Analysis on Characteristics of the Hazards of the 2015 Pishan Ms 6.5 Earthquake in Xinjiang

The disaster area of the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake in 2015 is located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,where the natural condition are harsh,and the economy is extremely backward.Moreover,because of a large number of residential housing with poor seismic performance in the disaster area,the damage and economic losses are serious.Since the most disaster area is located in the piedmont overflow,with poor site conditions such as shallow groundwater level and soil foundation,the magnifying effect of ground motion has a significant impact on the damage.In conclusion,we believe that investment in antiearthquake housing projects should be increased in post disaster reconstruction.Furthermore,for the north of the disaster area,with the dense population,poor conditions like soft soil foundation and poor engineering geological conditions,we recommend that in the future construction of anti-earthquake housing projects,more attention should be paid to strengthen the foundation treatment and precaution measures.

Ms 6.5 Earthquake Occurred in Ludian County of Yunnan Province,China,Although Forecast Issued before the Earthquake,Life Casualties and Property Losses were Still Caused Significant

1 Geography Location At 16：30 on August 3rd, 2014, Ludian County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province （27.1°N, 103.3°E） was hit by Ms 6.5 earthquake, with the maximum intensity is 9 and epicenter depth is around 12 km （Figs. 1 and 2）.

Numerical simulation of dynamic Coulomb stress changes induced by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, Yunnan and its relationship with aftershocks

Based on the discrete wavenumber method, we calculate the fields of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes and static stress changes caused by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, and study their relationship with the subsequent after- shocks. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of the positive region of dynamic stress peak value and static stress peak value are similarly asymmetric, which are basically identical with distribution features of aftershock. The dynamic stress peak value and the static stress in the positive region are more than 0.1 MPa and 0.01 MPa of the triggering threshold, respectively, which indicates that the dynamic and static stresses are helpful for the occurrence of aftershock. This suggests that both influences of dynamic and static stresses should be con- sidered other than only either of them when studying aftershock triggering in near field.

Velocity structure building and ground motion simulation of the 2014 Ludian Ms 6.5 Earthquake

This study constructs a 3 D velocity structure model of the Ludian region in the Yunnan province, southwestern China, and simulates ground motion propagation of the 2014 Ludian Ms 6.5 earthquake. It aims to construct the local velocity structure of the Ludian region in three dimensions and with high precision. The simulation, using the spectral element method, is validated by field data from the Ludian earthquake records. Thus, it demonstrates that the adopted key parameters, such as the seismic source mechanism, propagation medium and geographical features of the engineering site, are appropriated for the simulation. Meanwhile, the simulation generates the ground motion distribution of the study region with an earthquakeinduced landslide in Ludian earthquake.

Spatial Correlation Anomalies of the Diurnal Variation of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component before the Yingjiang MS 6.1 and Ludian MS 6.5 Earthquakes

Significant anomalies were observed at the geomagnetic stations in the southwest region of China before the Yingjiang M_S6. 1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquake in 2014.We processed the geomagnetic vertical component diurnal variation data by the spatial correlation method. The results show that during the period from April 1 to May 20,2014,there existed quasi-synchronous decrease changes in the coefficient curves between the five geomagnetic stations of Guiyang,Hechi,Nanshan,Muli,Yongning and Xinyi and Hongshan stations. Furthermore,there was a high gradient zone in the normalized correlation coefficient contour map with background values removed. The epicenters of the Yingjiang M_S6. 1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquake are located in the gradient zone or near the gradient zone.

Focal Fault and Stress Field of the Yao'an M 6.5 Earthquake on January 15, 2001

Using the 78 focal mechanism solutions of the fore shocks, main shock and after shocks of the earthquake sequence for the Yao’an earthquake, the characteristics of the focal faults and stress field for the earthquake sequence are analyzed. The results show that the main rupture plane of the Yao’an earthquake sequence is a tectonic fault with N50°W strike and steep dip and all the main shock, the fore shocks and the vast majority of after shocks occurred on the main rupture plane. A tectonic fracture with NNE-NE strike also participated in development process of the sequence. The focal stress field of the sequence dominated by principal compressional stress with nearly horizontal orientation SSE is consistent with the regional tectonic stress field. In the sequence development, the stress field in the focal region was complex with multi-azimuths and multi-action models and the focal rupture showed complex features with multi-directions and multi-patterns.

