Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and Alzheimer’s disease

Given the failure to develop disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease(AD),strategies aiming at preventing or delaying the onset of the disease are being prioritized.While the debate regarding whether depression is an etiological risk factor or a prodrome of AD rages on,a key determining factor may be the timing of depression onset in older adults.There is increasing evidence that untreated early-onset depression is a risk factor and that late-onset depression may be a catalyst of cognitive decline.Data from animal studies have shown a beneficial impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on pathophysiological biomarkers of AD including amyloid burden,tau deposits and neurogenesis.In humans,studies focusing on subjects with a prior history of depression also showed a delay in the onset of AD in those treated with most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Paroxetine,which has strong anticholinergic properties,was associated with increased mortality and mixed effects on amyloid and tau deposits in mice,as well as increased odds of developing AD in humans.Although most of the data regarding selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is promising,findings should be interpreted cautiously because of notable methodological heterogeneity between studies.There is thus a need to conduct large scale randomized controlled trials with long follow up periods to clarify the dose-effect relationship of specific serotonergic antidepressants on AD prevention.

Relationship between use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and irritable bowel syndrome: A populationbased cohort study

AIM To investigate the relationship between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI)use and the subsequent development of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS This retrospective,observational,population-based cohort study collected data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database.A total of 19653patients newly using SSRIs and 78612 patients not using SSRIs,matched by age and sex at a ratio of 1:4, were enrolled in the study from January 1,2000 to December 31,2010.The patients were followed until IBS diagnosis,withdrawal from the National Health Insurance system,or the end of 2011.We analyzed the effects of SSRIs on the risk of subsequent IBS using Cox proportional hazards regression models.RESULTS A total of 236 patients in the SSRI cohort(incidence,2.17/1000 person-years)and 478 patients in the comparison cohort(incidence,1.04/1000 person-years)received a new diagnosis of IBS.The mean follow-up period from SSRI exposure to IBS diagnosis was 2.05years.The incidence of IBS increased with advancing age.Patients with anxiety disorders had a significantly increased adjusted hazard ratio(a HR)of IBS(a HR=1.33,95%CI:1.11-1.59,P=0.002).After adjusting for sex,age,urbanization,family income,area of residence,occupation,the use of anti-psychotics and other comorbidities,the overall a HR in the SSRI cohort compared with that in the comparison cohort was1.74(95%CI:1.44-2.10;P<0.001).The cumulative incidence of IBS was higher in the SSRI cohort than in the non-SSRI cohort(log-rank test,P<0.001).CONCLUSION SSRI users show an increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of IBS in Taiwan.

Mouse strain differences in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors sensitivity correlates with serotonin transporter binding and function

OBJECTIVE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) bind 5-HT transporters,leading to the accumulation of 5-HT and amelioration of depression.Although different mouse strain showed different sensitivity to SSRIs in mouse models of depression,the reason for these strain differences remains unclear.Here,therefore,in the present study,we examined immobility time and locomotor activity in two mouse strains,namely,C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J mice,and the effects of the SSRIs fluoxetine.Furthermore,we analyzed 5-HT transporter binding and reuptake inhibition in both strains to explore their relationship with the immobility and locomotor activity effects of the three SSRIs in these two mouse strains.METHODS Strain differences in SSRI effects in the tail suspension test(TST) and forced swimming test(FST).To initiate our studies,we sought to confirm that SERT strain variation did not alter SERT protein expression,5-HT recognition,or uptake activity when expressed in C57BL/6 J and DBA/2 J mice.Radioligand binding assays were conducted to determine the affinity of the SSRIs for the 5-HT transporters in the two mouse strains.RESULTS SSRI citalopram dose-dependently reduced immobility time in both the FST and TST in DBA/2 J but not C57BL/6 J mouse strains,whereas fluoxetine showed opposite results.Paroxetine reduced immobility time similarly in both strains.The affinity of citalopram for the 5-HT transporter in DBA/2 J mice was 700-fold higher than that for in C57BL/6 J mice,whereas the affinity of fluoxetine in C57BL/6 J mice was 100-fold higher than that in the DBA/2 J mouse.Furthermore,High citalopram concentrations were required to [3 H]5-HT uptake in C57BL/6 J but not DBA/2 J mouse cortical synaptosomes,whereas fluoxetine also showed opposite results.CONCLUSION Immobility duration depends on 5-HT transporter binding levels,leading to apparent strain differences in immobility time in FST and TST.Furthermore,differences in 5-HT transporter binding may cause variations in SSRI responses on behaviors.SERT mutation mice maintained sensitivity to paroxetine,an antidepressant that is unaffected by the mouse mutation.Therefore,the background strain of these mice likely contributes to the acute behavioral actions of SSRIs in immobility time.These differences may help to explain some of the discrepancies in studies that used these strains of mice to examine the role of 5-HT in mouse models of depression.Future studies should investigate additional neural substrates and molecular mechanisms underlying strain variations in mouse models of depression to help identify genetic predispositions to this disorder in humans.

