The impact of^(60)Co-γirradiation on the chemical constituents of Chuanxiong Rhizoma

Background:In order to clarify the inmpat ofγirradiation on the chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine,this paper carefully choosed Chuanxiong Rhizoma to carry on a demonstration study.Methods:Through a meticulous assessment,a comprehensive comparison was made between the irradiated and unirradiated Chuanxiong Rhizoma samples.The property characteristics were investigated by colorimeter and electronic nose.The changes in chemical structures and contents was analyzed by fourier infrared spectroscopy,high performance liquid chromatography and fingerprinting.In a quest to uncover the presence of any new radiolysis products,cutting-edge techniques like ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed.Moreover,the difference of antioxidant activity were investigated.Results:The irradiation doses within 12 kGy had no significant effects on the content of the main chemical components,characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activity of Chuanxiong Rhizoma,while changes in some functional groups and degradation of some volatile oil components containing olefins need further study.Conclusion:This study indicates that^(60)Co-γirradiation is a stable method for sterilization of Chuanxiong Rhizoma.It’s also provide a reference for the establishment of irradiation standards for Chuanxiong Rhizoma and other aromatic medicinal plants.

Study on Mutagenic Effect of Cobalt-60 Irradiation on Potato

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the mutagenic effect of cobalt- 60 irradiation on potato. [Method] Potato tubers of Favorita and Zhongshu No.3 were irradiated with 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 70 Gy of cobalt-60 γ-ray respectively, to explore the mutagenic effect of different doses of γ-ray heavy ion irradiation on potato. [Result] The results showed that the emergence rate, seedling rate, plant growth, yield and commodity of potato varied after irradiated with different doses of cobalt-60 γ-ray; 10Gy of cobalt-60 irradiation played a positive effect on the growth and development of potato, while high doses played a negative effect on the growth and development of potato. After cobalt-60 irradiation, the botanical traits of M1 gen- eration varied greatly, resulting in a number of beneficial mutation traits; some traits of M2 and M3 generations became stably inherited. [Conclusion] Cobalt-60 irradiation breeding is conducive to the variety improvement and germplasm innovation as an effective means of genetic improvement for potato.

SRAP Marker Analysis of Genomic Mutation Induced by ^(60)Coγ-Ray Irradiation in Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

[Objective] This study was to explore the mutagenic effect of 60Co γ-ray on Solanum tuberosum chromosomes.[Method] The 60Co γ-ray at different irradiation doses was applied to treat the minitubers of potato variety ＇Favorita＇,and the genomic mutations in VM1 and VM2 gene rations in treatments with different doses were analyzed by SRAP markers.[Resalt] Thirty pairs of SRAP primers out of 88 pairs exhibited polymorphism with a rate of 34.1％ in the bulked selection of VM1 generation.A total of 225 bands were obtained,of which 64 were polymorphic with a rate of 28.4％.The polymorphism was reflected in the forms of deleted bands and added bands.Based on the result of the bulked selection of VM1 generation,25 primers with polymorphism were selected to scan VM2 generation.Five primers performed poorly,and nine of the rest 20 pairs revealed polymorphism and obtained nine polymorphic bands,of which only four bands were detected in VM1 generation and the other five ones were newly deleted bands.Only 9.8％ of the bands detected in VM1 generation were obtained in VM2 generation.Eventually,nine stable and dear polymorphic bands were recovered and cloned,and DNA sequences of six bands of them were acquired by sequencing.According to the comparative analysis,five fragments sequences were similar to potato chromosome with a similarity rate of 77％-89％,three of them located at the resistance gene cluster; another one fragment had a similarity of 93％ with some regions of the No.5 chromosome in tomato.[Conclusion] 60Co γ-ray irradiation can cause mutation of genomic DNA in potato;there is no significant correlation between the number of polymorphic bands and the irradiation dose; potymorphic bands are characterized by a larger number of deleted bands than that of the added ones.

Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis Following Synergic Pretreatment with ^(60)Co γ-ray Irradiation and Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different pretreat- ments on enzymatic saccharification of Miscanthus sinensis and improve reducing sugar yield in the enzymolysis process. [Method] M. sinensis was pretreated with 60Co y-ray irradiation and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, to analyze their effects on re- ducing sugar yield of enzymatic hydrolysis. [Result] After pretreatment with 400 kGy 60Co y-ray irradiation, reducing sugar yield in the enzymolysis process of M sinensis was 76.24 mg/g; after synergic pretreatment with 400 kGy 60Co y-ray irradiation and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, reducing sugar yield in the enzymolysis process of M. sinensis was 505.08 mg/g, which was improved by 5.6 times compared to that in pretreatment with 400 kGy 60Co y-ray irradiation. Based on process optimization, the optimal hydrolysis conditions were obtained： pretreatment temperature 30 ℃, NaOH concentration 1.2%, hydrogen peroxide concentration 2%, pretreatment time 6 h. [Conclusion] Synergic pretreatment with 60Co y-ray irradiation and alkaline hydrogen peroxide could significantly improve reducing sugar yield in the enzymolysis process of M. sinensis, which provided a new theoretical basis for preparing fuel ethanol with M. sinensis.

Investigation on the Appropriate Dose of ^(60)Co-γ Irradiation for Tubers of Purple Sweet Potato

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the appropriate dose of 60^Co-γ irradiation for tubers of purple sweet potato.[Methods] The tubers of two purple sweet potato varieties Xuzi L-7 and Yuenanzi were used as experimental materials,and treated with 60^Co-γ irradiation at different doses（0,25,50,75,100,125 and 150 Gy） to determine the emergence rate,number of emerged seedlings per tuber and fresh weight per seedling.[Results] After the 60^Co-γ irradiation at different doses,the emergence period of tubers was postponed while the emergence rate,number of emerged seedlings per tuber and fresh weight per plant were decreased,and the differences between different varieties and different irradiation doses reached significance level.Compared with the control,the emergence period of tubers at irradiation doses above 25 Gy were postponed by 2,3,5,6 and 12 d,respectively.[Conclusion] The half lethal dose（LD50） of Xuzi L-7 was 66.73 Gy,and that of Yuenanzi was 74.96 Gy.

Preparation and Characterization of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nano-particles by ^（60）Co γ-ray Irradiation

By using a new method, ^60Co γ-ray irradiation, Fe3O4 magnetic nano-particles were successfully synthesized at room temperature under ambient pressure. The structure, morphology and magnetic properties of these nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscope （TEM） and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）, respectively. The radiation formation mechanism was also discussed. The results show that the absorbed dose can greatly influence the structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products. XRD and TEM studies show that the product prepared by γ-ray irradiation （10 kGy） is pure FesO4 phase and the mean diameter of these nano-particles is about 21 nm. The Fe3O4 nano-particles synthesized by γ-ray irradiation （10 kGy） are mainly in small cubic shape and the size uniformity of these particles is good.

Structural modification of C_(60) films induced by 300-keV Xe-ion irradiation

The structural modification of C60 films induced by 300-keV Xe-ion irradiation was investigated. The irradiated C60 films were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the Raman scattering technique, ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. The analysis results indicate that the Xe-ion irradiation induces polymerization and damage of the C60 molecule and significantly modifies the surface morphology and the optical property of the C60 films. The damage cross-section for the C60 molecule was also evaluated.

Differential Expression of Retrotransposon WIS 2-1A Response to Vacuum, Low-Energy N^+ Implantation and ^(60)Coγ-ray Irradiation in Wheat

Mutagenesis and retrotransposons have a close relationship, but little attention has been paid yet to the activity of retrotransposons produced by physical mutagens. The variation of retrotransposon WIS 2-1A activity in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） embryos at three different growth times （30 h, 45 h and 60 h） was investigated after they had been treated with N^＋ implantation in a vacuum of 5× 10^-2 Pa and irradiation by ^60Coγ-ray respectively. For each of the three growth times the expression of WIS 2-1A showed almost entirely a same trend of downregulation, upregulation, then downregulation, and upregulation again with the increase in dose of N^＋ implantation, but the expression appeared irregular with the increase in irradiation of ^60Coγ-ray. In conclusion, the acutely activating effect of WIS 2-1A stimulated by vacuum and high dose N^＋ implantation within a shorter incubation time may provide a convenient tool to advance the research on mutagenic breeding and function genes.