The Change in Outgoing Long-wave Radiation before the Ludian Ms6.5 Earthquake Based on Tidal Force Niche Cycles

The cycle process of the tidal force niche for the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake occurring in Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China on August 3, 2014 was calculated. The earthquake occurred near the middle point phase. It indicates that the type of seismogenic fault that the tide force acted on belongs to the thrust fault. According to the tidal niche cycle,the abnormal OLR( Outgoing Long-wave Radiation) change was analyzed based on NOAA satellite data around the whole land area of China before and after the earthquake.The result shows that the OLR changed evidently with tide force change. Temporally,the change went through the evolution process of initial OLR rise → strengthening → abnormal peaking → attenuation → returning to normal; and spatially,the abnormal area wound its way along the Zhaotong-Ludian fault and went through a scattered → conversion →scattered process. This process is similar to the change process of rock breaking under stress loading. The results indicate that the tidal force of a celestial body could trigger an earthquake when the tectonic stress reaches its critical breaking point and the OLR anomaly is proportional to the seismic tectonic stress change. It is of great use to combine OLR and tidal force in earthquake precursory observation.

Comparative Study of Changes in Stress-drop of the Jinggu MS6.6 and Ludian MS6.5 Earthquake Sequences

The earthquake stress-drop values of two sequences were accurately calculated after taking away the effects due to regional earthquake anelastic attenuation and station site response,using waveform data and seismic phase data of sequences of the Jinggu M_S6. 6,and Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquakes in Yunnan. These results show that the stress drop with magnitude increases within the scope of this study of magnitude. After eliminating the influence of the magnitude,the average value of stress-drop in the Jinggu sequence is higher than that of the Ludian sequence at the same magnitude range. This may be related to the stress state in different regions. In terms of the changes of time and space of stress-drop,before M_S5. 8 strong aftershock,the stress-drop is "slowing down-turning up-keeping a high value"after the mainshock,meanwhile,almost all of the abnormally high stress drop value is distributed around the M_S5. 8 strong aftershock, showing that the stress environment in the region was increasing after the mainshock. And after the M_S5. 9 strong aftershock,stress-drop rapidly declines to a relatively stable state,meanwhile,the high value of stress-drop is distributed around the strong aftershock,showing that the regional tectonic stress gets more fully release,its stress environment begins to rapidly decrease.For the Ludian sequence without a strong aftershock occurring,the average value of stress drop is lower than that of the Jinggu earthquake sequence at the same magnitude range,while at the same time,the stress-drop of the aftershock sequence almost hasn't changed much. In the time after the mainshock,combined with the release characteristics of the main energy,the stress in the region is excessively released,the subsequent stress in the region gradually returns to normal. This may be the reason why the activity of Ludianaftershocks significantly was weaker and subsequently there were no strong aftershocks occurred.

A Study on Shear Wave Splitting for the Sequence of the Aftershocks of the Yao'an M_S6.5 Earthquake in Yunnan Province

The shear wave splitting study is based on data of the 3 component digital seismograms. This was recorded at 3 sets of stations, which were set up after the Yaoan M S6 5 earthquake, near its epicenter. The results indicate the following:①Shear wave splitting has been observed through analyzing 236 aftershock recordings within the shear wave window. ②The time delay was mostly in the range of 3 5～10 5ms/km and the average was 7 0ms/km.③The polarization direction of the fast split S wave was mostly in the range of N140°E～N164°E and the average was N152 4°E. ④The preferred polarization direction for the fast shear wave was different from the direction of the seismogenic structure of the mainshock (Maweijing fault) and the direction of the rupture of the aftershocks, but similar to the principal compressional axis of the regional stress field. ⑤Shear wave splitting for sequence of the aftershocks of the Yaoan earthquake was the result of anisotropy of EDA cracks controlled by stress field.

The Study on Seismicity and Relocation of the July 3,2015 Pishan MS6.5 Earthquake

The July 3,2015 Pishan M_S6. 5 earthquake occurred in the intersection area of the Tarim block and West Kunlun block where the moderate-strong earthquakes have become active in recent years. This paper has studied the seismicity parameters of the earthquake sequences such as the b-value in the Pishan region and its vicinity. In addition,we also relocated the aftershocks of the Pishan M_S6. 5 earthquake using the seismic phase report by the double-difference method. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the Pishan earthquake sequence in the rupture zone are analyzed. The study is of great significance in the seismic hazard assessment in this region.

