A systematic review of the effects and mechanisms of preoperative 5α-reductase inhibitors on intraoperative haemorrhage during surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia

5α-reductase inhibitors （5α-RIs）, including finasteride and dutasteride, are commonly used medical therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）. Many studies reported that preoperative 5α-RI had impact on intraoperative haemorrhage during surgery for BPH, but it was still in controversial. So, we conducted a systematic review of the effects and mechanisms of 5α-RIs on intraoperative bleeding for BPH. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Trail Register of Controlled Trials and the reference lists of retrieved studies were searched in the analysis. Sixteen publications involving 15 different randomized controlled trials （RCTs） and a total of 1156 patients were used in the analysis, including 10 RCTs for finasteride and five RCTs for dutasteride. We found that preoperative finasteride treatment decreases microvessel density （MVD） in resected prostate specimens. Total blood loss, blood loss per gram of resected prostate tissue and decreases in haemoglobin were all greatly reduced in the finasteride group as compared to controls. Dutasteride appeared to have no effect on bleeding. This meta-analysis shows that preoperative finasteride treatment could decrease intraoperative haemorrhage during surgery for BPH. Preoperative dutasteride had no effect on intraoperative haemorrhage, but further high-qualitv prospective studies are still needed to confirm this observation.

High performance thin layer chromatography as an effective tool for rapid screening of 5α-reductase inhibitors

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)is a common disease in men,and is known to be related to 5α-reductase,which can affect steroid metabolism.Under the promotion of 5α-reductase,testosterone can be converted into dihydrotestosterone(DHT),and excessive DHT will cause related diseases.Since BPH seriously affects the quality of life of patients,it is essential to discover effective 5α-reductase inhibitors.In this study,the simple analytical method of high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)was used to screen active compounds,and seven compounds with strong activity were screened out.This research will provide a reference for studying the material basis of drugs for the treatment of BPH.

Expression of 5α-Reductase Type 2 Gene in Human Testis, Epididymis and Vas Deferens

Objectives To study the expression pattern of 5α-reductase type 2 gene in human male reproductive organsMethods The expression level of 5α-reductase type 2 gene inhuman testis, epididymis and vas deferens tissues was determined by in situ hybridization using Digoxin labeled 5α-reductase type 2 cRNA probe.Results The brown granules of hybridizing signals distributed in the cytoplasm of Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis, the principle cells of epididymis and the epithelial cells of vas deferens, but there was no positive signal in the nuclei of above-mentioned cells. No positive signal was observed in germ cells, basement of the testis, interstium of epididymis and basement, as well as smooth muscle of vas deferens. Conclusion This study confirmed that the 5α-reductase type 2 gene expressed in Sertoli , Leydig cells of the testis, and the principle cells of epididymis. The expression pattern of the gene in these cells in human was similar to that of rat and monkey. The presence of 5α-reductase type 2 gene in epithelial cells of the vas deferens suggested it might possess an important physiological role in human reproduction.

Molecular diagnosis of 5α-reductase-2 gene mutation in two Indian families with male pseudohermaphroditism

Aim： To identify the genotype of two Indians with male pseudohermaphroditism. Methods： Standard radioimmunoassay procedure was used for estimating hormonal levels. Conventional cytogenetic analysis was carded out for diagnosing the genetic sex in these subjects with genital ambiguity. Molecular analysis was carried out by standard polymerase chain reaction procedure using different sets of primers and reaction conditions specific for the 5α- reductase type 2 gene （SRDSA2） gene. Direct sequencing was carried out using the ABI Prism dye terminator sequencing kit and the ABI 310 sequencing apparatus. Results： We found an SRDSA2 gene mutation in exon 5, where arginine is substituted with glutamine （R246Q）, in two males with pseudohermaphroditism and ambiguous genitalia from unrelated families. This is the first time this mutation has been reported in individuals from India. Conclusion： Identification of the R246Q mutation of the SRDSA2 gene from two unrelated Indian families possibly extends the founder gene effect.

