93W-Ni-Fe粉末挤压成形坯溶剂脱脂工艺

以93W-Ni-Fe粉末挤压成形坯为研究对象,在研究溶剂脱脂动力学的基础上,考察溶剂种类、溶剂加入方式以及脱脂温度对溶剂脱脂过程的影响,并对脱脂前后的坯体断口进行SEM观察。结果表明:以正庚烷作为脱脂溶剂,具有较高的脱脂率,脱脂坯无鼓泡、开裂等缺陷;通过分段优化的脱脂工艺,在45℃的正庚烷中脱脂8 h,脱脂过程中周期性更换溶剂,最终可脱除65%以上的石蜡,且整个脱脂过程均为扩散控制,相应的动力学参数为1.6751×10-5 cm2/s。

微波和传统氢气烧结对93W-Ni-Fe正挤压棒坯结构和力学性能的影响

分别研究93W-Ni-Fe d15 mm挤压棒坯在1 550℃、30 min微波烧结和1 550℃、120 min传统氢气烧结后烧结态的结构及力学性能,并对两种烧结样品芯部的物相及主要元素含量、相对密度、抗拉强度、硬度和伸长率进行测量和分析。结果表明:微波烧结样品中钨的平均晶粒尺寸比传统氢气烧结的小,粘结相中的钨含量比传统烧结的高;断口中部分钨晶粒与粘结相之间存在微裂纹;微波烧结样品硬度为33.8HRC,略高于传统氢气烧结的硬度,其相对密度、抗拉强度和伸长率与传统氢气烧结的接近;对于大尺寸钨合金样品的微波烧结,需要进一步优化微波烧结工艺才能获得比传统氢气烧结更优的结构和力学性能。

熔焊法制备93W-Ni-Fe合金块状材料

以高纯钨粉、镍粉和铁粉为原料,配制93W-Ni-Fe复合粉料,将其轧制成一定厚度的方形薄片。采用熔焊法,制备高密度93W-Ni-Fe合金块状材料,并对其组织进行分析。

Aging Behaviors of W-Ni-Fe Ternary Alloys with High Ni-to-Fe Ratios

The hardness variation of two kinds of alloys with 36 wt pct W content and 7/3, 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratios during strain aging at 800℃ was studied. The microstructures of the aged alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and TEM. The results show that the strain aging hardness of W-Ni-Fe ternary alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio decreases monotonically with the increase of aging time. Under the same conditions, the hardness of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio alloy decreases in the initial aging stage, but then increases as aging process goes on. X ray diffraction and TEM analysis show that there is not any precipitation depositing from the alloy with 7/3 Ni-to-Fe ratio during aging. The monotonic decrease in hardness of this alloy during aging process results from the recovery, recrystallization and solid solubility declining. In the alloy of 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio, the fine β phase precipitates dispersively during aging which hardens the alloy. The two different kinds of mechanisms (the softening one and the hardening one) decide the hardness variation of the alloy with 9/1 Ni-to-Fe ratio mentioned above.

Effect of Cu Addition on W-Ni-Fe Alloys Sintered at a Low Temperature

In this study, Cu was added as the third additive to lower the sintering temperature of W-Ni-Fe alloy. By adding 2 wt pct Cu, a dense 93W-3.5Ni-l.5Fe-2.0Cu tungsten alloy was obtained by hot-pressing at a low temperature of 1573 K which is a process of liquid-phase sintering. As a result, the morphology of W-Ni-Fe alloy changed obviously after the addition of Cu and the alloy had-higher relative density and rupture strength. The mechanism of the densification of W-Ni-Fe-Cu alloy at the low temperature.was then mainly investigated. It was found that, part sintering activators Ni and Fe could exist in liquid form at 1573 K due to the addition of Cu, which made it easy for Ni and Fe to dissolve W and thus the full densification of W-Ni-Fe-Cu alloy at the low temperature was realized.

Consolidation of MA W-Ni-Fe Alloyed Powder by Microwave-Assisted Sintering

MA W-Ni-Fe alloyed powder compact was sintered by microwave technology, and the influence of microwave sintering on consolidation of W-Ni-Fe alloy was studied. The fracture morphology and microstructure of alloys were measured by SEM and metallurgical microscope. The experimental results showed that microwave sintering promoted the densification of MA W-Ni-Fe alloyed powder quickly with the higher heating rate. The density of the sintered samples increased with the increase of sintering temperature, and significant densification shrinkage occured at 1300 ~ 1400°C. The tungsten grain grew rapidly at 1450°C. When the alloy was microwave sintered at 1550°C, the inner structure of alloy is more homogeneous, the average W grain size is about 15 μm, and the relative density of sintered specimen is 99%.

