The title compound [Cu(HSSA)(py)3H2O]n (H3SSA = 5-sulfosalicylic acid, py = pyridine) I has been synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. I was further characterized by elemen...The title compound [Cu(HSSA)(py)3H2O]n (H3SSA = 5-sulfosalicylic acid, py = pyridine) I has been synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. I was further characterized by elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses, IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 9.4564(10), b = 18.2679(19), c = 15.7284(12) A,β= 126.045(4)°, V= 2196.9(4)A^3, Z= 4, Dc = 1.618 g/cm^3, Mr = 535.02,μ = 1.141 mm^-1, F(000) = 1100, 2(MoKα) = 0.71073 A, the final R = 0.0429 and wR = 0.1044 for all observed reflections. In the structure, every two Cu(II) atoms are bridged by a bivalent 5-sulfosalicylic anion to form a 1D chain-like coordination polymer. Lattice waters between chains link them to form 2D layers which are further linked by C-H…O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network.展开更多
Ammonium 5-sulfosalicylic acid monohydrate (NH4·C7H5O6S·H2O, ASSA) was synthesized and optical grade crystal with dimensions of 45ram × 20mm × 18mm was obtained from aqueous solution by the cooli...Ammonium 5-sulfosalicylic acid monohydrate (NH4·C7H5O6S·H2O, ASSA) was synthesized and optical grade crystal with dimensions of 45ram × 20mm × 18mm was obtained from aqueous solution by the cooling solution method. The crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction method and the empirical composition is C7HIINO7S with formula weight 253.23. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1 1.884(9), b = 7.306(5), c = 12.152(9) A, β = 104.851(13)°, V= 1019.8(13) A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.649 g/cm3,μ = 0.340 mm-1, F(000) =528, the final R= 0.0307 and wR= 0.0866 for 7494 observed reflections (I〉 2σ(I)), Elemental analysis, 1R and 1H-NMR spectrum were used to characterize the compound. Thermal analysis showed that one coordination water molecule was contained and dehydration temperature of ASSA crystal was 106℃. Optical transmission and fluorescence spectrum revealed that the ASSA crystal exhibited a strong absorption in ultraviolet region with the sharp absorption edge located at 340 nm and a significant blue fluorescent emission band at 442 nm.展开更多
Single and binary adsorption behaviors of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents,i.e.NDA-101 and NDA-99 were investigated.The Freundlich model can successfully describe all...Single and binary adsorption behaviors of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents,i.e.NDA-101 and NDA-99 were investigated.The Freundlich model can successfully describe all the adsorption isotherms tested,which indicates a favorable and exothermic adsorption process.The adsorption of salicylic acid relies on π-π interaction,while the electrostatic interaction further influences the adsorption of 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto NDA-99.The adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreases but increases on NDA-101 with 5-sulfosalicylic acid as the background component in a binary solute system.The amount of 5-sulfosalicylic acid adsorbed was decreased with the increase in initial concentration of salicylic acid on both adsorbents.The competition for the adsorption sites is considered to be predominant in the solid-to-liquid interaction process.The adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-101 is higher than onto NDA-99 by more than an order of magnitude.Thus,combination technique involving NDA-101 followed by NDA-99 can be effectively applied to separate and recover salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid from wastewater.展开更多
Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport cha...Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport chain(ETC) of living cells mediated by electron carriers,we constructed artificial ETCs and transformed liquid flow fuel cells(LFFCs) to flexible reactors for efficient oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA under mild conditions.This LFFC reactor employed an electrodeposition modified nickel foam as an anode to promote HMF oxidation and(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4) as a cathode electron carrier to facilitate the electron transfer to air.The reaction rate could be easily controlled by selecting the anode catalyst,adjusting the external loading and changing the cathodic electron carrier or oxidants.A maximal power density of 44.9 mW cm^(-2) at room temperature was achieved,while for FDCA production,short-circuit condition was preferred to achieve quick transfer of electrons.For a single batch operation with 0.1 M initial HMF,FDCA yield reached 97.1%.By fed-batch operation,FDCA concentration reached 144.5 g L^(-1) with a total yield of 96%.Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+) redox couple was the active species mediating the electron transfer,while both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that HMFCA pathway was the preferred reaction mechanism.展开更多