5α-reductase type 2 gene expression in human testis, epididymis and vas deferens

To study the expression pattern of 5α-reductase type 2 gene in human male reproductive organs. Methods: The expression level of 5ct-reductase type 2 gene in human testis, epididymis and vas deferens tissues was determined by in situ hybridization using a digoxin-labeled 5α-reductase type 2 cRNA probe. Results: The brown granules of hybridizing signals distributed in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis, the principle cells of epididymis and the epithelial cells of vas deferens, but there was no positive signal in the nuclei of these cells. No positive signal was observed in the germ cells, basement of the testis, interstium of the epididymis and basement and the smooth muscle cells of vas deferens. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the 5a-reductase type 2 gene expressed in the Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis and the principle cells of the epididymis. The expression pattem of the gene in these cells in the human was similar to that in the rat and monkey. The presence of 5α-reductase type 2 gene in the epithelial cells of the vas deferens suggests that it may play a physiological role in human reproduction. [Reprod Contracep (in English) 2002; 13: 67]

In vivo and in vitro study on 5α-reductase activities in Chinese men

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Changes in 5α-reductase (type 2) gene expression in epididymis of puberty diabetic rats

The changes in 5α-reductase (type 2 ) gene expression in the epi-didymis of puberty diabetic rats were studied by the Northern blot and Dotblot method. Rats were divided into 3 groups: the control group (C), thediabetic group (D), and the diabetic group with insulin treatment (DI).Results: The Northern blot intensity of the caput epididymis in Group D is

Uromedic^(■) Pumpkin Seed Derived Δ7-Sterols, Extract and Oil Inhibit 5α-Reductases and Bind to Androgen Receptor in Vitro

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is implicated in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). We investigated if Uromedic? pumpkin (variety of Cucurbita pepo L. convar. citrullinina GREB. var. styriaca GREB) seed soft extract (active ingredients of GRANUFINK? Prosta forte 500 mg), seed oil and isolated Δ7-sterols could inhibit the conversion of [1,2,6,7-3H(N)]-testosterone to DHT by 5α-reductases. Also, we tested competition with [3H]-DHT for binding to the androgen receptor (AR). Pumpkin seed oil and pumpkin seed soft extract were identified as moderately active inhibitors of 5α-R1 and 5α-R2, with almost similar inhibitory capacities (IC50 5 mg/ml for 5α-R1 and about IC50 = 6 mg/ml for 5α-R2). The isolated Δ7-sterols were more active inhibitors (IC50 = 0.3 mg/ml for 5α-R1, IC50 = 1.0 mg/ml for 5α-R2). All three test compounds bound to the AR dose-dependently, with strong binding by Δ7-sterols (IC50 = 0.2 mg/ml) and weaker binding by pumpkin seed oil (IC50 = 0.4 mg/ml) and pumpkin seed soft extract (IC50 = 1.1 mg/ml). We propose that inhibition of 5α-reductases and competitive binding to the AR are mechanisms of action, by which the Uromedic? pumpkin seed derived test compounds, most specifically Δ7-sterols, counteract DHT and thereby exert clinically positive effects on the prostate, as well as bladder-strengthening effects.

Genotype-phenotype correlations,surgical selections,and postoperative complications of 5α-reductase 2 deficiency in 69 children with hypospadias

5α-reductase 2 deficiency prevents testosterone from being converted to dihydrotestosterone,which causes abnormal urogenital sinus development.The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between genotype–phenotype,surgical selections,and postoperative complications of 5α-reductase 2-deficient patients with hypospadias.We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with 5α-reductase 2 deficiency after genetic testing in the Department of Endocrinology and underwent initial hypospadias surgery in the Department of Urology in Beijing Children’s Hospital,Capital Medical University(Beijing,China),from April 2007 to December 2021.A total of 69 patients were included in this study;the mean age at surgery was 34.1 months,and the average follow-up time was 54.1 months.Sixty children were treated with preoperative hormone stimulation(PHS)to promote penile growth.The average penis length and glans width were increased by 1.46 cm and 0.62 cm,respectively.The most frequent mutations were p.R227Q(39.1%,54/138),p.Q6^(*)(15.2%,21/138),p.G203S(12.3%,17/138),and p.R246Q(11.6%,16/138).In 64 patients who were followed up,43 had a one-stage operation and 21 had a staged operation,and there were significant differences in external masculinization score(EMS)(P=0.008)and the average number of operation required to cure(P<0.001)between one-stage and staged operations.PHS had a positive effect(P<0.001)on penile development.The p.R227Q mutation was associated with higher EMS and less severe hypospadias.One-stage surgery can be selected if conditions permit.The growth and development of children are acceptable in the long term,but penis growth remains unsatisfactory.Longterm complications of hypospadias should be considered during puberty.