Comparison of paroxetine and dapoxetine, a novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of premature ejaculation

Dapoxetine hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and the first drug approved for the on-demand treatment of premature ejaculation （PE）, Our objective in this study was to characterize the efficacy of on-demand dapoxetine （30 and 60 mg） and daily paroxetine （20 mg） usage in treating PE, We conducted a 1 month study involving a total of 150 patients. Patients were divided into three groups of 50, Group 1 were treated with on-demand dapoxetine （30 mg）, Group 2 with on-demand dapoxetine （60 mg） and Group 3 with daily paroxetine （20 rag）, Our outcome measurement was increased from baseline intravaginal ejaculatory latency time （IELT） after treatment, The IELT increased from baseline to posttreatment by 117%, 117% and 170% in the paroxetine group （P 〈 0,01）, 30 mg dapoxetine group （P 〈 0,01） and 60 mg dapoxetine group （P 〈 0.01）, respectively, The increase from baseline IELT were similar for the 30 mg dapoxetine and paroxetine groups （P 〉 0,05）, while the 60 mg dapoxetine group had a larger posttreatment IELT increase compared with the 30 mg dapoxetine （P〈 0.05） and paroxetine （P〈 0.01） groups, Dapoxetine （60 mg） 1-3 h before planned intercourse is a very effective treatment modality for PE. However, an on-demand dose of 30 mg dapoxetine is no more effective than the currently prescribed paroxetine treatment.

Fluoxetine,a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used clinically,improves bladder function in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury

After spinal cord injury,the upward conduction of the spinal cord is lost,resulting in the loss of micturition control,which manifests as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and insufficient micturition.Studies have shown that serotonergic axons play important roles in the control of the descending urination tract.In this study,mouse models of moderate spinal cord contusions were established.The serotonin agonists quipazine(0.2 mg/kg),8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin(8-OH-DAPT,0.1 mg/kg),buspirone(1 mg/kg),sumatriptan(1 mg/kg),and rizatriptan(50 mg/kg),the serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine(20 mg/kg)and duloxetine(1 mg/kg),and the dopamine receptor agonist SKF-82197(0.1 mg/kg)were intraperitoneally administered to the model mice 35 days post-injury in an acute manner.The voided stain on paper method and urodynamics revealed that fluoxetine reduced the amount of residual urine in the bladder and decreased bladder and external urethral sphincter pressure in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury.However,fluoxetine did not improve the micturition function in a mouse model of severe spinal cord injury.In contrast,the other serotonergic drugs had no effects on the micturition functions of spinal cord injury model mice.This study was ethically approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine(approval No.2020DW-20-02)on September 11,2020.