Supramolecular assemblies of 2,2'-biimidazole with 5-sulfosalicylic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Both the two proton-tran...Supramolecular assemblies of 2,2'-biimidazole with 5-sulfosalicylic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Both the two proton-transfer compounds of 2,2'-biimidazole with 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (5-sulfosalicylic acid, 5-SSA) [namely bis(2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) 4-hydroxybenzene-3-carboxylate-1-sulfonate monohydrate, 2(C6HTN4)^+· CTH4068^2-.H2O, (Ⅰ)] and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid [namely 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazolium bis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) tetrahydrate, C6H8N4^2+ ·2(C7H5O5)^-·4(H20), (Ⅱ)] feature extensively hydrogen-bonded three-dimensional network structures having significant interlayer n-n interactions between the cation and anion species. In Ⅰ, a 5-SSA^2- dianionic species results from deprotonation of both the sulfonic and the carboxylic acid groups, all available O-atom acceptors interact with all cation and water molecule donors by hydrogen bonds. In Ⅱ, the formula unit displays a crystallographic inversion symmetry. The structural information about the two complexes between 2,2'-biimidazole compound and benzenecarboxylic acids obtained in this work will be particularly important for the rational design of supramolecular organic functional materials.展开更多
Both bottle-point and column-feeding experi-ments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic a...Both bottle-point and column-feeding experi-ments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid.Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes.The adsorp-tion towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the p-p interac-tion,while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction.Additionally,the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component.Comparatively,the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component.In fact,the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent.In conclusion,the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment.A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foresee-ably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99.展开更多
Benzotriazole,N,N'-dimethylpiperazine and N-methylpiperazine were applied to crystallize with 5-sulfosalicylic acid(5-H2SSA),affording three new binary molecular cocrystals [(C6H6N3+).(C7H5O6S-)].H2O(1),[(C6H16N22...Benzotriazole,N,N'-dimethylpiperazine and N-methylpiperazine were applied to crystallize with 5-sulfosalicylic acid(5-H2SSA),affording three new binary molecular cocrystals [(C6H6N3+).(C7H5O6S-)].H2O(1),[(C6H16N22+)1/2.(C7H5O6S-)].H2O(2) and [(C5H14N22+).(C7H5O6S-)2].3H2O(3) under general conditions.Proton-transferring occurs from acid to nitrogen of N-donor compounds in all compounds 1,2 and 3.Analysis of the hydrogen-bonding synthons and their effects on crystal packing were also presented in the context of crystal engineering and host-guest chemistry.In compound 1,1-D infinite chains are extended to a 2-D layered architecture via strong O-H...O hydrogen bonds and then to a 3-D network by N-H...O interactions.Compound 2 and 3 both have the 1-D chain which is formed by O-H...O bonds and weak C-H...O hydrogen bonds.A common intramolecular S(6) [synthon I] ring is formed by the hydroxyl with the carboxyl group in all three compounds.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide.Based on cancer-related mortality,the current prevention and treatment strategies for GC still show poor clinical results.Therefore,it is ...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide.Based on cancer-related mortality,the current prevention and treatment strategies for GC still show poor clinical results.Therefore,it is important to find effective drug treatment targets.AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid(18β-GRA)regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation of GC cells.METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to determine the effect of 18β-GRA on the survival rate of GES-1 cells and AGS and HGC-27 cells.Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry,cell migration was detected by a wound healing assay,the effect of 18β-GRA on subcutaneous tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice was investigated,and the cell autophagy level was determined by MDC staining.TMT proteomic analysis was used to detect the differentially expressed autophagy-related proteins in GC cells after 18β-GRA intervention,and then the protein-protein interaction was predicted using STRING(https://string-db.org/).MicroRNAs(miRNAs)transcriptome analysis was used to detect the miRNA differential expression profile,and use miRBase(https://www.mirbase/)and TargetScan(https://www.targetscan.org/)to predict the miRNA and complementary binding sites.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression level of miRNA in 18β-GRA treated cells,and western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy related proteins.Finally,the effect of miR-345-5p on GC cells was verified by mir-345-5p overexpression.RESULTS 18β-GRA could inhibit GC cells viability,promote cell apoptosis,block cell cycle,reduce cell wound healing ability,and inhibit the GC cells growth in vivo.MDC staining results showed that 18β-GRA could promote autophagy in GC cells.By TMT proteomic analysis and miRNAs transcriptome analysis,it was concluded that 18β-GRA could down-regulate TGM2 expression and up-regulate miR-345-5p expression in GC cells.Subsequently,we verified that TGM2 is the target of miR-345-5p,and that overexpression of miR-345-5p significantly inhibited the protein expression level of TGM2.Western blot showed that the expression of autophagy-related proteins of TGM2 and p62 was significantly reduced,and LC3II,ULK1 and AMPK expression was significantly increased in GC cells treated with 18β-GRA.Overexpression of miR-345-5p not only inhibited the expression of TGM2,but also inhibited the proliferation of GC cells by promoting cell apoptosis and arresting cell cycle.CONCLUSION 18β-GRA inhibits the proliferation of GC cells and promotes autophagy by regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway.展开更多
