0 in 11 cases, T3N0M0 in 12 cases, T4N0M0 in 6 cases. The maximal dimension of the gross tumor volume (GTV) ranged from 1.0 cm to 5.0 cm (median: 2.9 cm). CT simulation and 3-D planning were used to ensure full and conformal coverage of the planning target volume (PTV) by treated volume, while minimizing the absorbed dose of the adjacent normal tissue. 5–7 static conformal coplanar or noncoplanar portals were delivered for each fraction irradiation. The total dose delivered ranged from 65–70 Gy, with 2.5 Gy per fractionation, one fractionation per day, 5 days a week. Median follow-up time from 3-D CRT was 25 months (range: 12–36 months). Results: Over the follow-up period, local recurrence was observed in 3 patients, regional failure in 3, distant metastasis in 3, and six patients died; 88.2% (30/34) of the patient maintained local control, 82.4% (28/34) survived, and 76.5% (26/34) survived with no evidence of tumor. Acute complications were minor and few. The overall incidence of late complication was 20.6% (7/34), and severe complication was 14.7% (5/34), after re-irradiation with 3-D CRT. Conclusion: 3-D CRT is safety and effectiveness for most of the patients with locally recurrent NPC. Our preliminary results indicate a high local control rate and a low complication rate. The long-term curative effect and sequelae await further study.

The impact of intensity modulated radiotherapy on the skin dose for deep seated tumors

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on surface doses for brain, abdomen and pelvis deep located tumors treated with 6 MV photon and to evaluate the skin dose calculation accuracy of the XIO 4.04 treatment planning system. Methods: More investigations for the influences of IMRT on skin doses would increase its applications for many treatment sites. Measuring skin doses in real treatment situations would reduce the uncertainty of skin dose prediction. In this work a pediatric human phantom was covered by a layer of 1 mm bolus at three treatment sites and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were inserted into the bolus at each treatment site before CT scan. Two different treatment plans [three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and IMRT] for each treatment sites were performed on XIO 4.04 treatment planning system using superposition algorism. Results: The results showed that the surface doses for 3DCRT were higher than the surface doses in IMRT by 1.6%, 2.5% and 3.2% for brain, abdomen and pelvis sites respectively. There was good agreement between measured and calculated surface doses, where the calculated surface dose was 15.5% for brain tumor calculated with 3DCRT whereas the measured surface dose was 12.1%. For abdomen site the calculated surface dose for IMRT treatment plan was 16.5% whereas the measured surface dose was 12.6%. Conclusion: The skin dose in IMRT for deep seated tumors is lower than that in 3DCRT which is another advantage for the IMRT. The TLD readings showed that the difference between the calculated and measured point dose is negligible. The superposition calculation algorism of the XIO 4.04 treatment planning system modeled the superficial dose well.

The follow-up of 34 children with medulloblastoma who received 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy

Objective:In our investigation,we studied the patients with medulloblastoma who received 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3DCRT) and recorded their effects,side effects and failure reasons.Methods:From August 2001 to August 2007,34 children with medulloblastoma were treated in our hospital.The age at diagnosis was 3-16 years old,and the mean age at diagnosis was 9.5 years old.Among all the patients,16 cases were included in the high risk group and 18 cases were included in the low risk group.All the patients were performed total resection or subtotal resection and no patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy before operation.All patients received 3DCRT within 3 weeks after resection.The dose of 30 Gy were given to the whole brain and whole spine,followed by 20-25 Gy boosted to the posterior brain fossa.The median fraction dose was 180 cGy.Every patient received the chemotherapy scheme of the Lomustine,Cisplatinum and Vincristine.Nobody received intrathecal chemotherapy.The tests of the complete blood count,blood biochemistry,hepatic and renal functions were required before every cycle of chemotherapy.Results:5-year overall survival(OS) and 5-year disease free survival(DFS) were 71% and 62% respectively.The median follow-up time was 36.5 months.The 5-year OS of the high risk group was 71% compared to 62% of the low risk group.There were significant difference between the two groups(P = 0.01).There were 13 failure cases in all the patients.Of these 13 patients,10 were dead and the other 3 were alive with tumor.The complete remission(CR) rate was 70.5% and the partial remission(PR) rate was 14%.Among the failure patients,there were 3 patients(8.8%) with the recurrences located in the brain of cribriform region.The 5-year OS of the patients with preoperative metastases was 12.5%(1/8),and which of the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 was 0%(0/5).Through the statistic analysis,it was found that both whether or not the metastases were found before surgery and residual tumor volume have the significant impacts on the prognosis of the children with medulloblastoma(P < 0.05).The major adverse reactions were hematological toxicity(7/34,20.6%) and gastrointestinal reaction(4/34,11.8%).Conclusion:Through the using of 3DCRT for the children with medulloblastoma,the severe side effects rate was not high.The prognosis of the patients in low risk group was satisfied which was opposite to that of the patients in high risk group.And the patients with residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm3 and preoperative metastases also had poor prognosis.It is needed to pay attention to the possible low dose of the brain of cribriform region.