5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂联合计算机化的认知训练治疗伴有认知障碍的老年抑郁症患者的研究

目的探讨5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂(SSRI)联合计算机化的认知训练(CCT)对伴有认知障碍的老年抑郁症(LLD)患者的临床治疗效果。方法本研究为前瞻性随机对照临床研究。选取2021年5月至2022年12月于首都医科大学附属北京安定医院门诊及住院治疗的118例伴有认知障碍的LLD患者,按照随机数表法分为干预组(57例)和对照组(61例)。干预组给予临床常规SSRI类抗抑郁药治疗联合CCT干预,对照组给予临床常规SSRI类抗抑郁药治疗联合空白对照方法,两组均治疗12周。分别在治疗前及治疗后8、12周对两组患者进行阿尔茨海默病认知评估量表(ADAS-cog)、老年抑郁量表(GDS)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分,以评估其认知功能、精神心理状况及社会功能。结果在治疗后8周及12周时,两组的ADAS-cog、GDS量表评分均明显低于治疗前,且干预组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后8周及12周时,干预组的ADL评分明显高于治疗前,且治疗后12周干预组的ADL评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而对照组治疗前后的ADL评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论SSRI类抗抑郁药联合CCT治疗能够显著改善伴有认知障碍的LLD患者的认知功能和抑郁症状,可作为该类人群的有效选择。

疏肝益肾起痿汤联合他达拉非片治疗5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂类抗抑郁药所致勃起功能障碍临床研究

目的:观察疏肝益肾起痿汤联合他达拉非片治疗5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)类抗抑郁药所致勃起功能障碍(ED)患者的效果。方法:选取112例肝郁肾虚型SSRIs类抗抑郁药所致ED患者,采用随机数字表法分为2组各56例,对照组给予他达拉非片治疗,观察组给予疏肝益肾起痿汤联合他达拉非片治疗,2组均治疗8周。对比2组临床疗效,治疗前后评定中医证候评分、勃起功能[勃起硬度评价量表(EHS)评分、国际勃起功能评分量表(IIEF-5)评分]、心理状态[抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)评分]、血管内皮功能[血清内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO),血管扩张功能(FMD)],观察治疗期间的不良反应。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组性欲下降、阴茎痿软不举、阴茎举而不坚、忧愁善感、小便淋漓评分及PHQ-9评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),观察组6项评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组EHS评分、IIEF-5评分均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),观察组EHS评分、IIEF-5评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组ET-1水平均较治疗前降低,NO水平及FMD值均较治疗前升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组ET-1水平低于对照组,NO水平及FMD值均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者均未发生明显不良反应。结论:采用疏肝益肾起痿汤联合他达拉非片治疗肝郁肾虚型SSRIs类抗抑郁药所致ED效果明显,能够改善患者的心理状态和血管内皮功能,提高勃起功能,安全性高。

乌鸡白凤丸对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂引起的性功能障碍的效果分析

目的 观察乌鸡白凤丸对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)引起的性功能障碍的临床效果。方法 收集2017年6月1日-2021年6月1日在本院就诊的60例因抑郁症服用SSIRs而导致性功能障碍的患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各30例。对照组予继续以原基础治疗药物,观察组则在对照组基础上联合乌鸡白凤丸口服。对比观察两组患者在治疗前、治疗2周、治疗4周、治疗8周(治疗结束)的抑郁评分量表评分、性功能障碍评分量表评分的差异,并观察治疗不良反应及患者的满意度。结果 治疗前,两组患者的HAMD、ASEX评分对比无明显差异(P>0.05),随着治疗的进行,对照组患者的HAMD及ASEX评分无明显变化(P>0.05),而观察组患者的HAMD及ASEX评分均明显降低(P<0.05),在治疗的同时期(治疗2周、4周及8周),观察组患者的HAMD评分及ASEX评分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者在肝肾功能、甲状腺功能、血脂及血糖相关化验指标上无明显差异(P<0.05),治疗后,对照组患者的各项化验指标仍无明显改变(P>0.05),而观察组患者TG水平较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),同时治疗后观察组患者TG水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。观察组患者对治疗的满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 乌鸡白凤丸治疗SSRIs引起的性功能障碍具有良好的效果及安全性。