Changes in aortic endothelium ultrastructure in male rats following castration, replacement with testosterone and administration of 50α-reductase inhibitor

Aim： To investigate the relationship between low androgen level and ultrastructure of vascular endothelium. Methods： Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups： group A, normal rats with sham castration; group B, castrated rats; group C, castrated rats given testosterone （T） undecanoate; and group D, intact rats treated with 5α-reductase inhibitor. After 10 weeks of treatment or castration, rats in different groups were killed and serum T, free T （FT） and dihydrotestosterone （DHT） were measured. The aortic endothelia were scanned under electron microcopy and the Vascular Endothelium Structure Score （VESS） was computed. Results： Serum T and FT concentrations of rats in group B were significantly lower than those of the other three groups （P 〈 0.01）; DHT concentrations of group D rats were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.01 ） when compared with those of groups A and C. Rats in groups B and D rats （with low androgen levels） had obvious damage to their endothelial surfaces, which appeared crimpled, rough, adhesive and ruptured, and had high destruction of VESS. Conclusion： These results suggest that low concentrations of T and DHT are associated with ultrastructural damage of the aortic endothelia in male rats.

Exploring the efficacy of testosterone undecanoate in male children with 5α-reductase deficiency

Importance:Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency(5α-RD)and hypospadias present with micropenis,which makes it difficult to obtain sufficient tissue for urethral reconstruction.Objective:We investigated the therapeutic effects of oral testosterone undecanoate and established a standard androgen treatment protocol for patients with 5α-RD with micropenis.Methods:Patients with 5α-RD were treated with oral testosterone undecanoate for 3 months as a course.All patients were treated with no more than 3 courses.If the penile length(PL)reached 2.5 cm(the minimum criterion for surgery)or greater than or equal to−2.5 standard deviations(SDs)(lower limit of normal),testosterone undecanoate was considered to be effective.Results:The median age of 90 patients with 5α-RD was 1.7 years(0.9,3.1 years).The baseline PL was 1.9±0.6 cm before treatment.At the end of the first course,the PL of 63 patients(70%)reached 2.5 cm,and 49 patients(54%)reached greater than or equal to−2.5 SDs.After two treatment courses,the PL of 81 patients(90%)reached 2.5 cm,and 90 patients(100%)reached greater than or equal to−2.5 SDs.After three courses,the PL of all patients reached 2.5 cm,and all patients reached a PL greater than or equal to−2.5 SDs.No abnormal increase was observed in height-SD score,weight-SD score,or ratio of bone age to chronological age during the 1-3-year follow-up.Interpretation:After 3-9 months of treatment,PL increased to the target length.No severe adverse reactions were observed during follow-up.Testosterone undecanoate was safe and effective in children with 5α-RD with micropenis.

无有机模板法制备Cu-ZSM-5催化剂及其选择性催化氧化苯乙烯

不使用任何有机模板剂,硝酸铜和正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)经过酸性水解、碱性陈化和水热晶化,制备得到四配位铜修饰ZSM-5沸石(Cu-ZSM-5)。考察凝胶的Si/Al摩尔比、pH值、晶化温度和晶化时间对Cu-ZSM-5的晶型和相对结晶度的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外漫反射谱和X-射线光电子能谱等手段对Cu-ZSM-5进行分析表征。结果表明:Cu-ZSM-5沸石具有MFI结构,结晶度高,无其他杂晶;铜原子以四配位为主。四配位铜是催化氧化苯乙烯的活性位点;在m(Cu-ZSM-5-50)=0.1 g、n(TBHP)/n(Styrene)=1.5、T=60℃、t=5 h条件下,苯乙烯转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别为76.5%和69.4%,表明Cu-ZSM-5-50具有较高的催化活性和较好的重复利用性。该制备方法不使用有机模板剂,无需高温焙烧,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的制备成本大大降低。

