Anisotropic etching mechanisms of 4H-SiC:Experimental and first-principles insights

Molten-alkali etching has been widely used to reveal dislocations in 4H silicon carbide(4H-SiC),which has promoted the identification and statistics of dislocation density in 4H-SiC single crystals.However,the etching mechanism of 4H-SiC is limited misunderstood.In this letter,we reveal the anisotropic etching mechanism of the Si face and C face of 4H-SiC by combining molten-KOH etching,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and first-principles investigations.The activation energies for the molten-KOH etching of the C face and Si face of 4H-SiC are calculated to be 25.09 and 35.75 kcal/mol,respectively.The molten-KOH etching rate of the C face is higher than the Si face.Combining XPS analysis and first-principles calculations,we find that the molten-KOH etching of 4H-SiC is proceeded by the cycling of the oxidation of 4H-SiC by the dissolved oxygen and the removal of oxides by molten KOH.The faster etching rate of the C face is caused by the fact that the oxides on the C face are unstable,and easier to be removed with molten alkali,rather than the C face being easier to be oxidized.

Mechanical Properties and Electronic Structures of M(M=Ti,V,Cr,Mn and Fe)Dopedβ-Si_(3)N_(4) from First-Principle

The structures,mechanical properties and electronic structures of M metals(M=Ti,V,Cr,Mn and Fe)dopedβ-Si_(3)N_(4) were investigated by First-principles calculations within CASTEP.The calculated lattice parameters ofβ-Si_(3)N_(4) were consistent with previous date.The cohesive energy and formation enthalpy show that initialβ-Si_(3)N_(4) has the highest structural stability.The calculated elastic constant and the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation indicate that elastic moduli ofβ-Si_(3)N_(4) are slightly reduced by M doping.Based on Poisson’s and Pugh’s ratio,β-Si_(3)N_(4) is a ductile material and the toughness ofβ-Si_(3)N_(4) increases with M doping,and Fe doping exhibited the best toughness.The results of density of states,charge distributions and overlapping populations indicate thatβ-Si_(3)N_(4) has the strong covalent and ionic bond strength between N and Si.

血管生成素样蛋白4通过调节成纤维细胞和内皮细胞功能影响糖尿病足进程

背景:研究表明,血管因素对糖尿病足的发生具有重要影响。目的:探讨血管生成素样蛋白4在糖尿病足形成中的重要作用。方法:①对糖尿病足患者的基因表达谱数据进行生物信息学分析,找到关键基因。收集糖尿病足患者以及无糖尿病健康人的皮肤标本进行苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组化染色以及qRT-PCR实验,检测血管生成素样蛋白4表达情况。②培养人永生化皮肤成纤维细胞系和原代人脐静脉内皮细胞,将2种细胞分别分为对照组和外源性补充血管生成素样蛋白4组,通过划痕实验以及CCK-8实验分别检测成纤维细胞的迁移能力和增殖能力,通过Ki67实验检测内皮细胞的增殖能力。结果与结论:①生信分析发现,血管生成素样蛋白4基因的下调可能是导致糖尿病足形成的关键基因。②苏木精-伊红染色结果显示,与正常皮肤相比,血管生成素样蛋白在糖尿病足皮肤内弱表达,且其mRNA水平相对表达量降低(P<0.01)。③划痕实验结果显示,与对照组相比,血管生成素样蛋白4组成纤维细胞迁移能力明显增强;CCK-8细胞增殖实验显示,血管生成素样蛋白4组成纤维细胞的吸光度值在24,48 h均高于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.001);提示血管生成素样蛋白4可增强高糖处理的成纤维细胞迁移及增殖能力。④Ki67实验结果显示,与对照组相比,血管生成素样蛋白4组内皮细胞Ki67阳性细胞数目明显多于对照组;CCK-8细胞增殖实验显示,血管生成素样蛋白4组内皮细胞的吸光度值在24,48 h均高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.001)。(5)以上结果均提示血管生成素样蛋白4可增强高糖处理内皮细胞的增殖能力。