虚汗停颗粒联合5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂治疗抑郁症临床观察

目的:通过虚汗停颗粒联合5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂(SSRI)与单用SSRI比较,探究其安全性及对抑郁症患者健康相关生命质量的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2019年12月中山大学附属第三医院收治的抑郁障碍急性发作患者95例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(n=46)和对照组(n=49)。对照组单用SSRI,观察组在对照组基础上联合口服虚汗停颗粒,2组均治疗8周。期间定期访视并测定抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、健康调查量表36(SF-36)评分、哥伦比亚-自杀严重性评定量表(C-SSRS)评分、Barnes静坐不能量表(BAS)评分及异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评分。结果:治疗8周后,与对照组比较,观察组患者SDS评分显著降低(P<0.01),而SF-36评分无显著性差异。在安全性方面,与对照组比较,观察组C-SSRS评分无显著性差异,而BAS及AIMS评分则显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:虚汗停颗粒联合SSRI类抗抑郁药治疗抑郁症患者,可以有效改善患者的社会功能,减少锥体外系不良反应,且安全性较高。

磷酸二酯酶-5型抑制剂与五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗勃起功能障碍合并早泄疗效及安全性Meta分析

目的评价单独使用磷酸二酯酶-5型(PDE5)抑制剂或联合五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)对比单独应用SSRIs治疗勃起功能障碍(ED)与早泄(PE)共病的疗效与安全性。方法检索下述网站:知网、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、万方、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、中华医学期刊,自建库起至2022年11月,单独使用PDE5抑制剂或联合SSRIs对比单独应用SSRIs治疗ED与PE共病的随机对照试验,用Revman 5.4.1软件分析阴道内射精潜伏期(IELT)、国际勃起功能指数5项问卷(IIEF-5)评分及不良反应率。结果最终纳入文献9篇,涉及793例患者。Meta分析显示:与单独应用SSRIs治疗ED与PE共病相比,单独使用PDE5抑制剂或联合SSRIs治疗后患者IELT更高[MD=1.99,95%CI(1.51~2.46),P<0.001]、IIEF-5评分更高[MD=4.61,95%CI(3.68~5.55),P<0.001],不良反应无统计学差异[RR=0.99,95%CI(0.74~1.31),P=0.92]。结论治疗ED与PE共病患者时,应优先治疗ED或同时治疗ED和PE,在ED和PE方面都能获得更好的治疗效果,同时不良反应也没有增加。

柴胡类方联合选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗卒中后抑郁疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价柴胡类方联合5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)治疗卒中后抑郁疗效与安全性。方法:计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普中文科技期刊(VIP)、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)、Cochrane Library、Embase及PubMed数据库中有关柴胡类方联合SSRIs治疗卒中后抑郁的随机对照试验。采用Revman5.4软件对纳入的临床研究进行偏倚风险质量评估和Meta分析。结果:共纳入19篇文献,共涉及患者1 645例,试验组840例,对照组805例。Meta分析结果显示,试验组在改善汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分[MD=-4.06,95%CI (-4.76,-3.36),P<0.000 01]、美国国立卫生院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分[MD=-3.18,95%CI (-4.49,-1.87),P<0.000 01]、Barthel指数评估量表评分[MD=5.57,95%CI (0.90,10.23),P=0.02]、日常生活能力评定量表评分(P<0.05)方面优于对照组,但在提高血清BDNF[MD=3.83,95%CI (-1.05,8.72),P=0.12]方面无明显优势。2组均未见严重不良反应。漏斗图结果提示HAMD评分指标存在一定的发表偏倚。结论:柴胡类方联合SSRIs治疗卒中后抑郁较单纯SSRIs治疗效果更显著,具有较高安全性。但鉴于纳入文献质量较低,结论仍需纳入更多高质量的随机对照试验加以进一步验证。