萝卜硫素通过调节ALOX5/NF-κB信号通路调控巨噬细胞糖酵解抑制糖尿病肾病进展

目的探讨萝卜硫素(SFN)调节花生四烯酸5-脂氧合酶基因(arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase,ALOX5)/核因子kappa B(NF-κB)信号通路调节巨噬细胞糖酵解对糖尿病肾病(DN)进展的影响。方法生物信息学分析SFN治疗DN的靶基因。使用30 mmol/L高葡萄糖(HG)处理人近端肾小管上皮细胞系(HK-2细胞)诱导体外DN模型。将HK-2细胞分为如下组:正常糖(NG)组、HG组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)组、HG+ALOX5组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)+ALOX5组、HG处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+ALOX5转染处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组、HG+SFN(3 mmol/L)+ALOX5转染处理的巨噬细胞+HK-2细胞组。CCK-8检测细胞活力,原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记(TUNEL)法检测细胞凋亡;葡萄糖和乳酸试剂盒检测各组细胞中葡萄糖和乳酸水平;Western blot检测各组细胞中ALOX5、NF-κB以及糖酵解相关蛋白己糖激酶-2(HK2)、丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的表达;使用链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建DN小鼠模型,DN小鼠给与SFN(0.5 mg/kg)治疗;检测小鼠各项生化指标,HE染色检测肾组织病理变化;Western blot检测小鼠肾脏巨噬细胞中糖酵解相关蛋白己糖激酶-2(HK2)、丙酮酸激酶M2(PKM2)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的表达。结果生物信息学分析结果显示ALOX5是SFN治疗DN的靶基因。与HG组相比,SFN处理增强HK-2细胞活力并抑制细胞凋亡(P<0.05);同时,SFN处理抑制HG诱导的巨噬细胞糖酵解相关蛋白的表达,减弱巨噬细胞介导的HK-2细胞损伤(P<0.05);Western blot结果表明SFN抑制ALOX5和NF-κB的表达(P<0.05);小鼠实验结果显示,SFN治疗改善DN小鼠肾功能和肾组织病理学改变,抑制肾组织中巨噬细胞糖酵解相关蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论SFN通过抑制ALOX5/NF-κB信号通路抑制巨噬细胞糖酵解从而改善DN进展。

下调METTL5通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制三阴乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭

目的探讨甲基转移酶5(methyltransferase-like 5,METTL5)在三阴乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)中的作用和潜在机制。方法采用免疫组织化学方法和Western blot检测TNBC肿瘤组织和细胞系中METTL5的表达情况。用靶向METTL5的shRNA(shRNA-METTL5)转染TNBC细胞后,用CCK-8、集落形成、伤口愈合以及Transwell实验分别检测细胞增殖活性、迁移与侵袭,Western blot检测Wnt/β-catenin信号关键蛋白的表达。构建异种移植瘤模型,验证敲降METTL5对TNBC细胞在体内生长以及Wnt/β-catenin信号活性的影响。结果METTL5在TNBC肿瘤组织和细胞系中表达上调(P<0.01)。敲降METTL5可抑制TNBC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭并降低了Wnt/β-catenin信号分子β-catenin、细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin)D1、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-7的表达(均P<0.01)。体内实验显示,敲降METTL5减缓了移植瘤生长和Wnt/β-catenin信号活性。结论敲降METTL5能抑制TNBC细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭,其作用可能与抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路有关。