Primary Observations on the Influence of ^(60)Co Local Irradiation on Free Skin Flaps

Objective To study the effect of postoperative radiation on free skin flaps. Methods Twenty-nine patients with free skin flaps applied to the plerosis of the postoperative defect were followed up. Twenty-eight out of 29 patients received forearm free flaps while 1 had anterolater-al femoris skin flaps in a size ranging from 14cm×6cm to 8cm×4cm. These flaps were exposed to 60Co radiation ranging 40-69 Gy. Results Observation during irradiation, no visible changes of skin flaps and oral mucous membrane were detected, when irradiation dose was within 40 Gy; some changes may be detected over 40 Gy. Observation 1 - 4 months after irradiation: pigmentations were found in areas of erosion epidermis; skin flaps got dark but without evidence of necrosis. Observation 2 years after irradiation, rib necrosis happened in 29 skin flaps. Hairs were found on 15 of 29 flaps. Sensation occurred within the margin of 1 cm. Conclusion Free skin flap can endure irradiation at the dose of 60 Gy.

Effects on Agronomic Traits of M_1 by Pollen of Upland Cotton Irradiated by ^(60)Co-γ Ray

[Objective] The aim was to provide reference for research on radiation and breeding of cotton pollen through irradiating common ripe pollen grain of upland cotton by 60Co-γ Ray of varied doses. [Method] Ripe pollen grains of upland cotton were irradiated by 60Co-γ Ray with doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy, respectively, to learn radiation effect and select appropriate dose. [Result] Most properties of M1 obviously showed variation when dose was over 10 Gy; vitality, growth, and fertility were greatly inhibited when dose was 15 Gy which was almost semi-lethal concentration, and variation species were richest at the same time, which provided materi- als for practical breeding. [Conclusion] 60Co-γ Ray of 15 Gy is more suitable for mutagenesis research on ripe pollen grains of upland cotton.

^(60)Co-γ射线对不同无花果品种一年生枝条的辐射效应分析

【目的】研究^(60)Co-γ射线对不同无花果品种一年生枝条死亡率、抗氧化酶活性等相关理化指标的影响,确定最佳辐射诱变剂量,为利用^(60)Co-γ射线辐射诱变技术提高无花果遗传多样性、创造新种质、培育优良新品种提供科学依据。【方法】以无花果品种布兰瑞克和中华紫果一年生休眠枝为试材,采用^(60)Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量0、30、45、60、75 Gy的辐射处理,分析辐照引起枝叶死亡率、酶活性等变化。【结果】随着辐射剂量的增加,2个无花果品种扦插苗成活率呈下降趋势,株高、茎粗、节间长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度和分枝数指标呈下降趋势,叶片长宽比差异不显著。中华紫果品种的SOD、POD、CAT等酶活性均呈现先增后减的趋势,分别在45、60 Gy剂量时达到峰值,MDA含量呈现一直上升趋势,H_(2)O_(2)含量呈现先增后降趋势。布兰瑞克品种的SOD、POD、CAT酶活性,随着辐射剂量的增加均呈现先降后增趋势。MDA、H_(2)O_(2)含量基本保持上升趋势。【结论】辐射导致无花果扦插苗幼苗生长缓慢、株高矮化、茎粗变细、叶片变小、分枝减少。中华紫果的半致死辐射剂量为56 Gy,布兰瑞克为70 Gy,布兰瑞克对辐射的耐受性高于中华紫果。

Effect of irradiation on temperature performance of dispersioncompensation no-core cascade optical-fiber sensor coated with polydimethylsiloxane film

A temperature measurement device can produce data deviations and can even be damaged in a high-dose radiation environment.To reduce the radiation damage to such a device and improve the temperature measurement accuracy in a radiation environment,a temperature sensor based on optical-fiber sensing technology is proposed.This sensor has a cascade structure composed of a single-mode fiber(SMF),a dispersion-compensation fiber(DCF),a nocore fiber(NCF),and another SMF(SDNS).The DCF and NCF are coated with a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film,which is a heat-sensitive material with high thermal optical and thermal expansion coefficients.In experiments,PDMS was found to produce an irradiation crosslinking effect after irradiation,which improved the temperature sensitivity of the SDNS sensor.The experimental results showed that within a range of 30–100℃,the maximum temperature sensitivity after irradiation was 62.86 pm/℃,and the maximum transmission sensitivity after irradiation was 3.353×10^(-2)dB/℃,which were 1.22 times and 2.267 times the values before irradiation,respectively.In addition,repeated temperature experiments verified that the SDNS sensor coated with the PDMS film had excellent temperature repeatability.Furthermore,it was found that with an increase in the irradiation intensity,the irradiation crosslinking degree of PDMS increased,and the temperature sensitivity of the sensor was improved.The proposed sensor could potentially be applied to temperature measurement in a nuclear-radiation environment.

