随着大学英语教学改革的深入,大学英语教师应不断改进大学英语课堂教学方法。经过多年的大学英语教学实践,探索、总结出"5-Open"方法,即:Open your eyes(睁开眼睛看);Open your ears(打开耳朵听);Open your hear(t敞开心扉去...随着大学英语教学改革的深入,大学英语教师应不断改进大学英语课堂教学方法。经过多年的大学英语教学实践,探索、总结出"5-Open"方法,即:Open your eyes(睁开眼睛看);Open your ears(打开耳朵听);Open your hear(t敞开心扉去感受);Open yourmind(放飞思想去创造);Open your mouth(张开嘴巴说)。"5-Open"诠释了教师和学生在教学活动中的角色及双向、动态、互补作用,是激发学生语言学习动机、培养学生全面健康发展、提高大学英语教学效果有益的探索。展开更多
The rapid growth of 3G/4G enabled devices such as smartphones and tablets in large numbers has created increased demand for mobile data services. Wi-Fi offloading helps satisfy the requirements of data-rich applicatio...The rapid growth of 3G/4G enabled devices such as smartphones and tablets in large numbers has created increased demand for mobile data services. Wi-Fi offloading helps satisfy the requirements of data-rich applications and terminals with improved multi- media. Wi-Fi is an essential approach to alleviating mobile data traffic load on a cellular network because it provides extra capacity and improves overall performance. In this paper, we propose an integrated LTE/Wi-Fi architecture with software-defined networking （SDN） abstraction in mobile baekhaul and enhanced components that facilitate the move towards next-generation 5G mo- bile networks. Our proposed architecture enables programmable offloading policies that take into account real-time network conditions as well as the status of devices and applications. This mechanism improves overall network performance by deriving real- time policies and steering traffic between cellular and Wi-Fi networks more efficiently.展开更多
Key challenges for 5G and Beyond networks relate with the requirements for exceptionally low latency, high reliability, and extremely high data rates. The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use case is t...Key challenges for 5G and Beyond networks relate with the requirements for exceptionally low latency, high reliability, and extremely high data rates. The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use case is the trickiest to support and current research is focused on physical or MAC layer solutions, while proposals focused on the network layer using Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms running on base stations and User Equipment (UE) or Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in early stages. In this paper, we describe the operation rationale of the most recent relevant ML algorithms and techniques, and we propose and validate ML algorithms running on both cells (base stations/gNBs) and UEs or IoT devices to handle URLLC service control. One ML algorithm runs on base stations to evaluate latency demands and offload traffic in case of need, while another lightweight algorithm runs on UEs and IoT devices to rank cells with the best URLLC service in real-time to indicate the best one cell for a UE or IoT device to camp. We show that the interplay of these algorithms leads to good service control and eventually optimal load allocation, under slow load mobility. .展开更多
The year of 2014 saw the beginning of China's LTE,which marks that China has become one of the major engines for the global LTE development.China dazzled in the construction of LTE networks,subscribers,and industr...The year of 2014 saw the beginning of China's LTE,which marks that China has become one of the major engines for the global LTE development.China dazzled in the construction of LTE networks,subscribers,and industry chain.However,the policy formulated around TD-LTE also put China in predicament and brought it many challenges.With this article,we are going to put China's market for mobile broadband networks into perspective,focusing on the development of China's LTE market,challenges that encountered,and the research in this area in the years to come.Besides,in regards to the problems that already appeared,we will,from policy-making,industry-level,and technological points of view,offer our suggestions on how China should do to make this market robust.展开更多
Background: In Benin, malaria represents the first cause of consultation and hospitalization (48% for children under 5 years old) in health units. It also accounts for 23.1% of deaths recorded in health facilities (Mo...Background: In Benin, malaria represents the first cause of consultation and hospitalization (48% for children under 5 years old) in health units. It also accounts for 23.1% of deaths recorded in health facilities (MoH, 2019). Between the two main components of vector control adopted by Benin government, the mass distribution campaigns of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) remained the only proven cost-effective way to rapidly achieve high and equitable coverage (WHO, 2017). After the fourth mass distribution campaign conducted in 2017, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data indicated that the percentage of children who slept under an ITN has increased from 20% in 2006 to 70% in 2011-2012 and to 76% in 2017-2018 while the incidence of malaria (tested positive) is increasing rapidly among children under 5 years old, growing from 36.5% in 2009 to 28.8% in 2012 and then to 51.4% in 2019. This study aims to understand this contrast by identifying the origin of the increase in ITN use over time among children under five years old and the factors which determine this use. Methods: Data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Benin respectively in 2006 and in 20018 were used during the analysis, which covered 13,445 children under five years old from 2006 DHS and 12,255 children from 2017-2018 DHS. Firstly, the data were analyzed using decomposition method to highlight the origin of the increase of ITN use over time among children under five years old. Secondly, the chi-square test analysis estimated the association between ITN use and some characteristics (wealth index, maternal or caregiver education level and child age). Finally, the logistic regression model was used to identify the main factors, which influence the net use over the study period. Results: This study shows that the improvement of basic conditions is the main origin of behavior change in the use of ITNs among children under five years old. This improvement of the basic conditions consists of making ITNs available in households and informing household members about the benefits of ITN use. So, the free ITN distribution campaigns, routine distribution, awareness campaigns about the benefits of ITN use are the strategies, which increase the household capacities and knowledge, allowing household members to make their children sleep under net. The analysis also shows that region of residence, wealth index of household, household size, religion, and child age continue to determine the ITN use among children under age 5 years old and MNCP will integrate the factors in malaria prevention strategies in order to achieve universal use of ITNs. Conclusions: Although, sleeping under ITN behavior has indeed spread among children under 5 years old, policymakers and other stakeholders should design strategies to maintain and improve the current level of ITN use to reach the collective protection threshold (80% according to WHO). Therefore, to address the challenges of universal use of ITN, the study recommends expanding the routine distribution system to private sector health centers;discussing issues related to health service utilization (particularly ITN use) within a consultation framework at the communal level. In addition, collecting qualitative and quantitative data in the Oueme region will allow better understanding of all aspects of the ITN use gap among children under 5 years.展开更多