ANGPTL4 TSP-1及CyPA与脑卒中后癫痫患者认知功能的关系

目的探讨血管生成素样蛋白4(ANGPTL4)、凝血酶敏感蛋白-1(TSP-1)、亲环素A(CyPA与脑卒中后癫痫患者认知功能的关系。方法选取2021-01—2022-12河南大学第一附属医院神经内科收治的100例脑卒中后癫痫病例进行观察,按简易精神状态量表(MMSE)划分认知障碍标准将患者分为认知障碍组(50例)和认知正常组(50例),应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测2组患者的血清ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平,MMSE量表测评2组患者的认知功能。结果与认知正常组比较,认知障碍组患者MMSE评分降低,ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平升高(P<0.05);与轻度认知障碍患者比较,中度认知障碍患者血清ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平升高(P<0.05);与中度认知障碍患者比较,重度认知障碍患者血清ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平升高(P<0.05)。在脑卒中后癫痫患者中,血清ANGPTL4、TSP-1、Cy PA与MMSE评分各维度均呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中后癫痫会降低MMSE评分,提高患者血清ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平。ANGPTL4、TSP-1、CyPA水平越高,患者认知功能障碍越严重。

First-principles study of intrinsic defects,dopants and dopant-defect complexes in LiBH_4

A first-principles study was reported based on density functional theory of hydrogen vacancy,metal dopants,metal dopant-vacancy complex in LiBH4,a promising material for hydrogen storage.The formation of H vacancy and metal doping in LiBH4 is difficult,and their concentrations are low.The presence of one kind of defect is helpful to the formation of other kind of defect.Based on the analysis of electronic structure,the improvement of the dehydrogenating kinetics of LiBH4 by metal catalysts is due to the weaker bonding of B—H and the new metal-like system,which makes H atom diffuse easily;H vacancy accounts for a trace amount of BH3 release during the decomposing process of LiBH4;metal dopant weakens the strength of B—H bonds,which reduces the dehydriding temperature of LiBH4.The roles of metal and vacancy in the metal dopant-vacancy complex can be added in LiBH4 system.

基于TLR4 NF-κB通路-神经相关因子探究依达拉奉对急性脑梗死患者炎症反应与神经损伤的保护机制

目的基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路-神经相关因子探究依达拉奉对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者炎症反应与神经损伤的保护机制。方法选取2020-07—2023-07保定市第一中心医院收治的110例ACI患者,以随机数字表法分为观察组、对照组,各55例,对照组给予阿替普酶溶栓,观察组给予阿替普酶溶栓联合依达拉奉治疗。比较2组疗效、神经功能[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin评分]、TLR4 NF-κB通路指标(TLR4、NF-κB)、神经损伤相关因子[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、中枢神经特异性蛋白(S-100β)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)]、TLR4 NF-κB通路相关炎症因子[白介素-1β(IL-1β)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、五聚素3(PTX3)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)]。结果观察组总有效率96.36%,高于对照组的83.64%(P<0.05)。治疗1、2周观察组NIHSS评分、改良Rankin评分均低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组TLR4、NF-κB均低于对照组(P<0.05)。相较于治疗前,2组治疗1、2周后S-100β、NSE水平明显下降,BDNF水平明显升高,观察组S-100β、NSE水平均低于对照组,BDNF水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。相较于治疗前,2组治疗1、2周后IL-1β、hs-CRP、TNF-α、PTX3、Lp-PLA2水平均明显下降,观察组IL-1β、hs-CRP、TNF-α、PTX3、Lp-PLA2水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉对ACI患者的疗效显著,有利于缓解炎症反应,改善神经损伤,其保护机制可能与TLR4 NF-κB通路调控神经损伤、炎症反应相关因子有关。

