Effect of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers of Children under 5 Years in the Peri-Urban Areas of Bobo-Dioulasso: Before and after Study

Background: This study assessed the effect of a nutrition education intervention. This intervention aimed to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers on food safety in the peri-urban areas of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso. Methods: A total of 243 mothers of children under 5 years in the peri-urban of Bobo-Dioulasso were administered the FAO questionnaire for food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices assessment during two cross-sectional surveys, before and after the intervention, in January and October 2017. The intervention included two components consisting of a theoretical phase (counselling and discussion) and cooking demonstrations implemented for ten months. To account for the before-and-after design of the study, the McNemar’s test was used to assess the effect of the intervention on food safety KAP of mothers of children under 5 years. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29 ± 6.2 years and 50.6% of them were between 20 and 29 years old. One for knowledge (cooking thoroughly with, p-value = 0.0001) and another for attitudes (perceived benefits of reheating leftovers before eating them, p-value = 0.0001), significantly increased after the intervention. In terms of food safety practices, all the indicators (cleaning of dirty surfaces, plates and utensils and storage of perishable foods) significantly increased (all p = 0.0001 Conclusion: This study provided some evidence of an effective nutrition education intervention for improving maternal KAP on food safety for their child’s feeding.

Diarrhea Disease among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Global Systematic Review

Diarrhea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths, about 1.6 million each year, are due to diarrhea. Further, diarrhea kills more young children than malaria, measles and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) combined. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, this study conducted a global systematic review on occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The broad objective of this study was to review present and past researches on childhood diarrhea and most importantly for children under 5 years of age. The review focused on understanding the burden of diarrhea, causes of childhood diarrhea and solutions to the disease. A systematic literature review was conducted using the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Search key terms used were childhood diarrhea, risk factors and intervention practices. Journal articles and related reports were filtered and limited from 2005 to 2020. Sixty-one reports and articles that met inclusion criteria were used in this review. Review found that, childhood diarrhea imposes economic costs on the health system and families. Also, repeated bouts of diarrhea can lead to malnutrition, stunting and delayed brain growth later in life and can lead to stress and tension to the affected households. The dependence on open water sources which are often contaminated with fecal materials was found as the major cause of the rising prevalence of childhood diarrhea. Other important factors were poor hygienic practices and lack of sanitation facilities contribute to the spread of diarrhea diseases. Improvements in the quality of drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices especially in low and middle income countries have been suggested by many studies as an intervention to reduce childhood diarrhea.

The Operational Forecasting of Total Precipitation in Flood Seasons (April to September) of 5 Years (1983-1987)

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION We have discovered that there exists a good corresponding relationship between theanomalous axes of soil temperature at a depth of 1.6m in winter (December to February) andprecipitations in following flood season (Tang et al., 1982a). We have also designed a simplethermodynamical model and applied it to the forecasting of precipitations in the flood season(Tang et al., 1982 b,c). The practical forecast started from 1975. Before 1980, however, therewere only 40-50 stations in China for measuring the soil temperature at a 1.6m depth. Since1980, the stations have been increased to a total of about 180, but no available mean valueshad been obtained from newly added stations before 1982. Therefore the analysis and map-ping of anomalies of soil temperature was not performed until 1983, and from then on theprecision of analysis has been greatly improved. The following is the actual situation of forecast in five years from 1983 to 1987.

I Do Biotech Dental Implants: Prospective Multicentric Study after 5 Years of Functional Loading

Introduction: I Do Biotech’s implants were developed starting in 2014. Since then, they obtained GMP and KFDA licenses for distribution in 2015. The main objective of this paper is to determine the survival rate of I Do Biotech implants five years after the first surgery. Material and Methods: 1000 implants were used on 480 prostheses across 10 clinics on 320 healthy, non-smoker and non-diabetic patients, chosen at random, of which 160 are male and 160 female, all in the age range of 30 to 50 years old. The failure rate was studied related to the patient’s gender, the length and diameter of the implant, anatomical location, the percentage of peri-implantitis, prosthodontic failures and the patient’s quality of life. Discussion: The results obtained are similar to those of Van Steenberghe D. Dieter-Busenlechner, E. Serrano Catauria and far superior to those of Sáenz Guzmán. Failure rates vary greatly from study to study due to the heterogeneity of the samples in the other research papers. Conclusion: The overall implant failure rate at 5 years is 1.7%. The factors affecting significantly the survival rate are: the implant diameter, its length and the anatomic area. Failure ratios increase significantly when the diameter or the length of the implant decreases, and when they are placed in the posterior maxilla (up to 4.3%). The rate of peri-implantitis is 5.1%. The prosthodontic failure rate is 2.91%. The improvement in quality of life and satisfaction increases with the years.

Development Targets of China's Textile Machinery Manufacturing in the next 5 Years

During the 10th Five-Year, the development of textile machinery will be focused on the general targets of our domestic textile industry-industrial restructuring, technical progress, products upgrading, quality improvement of apparel fabric, replace imported fabric with domestic fabric, and expansion of export. For the benefits of apparel quality, great efforts will be made to improve the technologies in the production process of fiber manufacturing, yarn spinning, fabric weaving, dyeing-printing and finishing, and to encourage the manufacturers to compete both in domestic market and in international market.