文摘随着大学英语教学改革的深入,大学英语教师应不断改进大学英语课堂教学方法。经过多年的大学英语教学实践,探索、总结出"5-Open"方法,即:Open your eyes(睁开眼睛看);Open your ears(打开耳朵听);Open your hear(t敞开心扉去感受);Open yourmind(放飞思想去创造);Open your mouth(张开嘴巴说)。"5-Open"诠释了教师和学生在教学活动中的角色及双向、动态、互补作用,是激发学生语言学习动机、培养学生全面健康发展、提高大学英语教学效果有益的探索。
文摘The rapid growth of 3G/4G enabled devices such as smartphones and tablets in large numbers has created increased demand for mobile data services. Wi-Fi offloading helps satisfy the requirements of data-rich applications and terminals with improved multi- media. Wi-Fi is an essential approach to alleviating mobile data traffic load on a cellular network because it provides extra capacity and improves overall performance. In this paper, we propose an integrated LTE/Wi-Fi architecture with software-defined networking （SDN） abstraction in mobile baekhaul and enhanced components that facilitate the move towards next-generation 5G mo- bile networks. Our proposed architecture enables programmable offloading policies that take into account real-time network conditions as well as the status of devices and applications. This mechanism improves overall network performance by deriving real- time policies and steering traffic between cellular and Wi-Fi networks more efficiently.
文摘Key challenges for 5G and Beyond networks relate with the requirements for exceptionally low latency, high reliability, and extremely high data rates. The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) use case is the trickiest to support and current research is focused on physical or MAC layer solutions, while proposals focused on the network layer using Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms running on base stations and User Equipment (UE) or Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in early stages. In this paper, we describe the operation rationale of the most recent relevant ML algorithms and techniques, and we propose and validate ML algorithms running on both cells (base stations/gNBs) and UEs or IoT devices to handle URLLC service control. One ML algorithm runs on base stations to evaluate latency demands and offload traffic in case of need, while another lightweight algorithm runs on UEs and IoT devices to rank cells with the best URLLC service in real-time to indicate the best one cell for a UE or IoT device to camp. We show that the interplay of these algorithms leads to good service control and eventually optimal load allocation, under slow load mobility. .
文摘The year of 2014 saw the beginning of China's LTE,which marks that China has become one of the major engines for the global LTE development.China dazzled in the construction of LTE networks,subscribers,and industry chain.However,the policy formulated around TD-LTE also put China in predicament and brought it many challenges.With this article,we are going to put China's market for mobile broadband networks into perspective,focusing on the development of China's LTE market,challenges that encountered,and the research in this area in the years to come.Besides,in regards to the problems that already appeared,we will,from policy-making,industry-level,and technological points of view,offer our suggestions on how China should do to make this market robust.
文摘Background: In Benin, malaria represents the first cause of consultation and hospitalization (48% for children under 5 years old) in health units. It also accounts for 23.1% of deaths recorded in health facilities (MoH, 2019). Between the two main components of vector control adopted by Benin government, the mass distribution campaigns of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) remained the only proven cost-effective way to rapidly achieve high and equitable coverage (WHO, 2017). After the fourth mass distribution campaign conducted in 2017, the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data indicated that the percentage of children who slept under an ITN has increased from 20% in 2006 to 70% in 2011-2012 and to 76% in 2017-2018 while the incidence of malaria (tested positive) is increasing rapidly among children under 5 years old, growing from 36.5% in 2009 to 28.8% in 2012 and then to 51.4% in 2019. This study aims to understand this contrast by identifying the origin of the increase in ITN use over time among children under five years old and the factors which determine this use. Methods: Data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Benin respectively in 2006 and in 20018 were used during the analysis, which covered 13,445 children under five years old from 2006 DHS and 12,255 children from 2017-2018 DHS. Firstly, the data were analyzed using decomposition method to highlight the origin of the increase of ITN use over time among children under five years old. Secondly, the chi-square test analysis estimated the association between ITN use and some characteristics (wealth index, maternal or caregiver education level and child age). Finally, the logistic regression model was used to identify the main factors, which influence the net use over the study period. Results: This study shows that the improvement of basic conditions is the main origin of behavior change in the use of ITNs among children under five years old. This improvement of the basic conditions consists of making ITNs available in households and informing household members about the benefits of ITN use. So, the free ITN distribution campaigns, routine distribution, awareness campaigns about the benefits of ITN use are the strategies, which increase the household capacities and knowledge, allowing household members to make their children sleep under net. The analysis also shows that region of residence, wealth index of household, household size, religion, and child age continue to determine the ITN use among children under age 5 years old and MNCP will integrate the factors in malaria prevention strategies in order to achieve universal use of ITNs. Conclusions: Although, sleeping under ITN behavior has indeed spread among children under 5 years old, policymakers and other stakeholders should design strategies to maintain and improve the current level of ITN use to reach the collective protection threshold (80% according to WHO). Therefore, to address the challenges of universal use of ITN, the study recommends expanding the routine distribution system to private sector health centers;discussing issues related to health service utilization (particularly ITN use) within a consultation framework at the communal level. In addition, collecting qualitative and quantitative data in the Oueme region will allow better understanding of all aspects of the ITN use gap among children under 5 years.