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂对精液质量影响的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析方法系统评价选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)对精液质量的影响。方法计算机检索7个中文和英文数据库(包括知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、Cochrane、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science)从建库至2023年9月关于服用SSRIs对精子参数影响的前瞻性研究和回顾性分析实验。制定纳入与排除标准,筛选符合标准的文献,将使用SSRIs治疗的作为实验组,未行SSRIs治疗的为对照组。采用RevMan 5.4软件对最终纳入研究的文献进行Meta分析。结果共7篇文献纳入研究,总样本量为491例。采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS)评估纳入研究的文献质量,2篇8分,4篇7分,1篇6分,均为高质量文献。Meta分析结果显示,服用SSRIs对精子浓度、精子活力无显著影响(P>0.05);但按照不同治疗时间进行亚组分析时,服用SSRIs≥3个月时,实验组的精子浓度[95%CI(-45.50,-39.34),P<0.00001]和精子活力[95%CI(-33.38,-1.80),P=0.03]显著下降。服用SSRIs显著降低了正常精子形态率[95%CI(-16.29,-3.77),P=0.002],显著增加了精子DNA碎片率指数(DFI)[95%CI(6.66,21.93),P=0.002];进行不同治疗时间亚组分析时,治疗≤2个月和≥3个月时服用SSRIs对正常精子形态率和DFI的影响一致。但服用SSRIs对精液体积无显著影响[95%CI(-0.75,0.65),P=0.89]。结论服用SSRIs会对男性精液质量产生一定程度的损害,且用药时间越长,对精液质量的影响越明显;但仍需进行大样本量的临床研究加以验证。

5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂对骨代谢的影响及机制

5-羟色胺选择性重摄取抑制剂(SSRI)是治疗抑郁症的一线药物,主要包括氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林、氟伏沙明、西酞普兰、艾司西酞普兰等。SSRI对骨代谢具有双重影响,短期使用可能会对骨骼有积极影响,但若长期使用可能导致骨骼问题。本文总结了SSRI对骨代谢的影响及其机制,可知SSRI能影响骨形成、骨吸收、间充质干细胞分化以及调节炎症细胞因子表达,并通过cAMP/PKA/CREB、Wnt/β-catenin、BMP/Smad、OPG/RANKL/RANK等经典信号通路以及中枢介导作用影响骨代谢。

Possible association of the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism with premature ejaculation in a Turkish population

We evaluated the genotypes of the serotonin transporter gene （5-HTT） in patients with premature ejaculation （PE） to determine the role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of PE and possibly to identify the patient subgroups. A total of 70 PE patients and 70 controls were included in this study. All men were heterosexual, had no other disorders and were either married or in a stable relationship. PE was defined as ejaculation that occurred within 1 min of vaginal intromission. Genomic DNA from patients and controls was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction, and allelic variations of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene （5-HTTLPR） were determined. The 5-HTTLPR （serotonin transporter promoter gene） genotypes in PE patients vs. controls were distributed as follows： L/L 16% vs. 17%, L/S 30% vs. 53% and S/S 54% vs. 28%. We examined the haplotype analysis for three polymorphisms of the 5-HTTLPR gene： LL, LS and SS. The appropriateness of the allele frequencies in the 5-HTTLPR gene was analyzed by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the Z-test. The short （S） allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene was significantly more frequent in PE patients than in controls （P 〈 0.05）. We suggest that the 5-HTTLPR gene plays a role in the pathophysiology of all primary PE cases. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and patient subgroup （such as primary and secondary PE） responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as well as ethnic differences.