·AIM: To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on retinol dehydrogenase 5(RDH5), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) transcription levels, and the effec...·AIM: To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on retinol dehydrogenase 5(RDH5), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) transcription levels, and the effect of RDH5 on MMP-2 and TGF-β2 in retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) cells.·METHODS: After adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19 cells) intervened with gradient concentrations of ATRA(0-20 μmol/L) for 24h, flow cytometry was used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in each group, and quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) was used to detect RDH5, MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA expression. Then, after ARPE-19 cells transfected with three different si RNA targets for 48h, the RDH5 knockdown efficiency of each group and expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA within them was detected by q RT-PCR. ·RESULTS: Flow cytometry results showed that ATRA could inhibit the proliferation of RPE cells and promote the apoptosis of RPE cells, and the difference of apoptosis was statistically significant when the ATRA concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L and compared with the normal control group(P=0.027 and P=0.031, respectively). q RT-PCR results showed that ATRA could significantly inhibit the expression level of RDH5 m RNA(P<0.001) and promote the expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA(P=0.03 and P<0.001, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner, especially when treated with 5 μmol/L ATRA. The knockdown efficiency of RDH5 si RNA varies with different targets, among which RDH5 si RNA-435 had the highest knockdown efficiency, i.e., more than 50% lower than that of the negative control group(P=0.02). When RDH5 was knocked down for 48h, the results of q RT-PCR showed that the expressions of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA were significantly up-regulated(P<0.001).·CONCLUSION: ATRA inhibits the expression of RDH5 and promotes MMP-2 and TGF-β2, and further RDH5 knockdown significantly upregulates MMP-2 and TGF-β2. These findings suggest that RDH5 may be involved in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RPE cells mediated by ATRA.展开更多
基金supported by the Project for Innovation Team of Liaoning Province (No. 2007T052)Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory (No. 2008S104)Startup Project of Doctor of Liaoning University
文摘The title compound [Cu(HSSA)(py)3H2O]n (H3SSA = 5-sulfosalicylic acid, py = pyridine) I has been synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. I was further characterized by elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses, IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 9.4564(10), b = 18.2679(19), c = 15.7284(12) A,β= 126.045(4)°, V= 2196.9(4)A^3, Z= 4, Dc = 1.618 g/cm^3, Mr = 535.02,μ = 1.141 mm^-1, F(000) = 1100, 2(MoKα) = 0.71073 A, the final R = 0.0429 and wR = 0.1044 for all observed reflections. In the structure, every two Cu(II) atoms are bridged by a bivalent 5-sulfosalicylic anion to form a 1D chain-like coordination polymer. Lattice waters between chains link them to form 2D layers which are further linked by C-H…O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
基金carried out under the sponsorship and financial support from the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Ammonium 5-sulfosalicylic acid monohydrate (NH4·C7H5O6S·H2O, ASSA) was synthesized and optical grade crystal with dimensions of 45ram × 20mm × 18mm was obtained from aqueous solution by the cooling solution method. The crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction method and the empirical composition is C7HIINO7S with formula weight 253.23. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1 1.884(9), b = 7.306(5), c = 12.152(9) A, β = 104.851(13)°, V= 1019.8(13) A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.649 g/cm3,μ = 0.340 mm-1, F(000) =528, the final R= 0.0307 and wR= 0.0866 for 7494 observed reflections (I〉 2σ(I)), Elemental analysis, 1R and 1H-NMR spectrum were used to characterize the compound. Thermal analysis showed that one coordination water molecule was contained and dehydration temperature of ASSA crystal was 106℃. Optical transmission and fluorescence spectrum revealed that the ASSA crystal exhibited a strong absorption in ultraviolet region with the sharp absorption edge located at 340 nm and a significant blue fluorescent emission band at 442 nm.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20274017)