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对真空包装火腿肠低温贮藏品质的影响

为探究^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对真空包装的火腿肠品质的影响并确定较优辐照剂量,分别采用0,1,3,6,9 kGy的^(60)Co-γ射线辐照处理真空包装的火腿肠,于4℃下冷藏60 d。检测储藏期内火腿肠菌落总数、质构、色差、pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N值和感官品质的变化。结果表明,经辐照处理的火腿肠在储藏期内菌落总数均未超过国家标准,辐照剂量越高,抑菌效果越显著;随着储藏时间的延长,火腿肠的硬度值总体呈下降趋势,其中3~6 kGy辐照处理的火腿肠的硬度值最稳定;辐照后各试验组火腿肠的L^(*)初始值无显著变化,a^(*)初始值显著下降,在整个储藏期内3~6 kGy辐照处理的火腿肠的色泽保持最稳定。随着储藏期的延长,pH值逐渐下降,辐照剂量越高,pH值下降速率越小;辐照后火腿肠的TBARS初始值均高于对照组,但储藏结束时3~6 kGy辐照剂量组TBARS值显著低于其他试验组(P<0.05)。储藏过程中,6~9 kGy辐照组能显著抑制TVB-N值上升(P<0.05);辐照后火腿肠产生辐照味,导致感官评价的风味指标评分初始值下降,但能在储藏过程中延缓感官品质的下降。综上,3~6 kGy能最大程度保持火腿肠储藏期内品质稳定。

^(60)Co-γ辐照对卵清蛋白糖基化体系结构和糖基化产物的影响

为探究^(60)Co-γ辐照对糖基化体系结构和糖基化产物的影响,以卵清蛋白(OVA)-葡萄糖体系为研究对象,经0,25,50,75,100 kGy的^(60)Co-γ辐照后,采用SDS-PAGE、荧光光谱、圆二色谱测定其分子质量、三级结构及二级结构的变化。借助高效液相色谱法、紫外光谱法测定其体系内产生的有害糖基化产物(果糖胺、丙烯酰胺、荧光性AGEs、戊糖素、类黑精)的含量。OVA分子质量和表面疏水性的增加、内源荧光强度和α-螺旋含量的降低、β-结构(β-折叠和β-转角)含量的增加表明,^(60)Co-γ辐照呈剂量依赖性,促进了OVA与葡萄糖的糖基化反应。此外,^(60)Co-γ辐照后体系内产生的果糖胺、丙烯酰胺的含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在辐照剂量为50 kGy时达到最大值。荧光性AGEs、戊糖素、类黑精的含量以剂量依赖性方式增加。综合来看,为了减少辐照加工过程中蛋制品内有害糖基化产物的含量,提高其安全性,需将^(60)Co-γ辐照的剂量控制在25 kGy以内。本研究结果为未来扩展食品辐照技术在蛋制品方面的应用提供一定的科学依据。

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照预处理聚乳酸改善厌氧发酵性能

聚乳酸(PLA)塑料垃圾沼气生产潜力大,但降解速率低,对其进行预处理可以提高其厌氧发酵效率,促进资源化。本文采用^(60)Co-γ射线对聚乳酸塑料杯样品进行辐照预处理,研究吸收剂量为0 kGy、20 kGy、40 kGy和60 kGy的照射下PLA分子结构及可溶性物质含量变化,并通过蛋白酶酶解实验和厌氧发酵产气量的变化研究电离辐照对其厌氧发酵性能的影响。结果表明:PLA样品经^(60)Co-γ射线辐照,PLA样品上清液中乳酸含量在0~60 kGy范围内随吸收剂量增加略微上升,样品的分子结构未发生明显改变,但辐照后其分子量和结晶度明显下降;辐照后样品在酶解过程中乳酸浓度和质量损失较未辐照样品有明显提升,其中吸收剂量为60 kGy的PLA样品在第4天的乳酸浓度达到最大值并比未辐照样品高17.4%,其质量损失随时间增加,在第7天比未辐照样品提升68.7%;辐照后的样品厌氧发酵达到产气平衡的时间明显缩短,总产气量提升3.0%。研究结果表明,γ射线辐照作为PLA塑料的预处理技术具有潜在的应用价值,本研究可为PLA塑料的资源化处置提供理论参考。

An advanced irradiation facilities and its usage

A carrier type gamma irradiator is an advanced device currently installed in Qingdao Irra- diation Center (QIC) and has been put into operation for nine years in Qingdao, China. It utilizes Co-60 as the radiation source; the initial Co-60 loading is 1.48×1016 Bq (0.4 million Curies). Rubber, natural and synthetic polymers, heat-shrinkable films and tubes, disposable medical supplies, some foods and drugs have been irradiated for test in the past. Especially a great success achieved on the radiation of compound food for young shrimp. The practice demonstrates that the bacteria in the compound food can be de- stroyed by the irradiation at optimum dosage between 5 000–6 000 Gy.