基于Radix-4 Booth编码的并行乘法器设计

速度和面积是评价乘法器单元性能优劣的两个基本指标。针对当前乘法器设计难以平衡版图面积和传输延时的问题,采用Radix-4 Booth算法,设计了一种新型的16位有符号定点乘法器。在部分积生成过程中,首先改进对乘数的取补码电路,然后优化基数为4的改进Booth编码器和解码器,此结构采用较少的逻辑门资源,并且易对输入比特进行并行化处理。在Wallace压缩电路中,对符号扩展位进行预处理并设计新的压缩器结构,优化整个Wallace压缩模块。在第二级压缩过程中提前对高位使用纹波进位加法器结构计算,减小了多bit伪和的求和位数。在求和电路中,使用两级超前进位加法器结构,在缩短关键路径传输延时的同时避免增大芯片面积,提高了乘法器的运行速度。新型定点乘法器与已有的乘法器结构相比,减少了12.0%的面积,降低了20.5%的延时。

Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.

单轴应变对本征和N掺杂4H-SiC电子结构的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了单轴应变对本征和N掺杂4H-SiC电子结构的影响.研究表明应变可以有效调控本征和N掺杂4H-SiC的带隙,在拉应变作用下,带隙单调减小;而在压应变作用下,带隙先增大后减小,当压应变为-1%时,带隙达到最大值.对态密度的分析可知本征和N掺杂4H-SiC的价带顶主要来自Si 3p和C 2p态电子,导带底主要来自Si 3p态电子,C 2p态和Si 3p态通过影响价带顶和导带底从而导致应变结构中带隙发生变化.通过Mulliken布局和差分电荷密度分析可知,随着晶格常数的增加Si原子向C原子和N原子转移的电荷减少,同时Si-C原子和Si-N原子之间的共价性减弱.

First Principles Study on the 4f-5d Transition of Ce^3＋ in LuAlO3

We have investigated properties of the compound LuAlO3：Ce^3＋ associated with the Ce^3＋ 4f-5d transition by using the periodic density functional theory. A hybrid functional has been used for the 4f states and a constrained approach has been employed for the excited 5d state. It is found that the average distance between Ce^3＋ and the eight nearest-neighbor O atoms decrease by 0.05 A on going from 4f to 5d state. The calculated Stokes shift is in good agreement with experiment. Based on the optimized structure around Ce^3＋, the energy level scheme of the 5d states has been evaluated using the angular overlap model, in reasonable agreement with experiment.

六方Al_(4)SiC_(4)弹性性质、电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算方法系统地研究了Al_(4)SiC_(4)的晶体结构、弹性常数、电子结构和光学性质,并对结果进行了理论分析.计算得到的晶格常数和弹性常数均与实验值及其它计算值相符,并说明了六方Al_(4)SiC_(4)的晶体结构是稳定的;计算得到了六方Al_(4)SiC_(4)的体积、剪切、杨氏模量及泊松比与文献值一致,Al_(4)SiC_(4)的禁带宽度为1.076 eV.计算得到了六方Al_(4)SiC_(4)在(100)和(001)方向上的光学响应函数随光子能量的变化关系,包括复介电函数、复折射率、吸收光谱及反射光谱.在(100)和(001)方向上,计算得到其静态介电常数分别为7.74和8.96,折射率分别为2.78和2.99.计算结果可以为相关应用提供理论依据.

Adaptive Optimal Discrete-Time Output-Feedback Using an Internal Model Principle and Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In order to address the output feedback issue for linear discrete-time systems, this work suggests a brand-new adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) technique based on the internal model principle(IMP). The proposed method, termed as IMP-ADP, does not require complete state feedback-merely the measurement of input and output data. More specifically, based on the IMP, the output control problem can first be converted into a stabilization problem. We then design an observer to reproduce the full state of the system by measuring the inputs and outputs. Moreover, this technique includes both a policy iteration algorithm and a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal feedback gain without using a dynamic system model. It is important that with this concept one does not need to solve the regulator equation. Finally, this control method was tested on an inverter system of grid-connected LCLs to demonstrate that the proposed method provides the desired performance in terms of both tracking and disturbance rejection.