鲜食糯玉米新品种辽糯5号的选育及栽培技术要点

辽糯5号是辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所以自选系S15C08为母本、自选系YN1为父本组配而成的优质糯玉米杂交种。该品种具有熟期适中、果穗大小均匀、鲜穗外观好、品质优良、糯性强、柔嫩性好、稳产、抗病抗倒、适应性广等特点,2022年8月通过辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定(辽审玉20220247)。

SLC6A9对结直肠癌细胞生长和对5-FU药物敏感性的影响

目的:研究溶质载体家族6成员9(solute carrier family 6 member 9,SLC6A9)表达对结直肠癌细胞增殖、迁移和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)药物敏感性的影响。方法:TCGA数据库分析、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析检测SLC6A9在结肠癌组织、正常结肠细胞系(NCM460)和结直肠癌细胞系(SW620、HCT116、HT29、Lovo和SW480)中的表达。将SCL6A9过表达质粒及阴性对照(SLC6A9 OE、Vector)转染HT29细胞,将SCL6A9小干扰RNA及阴性对照(SLC6A9 siRNA1#、siRNA2#和Scramble)转染SW620细胞。划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验检测各组细胞的迁移、侵袭能力。Western blot和细胞免疫荧光检测EMT相关蛋白E-cadherin、Vimentin的表达水平。利用CCK-8法和构建裸鼠移植瘤模型检测SLC6A9过表达对结直肠癌细胞5-FU药物敏感性的影响。结果:与正常结肠组织和NCM460细胞相比,SLC6A9在结肠癌组织和结直肠癌细胞系中低表达(均P<0.05)。SLC6A9过表达引起E-cadherin蛋白表达增加,Vimentin蛋白水平降低,抑制结直肠癌细胞的迁移、侵袭(P<0.05)。SLC6A9低表达引起E-cadherin蛋白表达降低,Vimentin蛋白水平增加,促进结直肠癌细胞的迁移、侵袭能力(P<0.05)。SLC6A9过表达提高了5-FU的药物敏感性,并使肿瘤生长缓慢,质量减轻(P<0.05)。而SLC6A9低表达降低了5-FU的药物敏感性(P<0.05)。结论:SLC6A9过表达能够抑制结直肠癌细胞的迁移、侵袭和EMT进程,并增强5-FU对结直肠癌细胞的药物敏感性。

非小细胞肺癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP表达与上皮间质化相关性及临床意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者癌组织中长链非编码核糖核酸生长抑制特异性基因5(lncRNA GAS5)、磷酸赖氨酸磷酸组氨酸无机焦磷酸盐磷酸酶(LHPP)表达与上皮间质化(EMT)相关性及临床意义。方法收集2018年6月至2020年1月在河北北方学院附属第一医院行手术切除的NSCLC 90例患者的癌组织及癌旁组织,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测lncRNA GAS5、LHPP和EMT相关蛋白[E-钙黏蛋白(E-Cad)、N-钙黏蛋白(N-Cad)和波形蛋白(VIM)]表达。分析NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA与临床病理特征的关系,并通过Pearson相关性分析NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA与EMT相关蛋白表达的相关性。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制不同lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA表达的NSCLC患者生存曲线,多因素Cox回归分析NSCLC患者预后的影响因素。结果NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA、E-Cad mRNA表达低于癌旁组织,N-Cad mRNA、VIM mRNA表达高于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5与E-Cad mRNA表达呈正相关(r=0.724,P<0.001),与N-Cad mRNA、VIM mRNA表达呈负相关(r=-0.699、-0.689,P<0.001);lncRNA GAS5与LHPP mRNA表达呈正相关(r=0.651,P<0.001)。不同分化程度、肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移的NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA表达比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示,lncRNA GAS5高表达组的3年总生存率[68.18%(30/44)]高于lncRNA GAS5低表达组的3年总生存率[36.96%(17/46)];LHPP mRNA高表达组的3年总生存率[67.39%(31/46)]高于LHPP mRNA低表达组的3年总生存率[36.36%(16/44)],差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=10.274、10.322,P<0.05)。低分化、肿瘤TNM分期Ⅲ期、有淋巴结转移为NSCLC患者死亡的独立危险因素,lncRNA GAS5≥1.32、LHPP mRNA≥1.12为独立保护因素(P<0.05)。结论NSCLC患者癌组织中lncRNA GAS5、LHPP mRNA低表达,与EMT相关蛋白表达、分化程度、肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移和预后有关,可能成为NSCLC诊治的新靶点。