文摘Single and binary adsorption behaviors of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents,i.e.NDA-101 and NDA-99 were investigated.The Freundlich model can successfully describe all the adsorption isotherms tested,which indicates a favorable and exothermic adsorption process.The adsorption of salicylic acid relies on π-π interaction,while the electrostatic interaction further influences the adsorption of 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto NDA-99.The adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreases but increases on NDA-101 with 5-sulfosalicylic acid as the background component in a binary solute system.The amount of 5-sulfosalicylic acid adsorbed was decreased with the increase in initial concentration of salicylic acid on both adsorbents.The competition for the adsorption sites is considered to be predominant in the solid-to-liquid interaction process.The adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-101 is higher than onto NDA-99 by more than an order of magnitude.Thus,combination technique involving NDA-101 followed by NDA-99 can be effectively applied to separate and recover salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid from wastewater.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA2105900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178197)。
文摘Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport chain(ETC) of living cells mediated by electron carriers,we constructed artificial ETCs and transformed liquid flow fuel cells(LFFCs) to flexible reactors for efficient oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA under mild conditions.This LFFC reactor employed an electrodeposition modified nickel foam as an anode to promote HMF oxidation and(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4) as a cathode electron carrier to facilitate the electron transfer to air.The reaction rate could be easily controlled by selecting the anode catalyst,adjusting the external loading and changing the cathodic electron carrier or oxidants.A maximal power density of 44.9 mW cm^(-2) at room temperature was achieved,while for FDCA production,short-circuit condition was preferred to achieve quick transfer of electrons.For a single batch operation with 0.1 M initial HMF,FDCA yield reached 97.1%.By fed-batch operation,FDCA concentration reached 144.5 g L^(-1) with a total yield of 96%.Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+) redox couple was the active species mediating the electron transfer,while both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that HMFCA pathway was the preferred reaction mechanism.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470408) and the Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Youth (No. 20041032).
文摘Supramolecular assemblies of 2,2'-biimidazole with 5-sulfosalicylic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Both the two proton-transfer compounds of 2,2'-biimidazole with 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (5-sulfosalicylic acid, 5-SSA) [namely bis(2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) 4-hydroxybenzene-3-carboxylate-1-sulfonate monohydrate, 2(C6HTN4)^+· CTH4068^2-.H2O, (Ⅰ)] and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid [namely 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazolium bis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) tetrahydrate, C6H8N4^2+ ·2(C7H5O5)^-·4(H20), (Ⅱ)] feature extensively hydrogen-bonded three-dimensional network structures having significant interlayer n-n interactions between the cation and anion species. In Ⅰ, a 5-SSA^2- dianionic species results from deprotonation of both the sulfonic and the carboxylic acid groups, all available O-atom acceptors interact with all cation and water molecule donors by hydrogen bonds. In Ⅱ, the formula unit displays a crystallographic inversion symmetry. The structural information about the two complexes between 2,2'-biimidazole compound and benzenecarboxylic acids obtained in this work will be particularly important for the rational design of supramolecular organic functional materials.
基金The work was supported by the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.KF0502)by the Opening Fund of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection(Grant No.JLCBE05005).
文摘Both bottle-point and column-feeding experi-ments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid.Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes.The adsorp-tion towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the p-p interac-tion,while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction.Additionally,the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component.Comparatively,the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component.In fact,the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent.In conclusion,the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment.A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foresee-ably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20701023 & 20971076)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(BS2010NJ004 & 2009ZRB019KH)
文摘Benzotriazole,N,N'-dimethylpiperazine and N-methylpiperazine were applied to crystallize with 5-sulfosalicylic acid(5-H2SSA),affording three new binary molecular cocrystals [(C6H6N3+).(C7H5O6S-)].H2O(1),[(C6H16N22+)1/2.(C7H5O6S-)].H2O(2) and [(C5H14N22+).(C7H5O6S-)2].3H2O(3) under general conditions.Proton-transferring occurs from acid to nitrogen of N-donor compounds in all compounds 1,2 and 3.Analysis of the hydrogen-bonding synthons and their effects on crystal packing were also presented in the context of crystal engineering and host-guest chemistry.In compound 1,1-D infinite chains are extended to a 2-D layered architecture via strong O-H...O hydrogen bonds and then to a 3-D network by N-H...O interactions.Compound 2 and 3 both have the 1-D chain which is formed by O-H...O bonds and weak C-H...O hydrogen bonds.A common intramolecular S(6) [synthon I] ring is formed by the hydroxyl with the carboxyl group in all three compounds.