Study on Several Characteristics of Agaricus blazei MurrilStrain J_3 Irradiated by ^(60)Co

A new mutant strain J3 from Agaricus blazei Murril was obtained by 60Co irradiation. The yields of successive generations were increased more than 70% to compare with their original strain. The component analysis on amino acids and fatty acid illuminated that the nutrient value of strain J3 fruiting body was better than the original strain. The apparent nodule structure was found in the hyphea of J3 strain through the observation by scanning electron microscope. RAPD analysis showed the great difference of PCR fingerprints between J3 and its original strain. It is a promising mutant strain for further commercial development in the future.

Enhancing Nuclear Security System of Irradiation Facility SIBO INRA/Tangier Morocco

Around the world, radioactive sources have been widely used for decades to benefit humankind; industry food; health, etc. However, the malicious use of radiological sources poses a significant threat globally. As Irradiation facility for research the goal of this paper is to show a case study of application of nuclear security and nuclear security culture code of contact in irradiation facility using cobalt 60. And it will show the necessary work done to achieve the goal of protection of radioactive material and continue working in safe conditions. This objective could not be achieved without the collaboration of all department involved in security and nuclear safety. In this work we applied the nuclear security and nuclear security culture procedures in order to define the type of system used to achieve the global objective in accordance with Global Threat Reduction Program to reduce the threat of a RDD （Radiological Dispersion Device） in collaboration with The United States Department of Energy＇s NNSA （National Nuclear Security Administration）. The objective of this paper is to share a local experience in upgrading security with return of experience in practice and very good collaboration with general direction of national security and all departments involved in security and nuclear safety.

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对利咽含漱液中木犀草苷含量的影响

目的探讨^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对利咽含漱液中木犀草苷含量的影响。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(20∶80,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为350 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。分别以6,10 kGy^(60)Co-γ射线对照品进行辐照,测定其中木犀草苷的含量。结果木犀草苷质量浓度在1.8954~47.3858μg/m L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9997,n=6);检测限和定量限分别为0.2 ng和0.4 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率为100.47%,RSD为2.60%(n=9);样品辐照前(0 kGy)、辐照后(6,10 kGy)木犀草苷平均含量分别为23.8901,16.2693,12.7434μg/mL,RSD分别为2.73%,0.50%,1.36%(n=3)。考虑批间差异、药材差异等的影响,制剂中木犀草苷的含量限度暂定为20μg/mL。结论所建立的方法操作简便,重复性好,专属性强,结果可靠,可用于利咽含漱液的质量评价。利咽含漱液不宜使用^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌。

^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对辣椒干制品颜色的影响

本研究通过比较分析色差、非酶褐变值、色价和R/Y值来探讨^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束辐照对辣椒干制品颜色的影响。实验中设定不同剂量(0 kGy、3 kGy、7 kGy、16 kGy)处理和不同贮藏时间(0 d、30 d)。结果显示:在0 d贮藏条件下,经过16 kGy ^(60)Co-γ射线处理的干辣椒样品a*值减小13%,非酶褐变值增加12%,R/Y值降低16%;而经过7kGy电子束处理的干辣椒样品a*值、b*值和L*值明显低于经过^(60)Co-γ射线处理的样品。此外,无论是经过^(60)Co-γ射线还是电子束处理后,随着剂量增加,0 d贮藏条件下辣椒粉样品的色差增加,非酶褐变值降低;在16kGy剂量下,经过^(60)Co-γ射线处理得到的辣椒粉样品ΔE*高于电子束处理得到的样品,并且非酶褐变值明显低于电子束处理。在贮藏30d后,经过7kGy剂量的^(60)Co-γ射线和电子束处理得到的辣椒粉样品ΔE*显著高于其他剂量组,并且以经过7 kGy ^(60)Co-γ射线处理得到的样品ΔE*最高。结果提示,与^(60)Co-γ射线相比电子束对于辣椒干制品颜色产生更小程度的影响;辐照对于辣椒粉的颜色影响大于干辣椒。