Realization Methodology of a 5-axis Spline Interpolator in an Open CNC System

By making use of the advantages of non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） curves to represent spatial curves, an instruction format with double NURBS curves suitable for 5-axis coordinated real-time interpolation is presented to replace the current 5-axis coordinated linear interpolation method defective in low-speed, low-accuracy and enormous numerical control （NC） files in sculptured surface machining. A generation procedure of the NC files with the presented format is introduced and the method to realize the interpolation in an open computer numerical control （CNC） system is developed by ourselves. These illustrated the feasibility of the proposed method and its capability of avoiding all the shortages of 5-axis linear interpolation method.

Circular Interpolation Algorithms of 5-Axis Simultaneous CNC System

Spatial circular arc can be machined conveniently by a 5-axis NC machine tool.Based on the data sampling method,circular interpolation in two-dimensional plane is discussed briefly.The key is to solve the problem of circular center ex- pressed in the workpiece coordinate system by means of the transformation matrix.Circular interpolation in three-dimensional space is analyzed in detail.The method of undetermined coefficient is used to solve the center of the spatial circle and the method of coor- dinate transformation is used to transform the spatial circle into the XY-plane.Circular arc in three-dimensional space can be ma- chined by the positional 5-axis machining and the conical surface can be machined by the continuous 5-axis machining.The velocity control is presented to avoid the feedrate fluctuation.The interpolation algorithms are tested by a simulation example and the inter- polation algorithms are proved feasible.The algorithms are applied to the 5-axis CNC system software.

MOTION ERROR ESTIMATION OF 5-AXIS MACHINING CENTER USING DBB METHOD

In order to estimate the motion errors of 5-axis machine center, the double ball bar （DBB） method is adopted to realize the diagnosis procedure. The motion error sources of rotary axes in 5-axis machining center comprise of the alignment error of rotary axes and the angular error due to various factors, e.g. the inclination of rotary axes. From sensitive viewpoints, each motion error is possible to have a particular sensitive direction in which deviation of DBB error trace arises from only some specific error sources. The model of the DBB error trace is established according to the spatial geometry theory. Accordingly, the sensitive direction of each motion error source is made clear through numerical simulation, which is used as the reference patterns for rotational error estimation. The estimation method is proposed to easily estimate the motion error sources of rotary axes in quantitative manner. To verify the proposed DBB method for rotational error estimation, the experimental tests are carried out on a 5-axis machining center M-400 （MORISEIKI）. The effect of the mismatch of the DBB is also studied to guarantee the estimation accuracy. From the experimental data, it is noted that the proposed estimation method for 5-axis machining center is feasible and effective.

Real-Time Data and Visualization Monitoring of Computer Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Hyper Text Markup Language 5

In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML)5 is proposed.The characteristics of the real-time monitoring technology of CNC machine tools under the traditional Client/Server(C/S)structure are compared and analyzed,and the technical drawbacks are proposed.Web real-time communication technology and browser drawing technology are deeply studied.A real-time monitoring and visible system for CNC machine tool data is developed based on Metro platform,combining WebSocket real-time communication technology and Canvas drawing technology.The system architecture is given,and the functions and implementation methods of the system are described in detail.The practical application results show that the WebSocket real-time communication technology can effectively reduce the bandwidth and network delay and save server resources.The numerical control machine data monitoring system can intuitively reflect the machine data,and the visible effect is good.It realizes timely monitoring of equipment alarms and prompts maintenance and management personnel.

5轴CNC机床空间运动学研究

在5轴加工中,为使机床CNC系统能根据刀位点数据实时生成机床运动坐标,必须在CNC系统软件中加入机床运动空间坐标变换算法。文章通过建立各中间坐标系,用齐次矩阵方法详细论述了两种典型5轴数控机床空间运动算法。

一种用少轴CNC机床加工5轴零件的方法

本文介绍一种适合中小企业解决 5轴零件加工的方法 ,该方法可以用一台 3轴CNC机床和一俯仰回转分度台进行

小型推进器转轮五轴数控加工

以小型推进器转轮的五轴数控加工为研究对象,根据曲面造型理论进行转轮的三维数字化建模,并进行数控加工工艺规划和编程,基于双转台型五轴数控机床重点提出了具有RTCP功能的后置处理器开发关键技术,通过国内自主生产的双转台五轴联动加工中心完成小型推进器转轮的加工。经检测,加工的推进器转轮样件满足质量要求,验证了刀具路径和后置处理器的正确性和可靠性。充分发挥了五轴数控机床的加工潜能,同时也为其他类似复杂曲面类零件五轴数控加工提供了可借鉴的方案。