An SPH Framework for Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Hazard Assessment of Geotechnical Structures

Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction poses significant risks to the stability of geotechnical structures worldwide.An understanding of the liquefaction triggering,and the post-failure large deformation behaviour is essential for designing resilient infrastructure.The present study develops a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)framework for earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard assessment of geotechnical structures.The coupled flowdeformation behaviour of soils subjected to cyclic loading is described using the PM4Sand model implemented in a three-phase,single-layer SPH framework.A staggered discretisation scheme based on the stress particle SPH approach is adopted to minimise numerical inaccuracies caused by zero-energy modes and tensile instability.Further,non-reflecting boundary conditions for seismic analysis of semi-infinite soil domains using the SPH method are proposed.The numerical framework is employed for the analysis of cyclic direct simple shear test,seismic analysis of a level ground site,and liquefaction-induced failure of the Lower San Fernando Dam.Satisfactory agreement for liquefaction triggering and post-failure behaviour demonstrates that the SPH framework can be utilised to assess the effect of seismic loading on field-scale geotechnical structures.The present study also serves as the basis for future advancements of the SPH method for applications related to earthquake geotechnical engineering.

Large-scale shaking table test on unlined tunnel in fault zone under threedimensional earthquake

A fault is a geological structure characterized by significant displacement of rock masses along a fault plane within the Earth's crust.The Yunnan Tabaiyi Tunnel intersects multiple fault zones,making tunnel construction in fault-prone areas particularly vulnerable to the effects of fault activity due to the complexities of the surrounding geological environment.To investigate the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel structures under varying surrounding rock conditions,a three-dimensional large-scale shaking table physical model test was conducted.This study also aimed to explore the damage mechanisms associated with the Tabaiyi Tunnel under seismic loading.The results demonstrate that poor quality surrounding rock enhances the seismic response of the tunnel.This effect is primarily attributed to the distribution characteristics of acceleration,dynamic strain,and dynamic soil pressure.A comparison between unidirectional and multi-directional(including vertical)seismic motions reveals that vertical seismic motion has a more significant impact on specific tunnel locations.Specifically,the maximum tensile stress is observed at the arch shoulder,with values ranging from 60 to 100 k Pa.Moreover,NPR(Non-Prestressed Reinforced)anchor cables exhibit a substantial constant resistance effect under low-amplitude seismic waves.However,when the input earthquake amplitude reaches 0.8g,local sliding occurs at the arch shoulder region of the NPR anchor cable.These findings underscore the importance of focusing on seismic mitigation measures in fault zones and reinforcing critical areas,such as the arch shoulders,in practical engineering applications.

Temporal variation of gravity field prior to the Ludian Ms6.5 and Kangding Ms6.3 earthquakes

Using mobile gravity data from the central area of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, the relationship between gravity variation and earthquakes was studied based on the Ludian Ms6.5 earthquake that occurred on August 3rd, 2014, and the Kangding Ms6.3 earthquake that occurred on November 22 nd, 2014; the mechanism of gravity variation was also explored. The results are as follows：（1） Prior to both earthquakes, gravity variation exhibited similar characteristics as those observed before both the Tangshan and Wenchuan earthquakes, in which typical precursor anomalies were positive gravity variation near the epicenter and the occurrence of a high-gravity-gradient zone across the epicenter prior to the earthquake.（2） A relatively accurate prediction of the occurrence locations of the two earthquakes was made by the Gravity Network Center of China（GNCC） based on these precursor anomalies. In the gravity study report on the 2014 earthquake trends submitted at the end of 2013, the Daofu-Shimian section at the junction of the Xianshuihe and Longmenshan fault zones was noted as an earthquake-risk region with a predicted magnitude of 6.5, which covered the epicenter of the Kangding Ms6.3 earthquake. In another report on earthquake trends in southwestern China submitted in mid-2014, the Lianfeng, Zhaotong fault zone was also classified as an earthquake-risk region with a magnitude of 6.0, and the central area of this region basically overlapped with the epicenter of the Ludian Ms6.5 earthquake.（3） The gravity variation characteristics are reasonably consistent with crustal movements, and deep material migration is likely the primary cause of gravity variation.