Effect of the Principle of Activating Blood Circulation to Break Stasis on GMP-140 and D_2 Dimer in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of the principle of activating blood circulation to break stasis (ABCBS) and its influence on platelet membranous protein particle (GMP-140) and D 2 dimer (D-dimer) before and after treatment. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of acute cerebral infarction (ACI) were randomly divided into two groups, both of which were treated with conventional treatment, i.e. with western medicine (WM), with Salvia injection added through intravenously dripping.One of the two groups was used as the control and the other group as the treated group who had ABCBS herbs orally taken in addition. The duration of treatment course for both groups was 3 weeks. Results: There were changes in both groups over clinical symptoms, nerve function deficit scoring and GMP-140, D-dimer, but the treated group showed significantly better than that of the control group, ( P <0.05). Conclusion: ABCBS principle could serve as an important auxiliary treating method for BSS of ACI, as it can effectively alter the blood of ACI patients which was viscous, condense, coagulant and aggregating.

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4在消化系统恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

消化系统恶性肿瘤的发病率居全球肿瘤的首位,其发病机制涉及多个基因和信号通路的改变。目前消化系统恶性肿瘤的治疗方式多样,但患者的病死率仍居高不下,亟须寻找更加有效的治疗手段。铁死亡是近年肿瘤研究的热点方向,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)是铁死亡的关键调控因子,其失活可导致脂质过氧化积累,进而诱导细胞铁死亡。消化系统恶性肿瘤组织中GPX4表达水平显著升高,参与和调控肿瘤的发生发展。因此,深入研究GPX4在消化系统肿瘤中的作用机制,可以为疾病的治疗提供理论支持。

Scientific principles for accelerating the Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)are significantly off-course as we reach the midpoint of their 2030 deadline.From a scientific perspective,the critical challenge in achieving the SDGs lies in the need for more scientific principles to understand the complex socio-ecological systems(SES)and their interactions influencing the 17 SDGs.Here,we propose a scientific framework to clarify the common scientific principles and the rational treatment of diversity under these principles.The framework’s core is revealing the complex mechanisms underlying the achievement of each Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)and SDG interactions.Building upon the identified mechanisms,complex SES models can be established,and the implementation of SDGs can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem,seeking a compromise in competition between essential costs and desired benefits.Our framework can assist countries,and even the world in accelerating progress towards the SDGs.

Strong invariance principle for a counterbalanced random walk

We study a counterbalanced random walkS_(n)=X_(1)+…+X_(n),which is a discrete time non-Markovian process andX_(n) are given recursively as follows.For n≥2,X_(n) is a new independent sample from some fixed law̸=0 with a fixed probability p,andX_(n)=−X_(v(n))with probability 1−p,where v(n)is a uniform random variable on{1;…;n−1}.We apply martingale method to obtain a strong invariance principle forS_(n).

First-principles Investigation of the Structural, Electronic and Elastic Properties of Al_2Ca and Al_4Sr Phases in Mg-Al-Ca(Sr) Alloy

First-principles calculations have been carried out to investigate the structural stabilities, electronic structures and elastic properties of Mg17Al12, Al2Ca and Al4Sr phases. The optimized structural parameters are in good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical values. The calculated formation enthalpies and cohesive energies show that Al2Ca has the strongest alloying ability, and Al4Sr has the highest structural stability. The densities of states （DOS）, Mulliken electronic populations, and electronic charge density difference are obtained to reveal the underlying mechanism of structural stability. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young＇s modulus, and Poisson＇s ratio are estimated from the calculated elastic constants. The mechanical properties of these phases are further analyzed and discussed. The Gibbs free energy and Debye temperature are also calculated and discussed.