Systematic Geometric Error Modeling for Workspace Volumetric Calibration of a 5-axis Turbine Blade Grinding Machine

A systematic geometric model has been presented for calibration of a newly designed 5-axis turbine blade grinding machine. This machine is designed to serve a specific purpose to attain high accuracy and high efficiency grinding of turbine blades by eliminating the hand grinding process. Although its topology is RPPPR （P： prismatic; R： rotary）, its design is quite distinct from the competitive machine tools. As error quantification is the only way to investigate, maintain and improve its accuracy, calibra- tion is recommended for its performance assessment and acceptance testing. Systematic geometric error modeling technique is implemented and 52 position dependent and position independent errors are identified while considering the machine as five rigid bodies by eliminating the set-up errors of workpiece and cutting tool. 39 of them are found to have influential errors and are accommodated for finding the resultant effect between the cutting tool and the workpiece in workspace volume. Rigid body kinematics techniques and homogenous transformation matrices are used for error synthesis.

An automated approach to calculating the maximum diameters of multiple cutters and their paths for sectional milling of centrifugal impellers on a 4_(1/2)-axis CNC machine

Power generators and chemical engineering compressors include heavy and large centrifugal impellers. To produce these impellers in high-speed machining, a 4?-axis milling machine(or a 4-axis machine plus an indexing table) is often used in the industry, which is more rigid than a5-axis milling machine. Since impeller blades are designed with complex B-spline surfaces and impeller channels spaces vary significantly, it is more efficient to use multiple cutters as large as possible to cut a channel in sections and a blade surface in patches, instead of only using a small cutter to machine a whole blade and a channel. Unfortunately, no approach has been established to automatically calculate the largest diameters of cutters and their paths, which include the indexing table angles. To address this problem, an automated and optimization approach is proposed. Based on the structure of a 4?-axis machine, a geometric model for a cutter gouging/interfering the impeller is formulated, and an optimization model of the cutter diameter in terms of the indexing table angle is established at a cutter contact(CC) point on a blade surface. Then, the diameters of the tools,their orientations, and the indexing table angles are optimized, and each tool's paths are generated for machining its corresponding impeller section. As a test, an impeller is efficiently machined with these tools section by section; thus, this approach is valid. It can be directly used in the industry to improve efficiency of machining centrifugal impellers.

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.

适合多种机床结构的数控系统5坐标变换库

研究了适合多种结构布局形式的统一坐标变换方法,开发出数控系统5坐标变换函数库,并作为坐标变换控制模块集成到数控系统中.分析了5坐标数控机床运动学模型,归纳出12种5坐标数控机床结构布局,并推导了对应的坐标变换数学算法.通过结构分析和数学变换将12种算法扩展归纳到3类基础算法,并基于3类基础算法开发出适合多种机床结构布局的5坐标变换库.利用机床三维仿真系统验证了5坐标变换库的可行性,并将该坐标变换库集成到北京航空航天大学开发的CH-2010开放式数控系统中.

螺旋曲面的5轴旋风式逼近铣削技术

针对螺旋曲面的快速精确成形问题,运用微分几何的法曲率原理,提出了旋风式等法曲率逼近铣削新模型。该新模型能有效地增加旋风式铣刀的切削量,提高生产效率,其技术核心是实时调整旋风式铣刀的切削进给方向,使铣刀切削刃的回转面对被加工曲面形成等法曲率的贴近包络,以极大地提高切触点处刀具在工件表面上的材料切削量。应用表明,新模型在5个坐标轴的协调动作下所获得的自由曲面成形精度高,加工质量好;在相同表面粗糙度要求的条件下,可显著缩短加工时间。