地震亚失稳过程中前兆异常演化的综合解释——以2014年鲁甸6.5级地震为例

文中以2014年鲁甸6.5级地震为例,在亚失稳实验及理论指导下,基于震前地震活动及地球物理观测资料并结合地震成核数值模拟结果,综合分析前兆异常时空演化与亚失稳过程的关系,首次提供了一个可明确佐证亚失稳阶段震源区成核、震源区附近协同化过程持续加剧的典型震例和观测事实。研究结果显示,依据大区域强震活动及流动重力观测,可判定鲁甸地震前研究区已处于高应力状态。在高应力背景判定的基础上,依据地震活动及地球物理观测前兆异常,可粗略判定鲁甸地震亚失稳过程可能起始于震前7、8个月,最突出的现象或判定指标是由震中附近小地震活跃所表征的断层应力状态由积累为主向释放为主的转变,以及由定点地球物理观测异常数量显著增加所表征的断层运动协同化现象,从地震成核的角度与成核后期核心弱化区扩张过程有关。之后至主震发生,还有2个时间节点需要关注:一是震前4、5个月,定点地球物理观测异常空间分布范围自震中附近向外围的明显扩展,显示断层变形的加速协同化;二是震前2个月之后,震中附近小地震活动开始减弱、微震活动及定点地球物理异常出现向震中的迁移收缩,与地震成核过程核心弱化区扩展之后的收缩过程相关联。

青藏高原1990年以来的M_W≥6.5强震事件及活动构造体系控震效应

深入认识青藏高原陆陆碰撞-挤出构造体系作用下的强震活动特点及未来强震活动趋势,对于区域防震减灾具有重要科学意义。统计分析青藏高原及邻区1900年以来的M≥6.0强震活动发现,青藏高原自1950年西藏墨脱—察隅8.6级大地震以来正处于新一轮相对缓慢的地震能释放期,但1990年以来的强震发生率和地震释放能显示出逐步增高趋势,并可能预示下一轮地震能快速释放期的临近。活动构造体系控震分析表明,青藏高原陆陆碰撞-挤出构造体系中的“多层次挤出-旋转活动构造体系”构成了1990年以来新一轮M_W≥6.5强震活动的主要控震构造,尤其是其中的巴颜喀拉挤出构造单元的强震活动最为显著,指示其目前正处于构造活跃状态,而且这一状态可能仍将持续。综合研究认为,在区域强震活动趋势分析中,充分认识活动构造体系控震效应,将有助于更好地分析判断区域未来强震时空迁移过程及最可能出现的构造部位。考虑到当前强震活动过程中,青藏高原“多层次挤出-旋转活动构造体系”的未来强震活动趋势仍会持续,需要重点关注挤出块体边界上3条大型左旋走滑断裂带,阿尔金—祁连—海原断裂系、东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河—小江断裂带的未来强震危险性,其次是断块内部断裂。

自然时效对Al-6.5Zn-2.3Mg-2.2Cu合金厚板组织性能的影响

商用7×××系铝合金产品人工时效前一般会经历自然时效,自然时效时间的长短直接决定产品的生产制备流程。本试验研究了工业化制备的Al-6.5Zn-2.3Mg-2.2Cu合金厚板在不同的自然时效阶段经人工时效处理后的组织及性能,并重点分析了短时自然时效(0.125~21 d)及长时自然时效(30~360 d)对合金不同时效状态的影响。研究结果表明:自然时效0.125~21 d,T6态合金的强度持续降低,抗拉和屈服强度的降幅分别为14 MPa和17 MPa,伸长率在13.6%~15.6%的范围内波动;基体析出相主要为GPII区和η′相,晶界析出相呈断续分布。自然时效3~360 d时,T6态合金的强度、伸长率和断裂韧性均在一定范围内波动,无明显的变化规律,基体析出相主要为η′相且分布密集,晶界析出相呈断续分布。自然时效3~105 d时,T76态合金的拉伸性能和断裂韧性同样在一定范围内波动,无明显的变化规律,基体析出相尺寸粗大、分布分散,主要为η′相和η相,晶界析出相同样呈断续分布。