基金Supported by the Ningxia Natural Science Foundation,No.2022AAC03144.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide.Based on cancer-related mortality,the current prevention and treatment strategies for GC still show poor clinical results.Therefore,it is important to find effective drug treatment targets.AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid(18β-GRA)regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation of GC cells.METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to determine the effect of 18β-GRA on the survival rate of GES-1 cells and AGS and HGC-27 cells.Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry,cell migration was detected by a wound healing assay,the effect of 18β-GRA on subcutaneous tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice was investigated,and the cell autophagy level was determined by MDC staining.TMT proteomic analysis was used to detect the differentially expressed autophagy-related proteins in GC cells after 18β-GRA intervention,and then the protein-protein interaction was predicted using STRING(https://string-db.org/).MicroRNAs(miRNAs)transcriptome analysis was used to detect the miRNA differential expression profile,and use miRBase(https://www.mirbase/)and TargetScan(https://www.targetscan.org/)to predict the miRNA and complementary binding sites.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression level of miRNA in 18β-GRA treated cells,and western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy related proteins.Finally,the effect of miR-345-5p on GC cells was verified by mir-345-5p overexpression.RESULTS 18β-GRA could inhibit GC cells viability,promote cell apoptosis,block cell cycle,reduce cell wound healing ability,and inhibit the GC cells growth in vivo.MDC staining results showed that 18β-GRA could promote autophagy in GC cells.By TMT proteomic analysis and miRNAs transcriptome analysis,it was concluded that 18β-GRA could down-regulate TGM2 expression and up-regulate miR-345-5p expression in GC cells.Subsequently,we verified that TGM2 is the target of miR-345-5p,and that overexpression of miR-345-5p significantly inhibited the protein expression level of TGM2.Western blot showed that the expression of autophagy-related proteins of TGM2 and p62 was significantly reduced,and LC3II,ULK1 and AMPK expression was significantly increased in GC cells treated with 18β-GRA.Overexpression of miR-345-5p not only inhibited the expression of TGM2,but also inhibited the proliferation of GC cells by promoting cell apoptosis and arresting cell cycle.CONCLUSION 18β-GRA inhibits the proliferation of GC cells and promotes autophagy by regulating the miR-345-5p/TGM2 signaling pathway.
基金Supported by Project of Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province (No.23NSFSC1940)City and College Cooperation (No.22SXFWDF0003)。
文摘·AIM: To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on retinol dehydrogenase 5(RDH5), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) transcription levels, and the effect of RDH5 on MMP-2 and TGF-β2 in retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) cells.·METHODS: After adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19 cells) intervened with gradient concentrations of ATRA(0-20 μmol/L) for 24h, flow cytometry was used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in each group, and quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) was used to detect RDH5, MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA expression. Then, after ARPE-19 cells transfected with three different si RNA targets for 48h, the RDH5 knockdown efficiency of each group and expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA within them was detected by q RT-PCR. ·RESULTS: Flow cytometry results showed that ATRA could inhibit the proliferation of RPE cells and promote the apoptosis of RPE cells, and the difference of apoptosis was statistically significant when the ATRA concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L and compared with the normal control group(P=0.027 and P=0.031, respectively). q RT-PCR results showed that ATRA could significantly inhibit the expression level of RDH5 m RNA(P<0.001) and promote the expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA(P=0.03 and P<0.001, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner, especially when treated with 5 μmol/L ATRA. The knockdown efficiency of RDH5 si RNA varies with different targets, among which RDH5 si RNA-435 had the highest knockdown efficiency, i.e., more than 50% lower than that of the negative control group(P=0.02). When RDH5 was knocked down for 48h, the results of q RT-PCR showed that the expressions of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 m RNA were significantly up-regulated(P<0.001).·CONCLUSION: ATRA inhibits the expression of RDH5 and promotes MMP-2 and TGF-β2, and further RDH5 knockdown significantly upregulates MMP-2 and TGF-β2. These findings suggest that RDH5 may be involved in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RPE cells mediated by ATRA.