Improving the Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets among Children under Five Years Old in Benin, West Africa

Background: In Benin, malaria represents the first cause of consultation and hospitalization (48% for children under 5 years old) in health units. It also accounts for 23.1% of deaths recorded in health facilities (MoH, 2019). Between the two main components of vector control adopted by Benin government, the mass distribution campaigns of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) remained the only proven cost-effective way to rapidly achieve high and equitable coverage (WHO, 2017). After the fourth mass distribution campaign conducted in 2017, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data indicated that the percentage of children who slept under an ITN has increased from 20% in 2006 to 70% in 2011-2012 and to 76% in 2017-2018 while the incidence of malaria (tested positive) is increasing rapidly among children under 5 years old, growing from 36.5% in 2009 to 28.8% in 2012 and then to 51.4% in 2019. This study aims to understand this contrast by identifying the origin of the increase in ITN use over time among children under five years old and the factors which determine this use. Methods: Data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Benin respectively in 2006 and in 20018 were used during the analysis, which covered 13,445 children under five years old from 2006 DHS and 12,255 children from 2017-2018 DHS. Firstly, the data were analyzed using decomposition method to highlight the origin of the increase of ITN use over time among children under five years old. Secondly, the chi-square test analysis estimated the association between ITN use and some characteristics (wealth index, maternal or caregiver education level and child age). Finally, the logistic regression model was used to identify the main factors, which influence the net use over the study period. Results: This study shows that the improvement of basic conditions is the main origin of behavior change in the use of ITNs among children under five years old. This improvement of the basic conditions consists of making ITNs available in households and informing household members about the benefits of ITN use. So, the free ITN distribution campaigns, routine distribution, awareness campaigns about the benefits of ITN use are the strategies, which increase the household capacities and knowledge, allowing household members to make their children sleep under net. The analysis also shows that region of residence, wealth index of household, household size, religion, and child age continue to determine the ITN use among children under age 5 years old and MNCP will integrate the factors in malaria prevention strategies in order to achieve universal use of ITNs. Conclusions: Although, sleeping under ITN behavior has indeed spread among children under 5 years old, policymakers and other stakeholders should design strategies to maintain and improve the current level of ITN use to reach the collective protection threshold (80% according to WHO). Therefore, to address the challenges of universal use of ITN, the study recommends expanding the routine distribution system to private sector health centers;discussing issues related to health service utilization (particularly ITN use) within a consultation framework at the communal level. In addition, collecting qualitative and quantitative data in the Oueme region will allow better understanding of all aspects of the ITN use gap among children under 5 years.

Forecast and Analysis of China's Lithium Battery Industry in the Next 5 Years

Ⅰ.Favorable factors(Ⅰ)Unveiling of industry norms and standards In the recent several years,portable power charger and portable power bank experienced rapid development,the market is brisk,it is supported by extremely wide population groups for application.Since portable power bank has low access requirements,the industry also

Intestinal parasitic infections among children under five years of age presenting with diarrhoeal diseases to two public health facilities in Hawassa, South Ethiopia

Background:Diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age in developing countries,including Ethiopia.It is caused by a wide range of pathogens,including parasites,bacteria and viruses.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection with intestinal parasites(IPs)(and types)among children under 5 years of age with diarrhoeal diseases.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at Adare Hospital and Millennium Health Centre,both located in Hawassa,South Ethiopia,from June 6 to October 28,2011.Children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea who visited these health facilities during the study period were included in the study.Data relating to demography and risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections(IPIs)were gathered using a structured questionnaire.Single,fresh stool specimens were examined for IPs using the direct wet mount examination,followed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining of formol-ether concentrated samples,as per standard procedures.Data were analysed using SPSS Statistics 20 software.Results:A total of 158 children(51.3%male and 48.7%female)participated in the study.Overall,the prevalence of IPs was 26.6%(42/158).Two species of IPs were detected in six children(3.8%).Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was the predominant parasite identified(11.4%),followed by Giardia duodenalis(7.0%).The multivariable analysis revealed that the age group≥24 months was significantly associated(AOR=0.221,95%CI:0.085–0.576)with prevalence of IPIs.Conclusion:This study found that intestinal parasites are common among children with diarrheal diseases.The most frequently detected species was E.histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii.Health information about how to prevent diarrheal diseases in general and IPIs in particular should be provided to parents of young children.

Conversations in accountability:Perspectives from three charities

Objective:The conversations in accountability were designed to gain an understanding of the use and changes to accountability in charities over time,including learning how results are measured.Methods:As part of a larger study which investigated accountability in charities working to reduce mortality of children younger than 5 years in least developed countries,a multiple-case study comprising semistructured in-depth key informant interviews was conducted to investigate the use and effects of accountability in three charities of differing sizes.Results:Smaller charities tend to use fewer accountability mechanisms than larger ones,whereas the variation in their use between small and medium-sized charities is greater than the variation between medium-sized and large charities.Conclusion:Although accountability has changed over time,charities believe that they are providing the correct amount of accountability-that is,enough to satisfy the perceived demands of their stakeholders but not so much that it detracts from the mission or incurs costs in excess of benefits.However,the tools to determine effectiveness and impact are lacking.