Coseismic fault model of the 2017 M_(W)6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake and implications for the regional fault slip pattern

On August 8,2017,an M_(W)6.5 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County,Sichuan Province,China,on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.This study investigates the coseismic deformation field and fault model with ascending and descending Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,aftershock distribution,and elastic half-space dislocation model.The regional fault slip pattern is then quantita-tively examined using the boundary element method.The results show that the ascending and descending interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR)coseismic deformation fields display an overall NNW-SSE trend,with more significant deformation on the southwest side of the fault.The coseismic fault geometry is divided into NW and SE sub-faults with strikes of 162.1°and 149.3°,respectively.The coseismic fault slip is dominated by a left-lateral strike-slip movement with an average rake of-2.31°,mainly occurring at a depth of 0-13.04 km with a shape of an approximately inverted triangle.The fault slip features two peak slip zones,with a maximum of 1.39 m.The total seismic moment is 6.34×10^(18) N·m(M_(W)6.47).The boundary element calculation quantitatively indicates that the regional fault slip pattern may be mainly attributable to the changing strike and dip.The strike changes from NNWeSSE to nearly NS direction,and the dip gradually decreases from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake fault in the north to the Huya fault in the south.With these characteristics,the Huya and the Jiuzhaigou earthquake faults form the eastern boundary of the Minshan uplift zone and accommodate the accumulated deformation.

Three-dimensional characteristics of focal fault of 1995 M_S=6.5 Wuding earthquake occurring in Yunnan Province

By means of the hypocenter distribution and focal mechanism of Wuding Ms=6.5 earthquake sequence occurred in1995. the space orientation and activity characteristics of focal fault of Wuding earthquake have been studied fromthe three-dimensional space-time process. The results indicate that the focal fault of Wuding earthquake is a subsurface, NWW-trending, upright and right-lateral strike slip fault which is consistent with the intensity distributionin foe meizoseisfnal region. Although the large-scale NS-trending Tanglang-Yimen active fault passes through theearthquake region. it is irrelevant to the Ms=6.5 Wuding main earthquake. Since the relationship between thestrong earthquake and the shallow geological active fault can not be determined, the crustal deep structure shouldbe studied. The method proposed in the paper can be used to distinguish the focal fault in the deep crust.

Characteristics of strong motions and damage implications of M_s6.5 Ludian earthquake on August 3,2014

The Ludian County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China was struck by an Ms6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014, which was another destructive event following the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Ms7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010, and Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake in 2013. National Strong-Motion Observation Network System of China collected 74 strong motion recordings, which the maximum peak ground acceleration recorded by the 053LLT station in Longtoushan Town was 949 cm/s2 in E-W component. The observed PGAs and spectral ordinates were compared with ground-motion prediction equation in China and the NGA-West2 developed by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Researcher Center. This earthquake is considered as the first case for testing applicability of NGA-West2 in China. Results indicate that the observed PGAs and the 5 % damped pseudo-response spectral accelerations are significantly lower than the pre- dicted ones. The field survey around some typical strong motion stations verified that the earthquake damage was consistent with the official isoseismal by China Earthquake Administration.

Seismic damage to structures in the Ms6.5 Ludian earthquake

On 3 August 2014, the Ludian earthquake struck northwest Yunnan Province with a surface wave magnitude of 6.5. This moderate earthquake unexpectedly caused high fatalities and great economic loss. Four strong motion stations were located in the areas with intensity V, VI, VII and IX, near the epicentre. The characteristics of the ground motion are discussed herein, including 1） ground motion was strong at a period of less than 1.4 s, which covered the natural vibration period of a large number of structures; and 2） the release energy was concentrated geographically. Based on materials collected during emergency building inspections, the damage patterns of adobe, masonry, timber frame and reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures in areas with different intensities are summarised. Earthquake damage matrices of local buildings are also given for fragility evaluation and earthquake damage prediction. It is found that the collapse ratios of RC frame and confined masonry structures based on the new design code are significantly lower than non-seismic buildings. However, the RC frame structures still failed to achieve the ＇strong column, weak beam＇ design target. Traditional timber frame structures with a light infill wall showed good aseismic performance.