First principles study on electronic structure and optical properties of novel Na-hP4 high pressure phase

The electronic structure and optical properties of novel Na-hP4 high pressure phase at different pressures(260,320,400 and 600 GPa)were investigated by the density functional theory(DFT)with the generalized gradient approximation(GGA)for the exchange and correlation energy.The band structure along the higher symmetry axes in the Brillouin zone,the density of states(DOS) and the partial density of states(PDOS)were presented.The band gap increases and the energy band expands to some extent with the pressure increasing.The dielectric function,reflectivity,energy-loss function,optical absorption coefficient,optical conductivity, refractive index and extinction coefficient were calculated for discussing the optical properties of Na-hP4 high pressure phase at different pressures.

Electronic structures of new tunnel barrier spinel MgAl_2O_4:first-principles calculations

The electronic structures of spinel MgAl 2 O 4 and MgOtunnel barrier materials were investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Our results show that similar electronic structures are found for the MgAl 2 O 4 and MgO tunneling barriers. The calculated direct energy gaps at the Γ-point are about 5.10 eV for MgAl 2 O 4 and 4.81 eV for MgO, respectively. Because of the similar feature in band structures from Γ high-symmetry point to F point ( band), the coherent tunneling effect might be expected to appear in MgAl 2 O 4-based MTJs like in MgO-based MTJs. The small difference of the surface free energies of Fe (2.9 J m 2 ) and MgAl 2 O 4 (2.27 J m 2 ) on the {100} orientation, and the smaller lattice mismatch between MgAl 2 O 4 and ferromagnetic electrodes than that between MgO and ferromagnetic electrodes, the spinel MgAl 2 O 4 can substitute MgO to fabricate the coherent tunneling and chemically stable magnetic tunnel junction structures, which will be applied in the next generation read heads or spintronic devices.

下颌All-on-4种植固定义齿不同咬合接触应力分布的有限元分析

背景:All-on-4种植固定义齿的长期修复效果与生物力学问题密切相关,其中咬合设计影响修复体各部位的应力分布,然而,国内外目前有关All-on-4种植固定义齿的生物力学研究较少且无定论。目的:分析不同咬合接触对下颌All-on-4种植固定义齿应力分布的影响。方法:建立下颌All-on-4种植固定义齿的模型,通过改变加载力的大小、方向和加载部位,设置了10种加载工况,模拟正中咬合、侧方咬合和前伸咬合,通过在不同牙位上加载模拟不同的咬合接触类型,分析比较各组模型不同加载工况中模型各部分的应力分布和最大应力值。结果与结论:①各组模型的应力分布云图基本相似,种植体应力主要集中在种植体颈部,周围骨组织的应力主要集中在种植体颈部周围,并且皮质骨的应力明显高于松质骨;基台的应力主要集中在基台与种植体和基台与上部修复体连接的部位,上部修复体中钛支架的应力主要集中在基台与钛支架连接部位,上部修复体中树脂面的应力主要集中在各加载点上;②模拟正中咬合中,末端悬臂不加载时种植体的最大Von-Mises应力值明显增大,说明下颌All-on-4种植固定义齿在正中咬合时末端悬臂区可有咬合接触;③模拟侧方咬合中,在模拟尖牙保护[牙合]工况中模型各部分的最大Von-Mises应力值明显增大;模拟平衡[牙合]工况中模型各部分的最大Von-Mises应力值较组牙功能[牙合]工况略低,说明下颌All-on-4种植固定修复在完成骨整合永久修复时,为了提高咀嚼效率,可选择组牙功能[牙合],种植术后即刻修复时可选择平衡[牙合];④模拟前伸咬合中,只在前牙区加载时模型各部分的最大Von-Mises应力值明显增大;模拟平衡[牙合]工况中,后牙区加载点在悬臂区和在悬壁区前方时模型各部分的最大Von-Mises应力值较小,说明下颌All-on-4种植固定修复义齿前伸运动的咬合接触可选择前伸平衡[牙合]。