Differences of Plasma Levels of Tryptophan, Serotonin, 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid, and Kynurenine between Healthy People and Patients of Major Monopolar Depression at Various Age and Gender

Background: It is not well analyzed whether there are differences in plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites between healthy control people (HC) and patients of major monopolar depression (MMD). Methods: Ultra high-speed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in depressive patients. Results: There are no significant differences between plasma levels of TRP between HC and MMD. Plasma levels of TRP of HC are higher in young men, young women, old men, and old women in this order. Serotonin (5-HT) levels are higher in MMD than HC. Plasma levels of 5-HIAA of HC are also higher than those of patients of MMD. Plasma levels of kynurenine (KYN) of healthy old men and old women are higher than those of young men and old women. Plasma levels of KYN are higher in old women and young men of MMD than those of HC. Conclusion: Plasma levels of 5-HT are higher in patients of MMD than those of HC, which may suggest that use of drugs inhibiting the 5-HT transportation may increase plasma levels of 5-HT in MMD.

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗焦虑对眼表干眼指标的影响

目的观察选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)盐酸帕罗西汀片治疗焦虑对患者眼表干眼指标的影响。方法将2018年9月至2021年2月在嘉兴市第二医院就诊的49例诊断焦虑的患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组25例和药物治疗组24例。对照组仅给予心理治疗;药物治疗组在辅以心型治疗的同时给予盐酸帕罗西汀片治疗。在治疗前、治疗2周及2个月后分别进行眼表干眼相关的指标:眼表疾病指数(OSDI)评分、荧光素染色泪膜破裂时间(FBUT)、基础泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)、角膜荧光素钠染色评分(SCSF)、睑板腺异常睑缘相关指标测定,评价两组治疗前后差异变化。结果治疗2周及2个月后,药物治疗组的OSDI、FBUT、SⅠt、SCSF、睑板腺异常睑缘相关指标较对照组均变差,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。对照组治疗2周及2个月后,OSDI、SⅠt均较治疗前改善,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);FBUT、SCSF、睑板腺异常睑缘相关指标改变差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。药物治疗组治疗2周及2个月后OSDI、FBUT、SⅠt、SCSF、睑板腺异常睑缘相关指标较治疗前均变差,且治疗2个月后较治疗2周变差更为显著,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论焦虑患者使用SSRI盐酸帕罗西汀片治疗2周后出现眼表干眼指标加重,治疗2个月后加重更加明显或引发干眼。

Serotonin syndrome controversies:A need for consensus

Serotonin syndrome(SS)is a drug-induced clinical syndrome resulting from increased serotonergic activity in the central nervous system.Although more than seven decades have passed since the first description of SS,it is still an enigma in terms of terminology,clinical features,etiology,pathophysiology,diagnostic criteria,and therapeutic measures.The majority of SS cases have previously been reported by toxicology or psychiatry centers,particularly in people with mental illness.However,serotonergic medications are used for a variety of conditions other than mental illness.Serotonergic properties have been discovered in several new drugs,including over-the-counter medications.These days,cases are reported in non-toxicology centers,such as perioperative settings,neurology clinics,cardiology settings,gynecology settings,and pediatric clinics.Overdoses or poisonings of serotonergic agents constituted the majority of the cases observed in toxicology or psychiatry centers.Overdose or poisoning of serotonergic drugs is uncommon in other clinical settings.Patients may develop SS at therapeutic dosages.Moreover,these patients may continue to use serotonergic medications even if they develop mild to moderate SS due to several reasons.Thus,the clinical presentation(onset,severity,and clinical features)in such instances may not exactly match what toxicologists or psychiatrists observe in their respective settings.They produce considerable diversity in many aspects of SS.However,other experts discount these new developments in SS.Since SS is a potentially lethal illness,consensus is required on several concerns related to SS.