四元数法改善复杂曲面5轴加工精度研究

提出一种新的刀具轴向设计方法,通过使用四元数法进行刀具轴向规划,以解决曲面5轴数控加工中刀具轴向过度依赖曲面几何特征,造成刀轴剧烈变化所引起的切削恶化问题。在被加工曲面上可能发生过切的区域,指定刀具轴向,再由指定的轴向,直接计算出其他位置的轴向,并与其他刀具轴向设计方法进行对比。实际应用结果表明:采用该方法可以很好地提高复杂曲面切削精度、效率,避免过切。

基于MasterCAM X6的V850-5AX加工中心后处理器的开发

分析了MasterCAM X6五轴通用后置处理程序文件的格式,结合基于HCNC-22M数控系统的V850-5AX五联动立式加工中心的编程特点,通过设置机床的结构参数,开发了HCNC-22M数控系统专用后置处理器,使X6生成的NC程序能够直接应用于V850-5AX五联动加工中心.实际应用表明:该专用后置处理器生成的加工程序在五轴加工机床上不需作任何修改即可应用,有效地提高MasterCAM X6编程效率.

基于DMU125P的一种复杂空间斜面加工方法

采用人机结合的加工思路,解决了结构复杂的光学仪器支架的加工问题,充分发挥了125P五轴联动加工中心以及Millplus操作系统的优势,实现了人、机、软件的互动,有效保证了光学仪器的指向精度,大大提高了加工精度和效率,降低了成本。

Tool Orientation Optimization and Path Planning for 5-Axis Machining

Tool path generation is a fundamental problem in 5-axis CNC machining, which consists of tool orientation planning and cutter-contact(CC) point planning. The planning strategy highly depends on the type of tool cutters. For ball-end cutters, the tool orientation and CC point location can be planned separately;while for flat end cutters, the two are highly dependent on each other. This paper generates a smooth tool path of workpiece surfaces for flat end mills from two stages: Computing smooth tool orientations on the surface without gouging and collisions and then designing the CC point path. By solving the tool posture optimization problem the authors achieve both the path smoothness and the machining efficiency. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the method.

一个面向5轴曲面加工的实时NURBS曲面插补器(英文)

A real-time non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） surface interpolator is proposed and 5-axis machining method with a flat-end cutter is discussed. With the Taylor expansion and the coordinate transformation, the algorithms of NURBS interpolation, cutter effective machining radius, cutter offsetting and.inverse kinematics are deduced and implemented, respectively. Different from the conventional free-form surface machining, the proposed interpolator can real-time generate the motion commands of computer numerical control （CNC） machines with CC feedrate, rather than that of CL. An example part surface is demonstrated and the results of simulation show that the proposed method can be applied in actual 5-axis surface machining.

Fundamental Investigations in the Design of Five-Axis Nanopositioning Machines for Measurement and Fabrication Purposes

The majority of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines(NPMMs)are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system.This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools limits the addressable part geometries.An enhancement of an NPMM is introduced by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision in the nanometer range.For this purpose,a parameter-based dynamic evaluation system with quantifiable technological parameters has been set up and employed to identify and assess general solution concepts and adequate substructures.Evaluations taken show high potential for three linear movements of the object in combination with two angular movements of the tool.The influence of the additional rotation systems on the existing structure of NPMMs has been investigated further on.Test series on the repeatability of an NPMM enhanced by a chosen combination of a rotary stage and a goniometer setup are realized.As a result of these test series,the necessity of in situ position determination of the tool became very clear.The tool position is measured in situ in relation to a hemispherical reference mirror by three Fabry-Perot interferometers.FEA optimization has been used to enhance the overall system structure with regard to reproducibility and long-term stability.Results have been experimentally investigated by use of a retroreflector as a tool and the various laser interferometers of the NPMM.The knowledge gained has been formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines.

五轴数控机床转动轴误差元素的球杆仪检测方法

提出一种立式高速精密五轴加工中心转动轴C轴误差元素的球杆仪检测方法。建立了影响加工精度较大的C轴4项误差的球杆仪检测模式。通过机床多轴联动使球杆仪完成一圆弧轨迹运动,此过程中,采集球杆仪的杆长变化量,由数学建模及轨迹仿真,结合误差敏感方向分析,最终分离得到各误差元素值。通过对比球杆仪检测误差值与预设误差值,证明球杆仪检测法是一种高效准确的转动轴误差检测方法。