远缘杂交仁用杏新品种京仁5号的选育

京仁5号通过仁用杏品种龙王帽与扁桃品种意大利2号远缘杂交育成。果实卵圆形,果顶圆凸,在北京地区7月中下旬成熟;成熟时果皮底色黄色,阳面着片状红色,平均单果质量30.5 g;果核卵圆形,壳面较平滑,平均单核质量2.54 g,纵横侧径分别为3.28 cm、2.12 cm、1.23 cm;核仁饱满,离核,甜仁,平均单仁鲜质量1.05 g、干质量0.90 g,出仁率37.02%;杏仁脂肪含量(w,后同)435.63 g·kg^(-1),蛋白质含量269.84 g·kg^(-1),钙含量1.26 g·kg^(-1),铁含量24.08 mg·kg^(-1)。丰产稳产,适应性强,综合性状优良。

热加工食品中晚期糖基化终末产物和5-羟甲基糠醛的形成、检测与控制

食品加工过程中的美拉德反应有助于形成一些热诱导毒性产物,包括晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)。食源性AGEs在体内的积累和循环与糖尿病并发症的发生有关,同时可能诱发氧化应激、炎症和动脉粥样硬化。5-HMF的代谢物5-磺基氧甲基糠醛(5-sulfooxymethylfurfural,5-SMF)有潜在基因毒性和致癌性。如何控制热加工食品中这些危害物的形成已成为食品行业的关注焦点。本文从美拉德反应和焦糖化反应两条途径探究了AGEs和5-HMF的形成机理,并对近5年二者的检测方法进行了综述,阐述了各类方法的优缺点,以期为建立二者的通用检测方法奠定基础。在此基础上,从削减前体物质的供给、阻断中间体的转化,以及去除已经生成的AGEs和5-HMF这3个方面着手,综述了近年来相应所采用的抑制策略,以期为AGEs和5-HMF在食品中的控制及热加工食品质量与安全管理提供理论依据。

‘陇核5号’果实发育规律及疏果施肥对坚果品质的影响

【目的】明确核桃果实发育规律及影响坚果品质的因素,为核桃果园生产管理提供参考。【方法】以‘陇核5号’为研究对象,对其果实发育过程中外观形态变化进行拍照记录,测定果实三径、果实质量、果皮厚度、坚果三径、坚果质量、核仁质量、出仁率、壳厚等指标,利用Logistic方程、二次方程、三次方程等模型对各指标变化趋势进行拟合。通过疏果和不同时期喷施叶面肥,分析不同处理对核桃坚果经济性状的影响。【结果】在发育过程中,果实(坚果)大小和质量均表现为缓慢增长、迅速增长、缓慢增长的趋势,其中果实质量分别在花后50 d时和花后100 d时出现了增长高峰,坚果质量在花后110 d时出现了增长高峰。花后30~40 d时果实缓慢增长,随后迅速膨大,果实质量快速增加,花后50 d时开始出现水状核仁,花后70 d时硬核开始出现;花后70 d后,果实大小和质量增长变慢,果壳开始形成并逐渐硬化变厚;花后90~120 d时,坚果质量、果壳厚度、核仁质量及出仁率等指标均快速增加;花后120~140 d时,坚果大小增长速度变慢,坚果质量开始下降。方差分析结果表明,除坚果三径外,其他指标在不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。其中以7月初—8月初喷施叶面肥处理下核桃坚果经济指标值最高且与对照差异极显著(P<0.01);其次是5月底—6月底喷施叶面肥,与对照差异显著(P<0.05);疏果处理下核桃坚果经济指标与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】‘陇核5号’果实生长发育总体为缓慢、快速、缓慢的趋势,呈单“S”形曲线。疏果、施肥均能改善核桃坚果的经济性状。