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂对抑郁症患者睡眠结构的影响及与临床疗效的关系研究

目的探究选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)对抑郁症患者睡眠结构的影响及与临床疗效的关系。方法从多导睡眠图(PSG)数据库选择了26例接受SSRIs治疗2周以上的抑郁症患者(治疗组),并同时选择了24例近3个月未接受药物治疗的抑郁症患者(未治疗组)。评估患者睡眠情况,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版本(HAMD-24)评估患者治疗前后的抑郁状况,采用Logistic回归分析抑郁症患者睡眠结构变化与临床疗效的关系。结果治疗组和未治疗组的睡眠长度、睡眠潜伏期、非快速动眼时相睡眠(NREM)Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期的睡眠比例差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经过SSRIs治疗,治疗组进入快速动眼时相(REM)的时间与未治疗组相比缩短〔(77±30)min vs.(146±64)min〕,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),并进入正常范围;治疗组的NREMⅠ期睡眠比例与治疗组相比〔(14±5)%vs.(18±8)%〕和微觉醒指数(AI)〔(14±5)次/h vs.(18±6)次/h〕均减少,但AI仍高于正常值(<5次/h),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组与未治疗组HAMD-24得分间差异有统计学意义〔(17±6)分vs.(27±10)分,P=0.007〕。Logistic回归显示治疗组患者的REML越短〔OR=0.627,95%CI(0.517,0.923)〕和AI越低〔OR=0.839,95%CI(0.721,0.987)〕,就越容易显示出临床疗效。结论抑郁症的REM睡眠异常应该是抑郁症的核心睡眠节律异常,支持了抑郁症的睡眠时相前移假说;睡眠结构的改变影响临床疗效。

疏肝养心针刺法对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗抑郁症的增效作用及其对炎性细胞因子的影响研究

目的探讨疏肝养心针刺法对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)治疗抑郁症的增效作用以及其对血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)及辅助性T1细胞(Th1细胞)/辅助性T2细胞(Th2细胞)分泌的炎性细胞因子的影响。方法选取2013年1—12月杭州市第七人民医院精神科住院的抑郁症患者120例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为药物组60例和针药组60例,另选取同时期体检健康者60例为正常组。药物组和针药组患者分别于治疗前及治疗后1、2、4、6周评定蒙哥马利抑郁评定量表(MADRS)评分,治疗后1、2、4、6周评定抗抑郁药副反应量表(SERS)评分,评估临床疗效及不良反应情况,正常组、药物组和针药组分别于治疗前、治疗后6周检测血清5-HT及白介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10水平。结果治疗前,药物组与针药组患者MADRS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后1、2、4、6周,针药组MADRS评分较药物组降低(P<0.05)。治疗后1、2、4、6周,针药组SERS评分较药物组降低(P<0.05)。治疗前,药物组和针药组血清5-HT、IL-4、IL-10水平较正常组降低,IL-1β、IL-6水平较正常组升高(P<0.05);药物组与针药组血清5-HT、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,针药组血清5-HT、IL-4、IL-10水平较药物组升高,血清IL-6水平较药物组降低(P<0.05)。结论疏肝养心针刺法能够快速、有效地增强SSRIs治疗抑郁症的临床疗效、减轻其不良反应,并能有效调节血清5-HT及Th1细胞/Th2细胞分泌的炎性细胞因子的失衡。

针刺疗法对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂抗抑郁效应的影响

目的评价针刺疗法对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)类药物抗抑郁效应的影响。方法将60例抑郁症患者随机分为对照组(30例)和治疗组(30例),对照组和治疗组均选用1种SSRIs类药物口服,治疗组在药物治疗的基础上加针刺疗法。连续治疗6周,采用汉密尔顿(HAMD)抑郁量表、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾森贝格(Asberg)抗抑郁剂不良反应量表进行疗效评价。结果与对照组比较,治后6周末治疗组的愈显率提高了33.4%(P<0.05);治疗组HAMD量表积分降低,焦虑/躯体化和睡眠障碍因子在治后1周末、治后6周末交互作用的趋势不同(P<0.05);6周末治疗组SDS自评分降低,且减分率比提高了19.23%(P<0.05);治后6周末治疗组Asberg积分平均下降3.77分,对照组平均下降0.07分(P<0.05)。结论针刺疗法能提高SSRIs类药物抗抑郁效应,降低其不良反应。