Densification and microstructure evolution during SPS consolidation process in W-Ni-Fe system

Spark plasma sintering method （SPS） was used to consolidate mixed W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe （mass fraction, %） powders from commercial fine elemental powders, and both the densification behavior and microstructure evolution in sintering were investigated at different heating rates. The results show that the SPS densification process can be divided into three stages. At the initial unshrinking stage, fast heating generates instantaneous discharge and locally inhomogeneous temperature distribution in solid-state powder particles, enhancing later densification; during the intermediate solid state sintering stage, diffusion is more sufficient in the slow-heated SPS process; at the final transient liquid-phase sintering stage, tungsten grains become sphered and coarsen rapidly, but fast heating helps maintain rather small grain sizes.

EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE REPRESSING ON PHOSPHORUS SEGREGATION IN 93W-4.5Ni-2.5Fe ALLOY

The influence of high temperature repressing treatment on the segregation of phosphorus in the 93W alloy was carefully investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscope,EPMA, TEM and SEM.The segregation of phosphorus has been observed at the tungsten-tungsten grain boundaries,particularly at the tungsten-matrix interphases when the specimens were kept at the temperature in the range of 1200—1500℃ ,followed by furnace cooling.However, no segregation of phosphorus was observed at the interfaces after the specimens were re- pressed at the range of temperature,followed by furnace cooling.After investigation,the dis- locations in the matrix phase of as-repressed specimens directly influenced the phosphorus segregation to the interfaces.After annealing,the mechanical properties were reduced because of the phosphorus segregation at the interface boundaries.

添加Cr元素对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金微观结构和性能的影响

以高能球磨粉末为原料，研究了铬元素对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金性能和微观结构的影响。实验采用光学金相（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、EDAX能谱等方法对试样的组织形貌进行了表征；对合金的拉伸强度、延伸率和合金的相对密度进行了测试。结果表明：不添加Cr的93W-4.9Ni-2．1Fe合金其相对密度为99.3％，延伸率为15％，抗拉伸强度为997．2MPa；在Cr的添加量（质量分数）为0～1．5％，随Cr含量由0增加到1．5％，93W-Ni-Fe合金抗拉伸强度、相对密度、延伸率分别由997．2MPa、99．3％、15％降至834．7MPa、95．2％、5．7％；添加Cr元素后，Cr、W、Ni、Fe、O等元素在93W-Ni-Fe合金中生成富Cr固溶体，并在合金界面上形成偏聚，降低了93W-Ni-Fe合金界面的结合强度，导致合金的力学性能有所降低。

偏Hugoniot状态下93钨状态方程

利用动高压实验装置二级气体炮和5层阻抗梯度飞片,在2.12和5.02km/s的碰撞速度下测量了93钨样品的自由面速度,同时基于冲击波理论对实验测量的自由面速度进行了解读。高温高压下93钨的偏Hugoniot状态方程分析表明,在较低的碰撞速度下多次压缩后93钨的压强和温度要高于单次Hugoniot压缩的压强和温度,而在较高的碰撞速度下截然相反,其主要原因是93钨在多次加载过程中Hugoniot参数和相对压缩性发生了变化。

Ti含量对铸态Mg_(93)Zn_(6)Y_(1)合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等研究了Ti含量对铸态Mg_(93)Zn_(6)Y_(1)合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加Ti能够显著细化铸态合金的凝固组织。随着Ti含量的增加,合金中初生α-Mg相的晶粒尺寸先减小后增加,准晶相的形貌由连续网状转变为不连续网状,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率均先增加后降低。当添加0.4 at%Ti时,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率均达到最大值,分别199 MPa和3.4%,与未添加Ti的合金相比分别提高了25.2%和88.9%。

Microstructure and properties of ultra-fine tungsten heavy alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and electric current activated sintering

The microstructure and properties of the 93W-4Ni-2Co-1Fe(mass fraction,%) tungsten heavy alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and electric current activated sintering from mixed elemental powders were investigated.After 15 h milling,the average W grain size in the powders is decreased to 120 nm.For the powders milled for 15 h,the density,hardness and transverse rupture strength of the alloys sintered only by an intensive pulse electric current are the maximum.When the total sintering time keeps constant,the properties of the sintered alloys can be obviously improved by optimizing the sintering time of pulse-and constant-currents.A bulk ultrafine alloy with an average W grain size of about 340 nm can be obtained by sintering 15 h-milled powders in a total sintering time of 6 min.The corresponding sintered density,hardness and transverse rupture strength reach 16.78 g /cm3,HRA84.3 and 968 MPa,respectively.

应力三轴度及轧辊凸度对93钨合金板材轧制损伤的影响

依据粉末烧结93钨合金板材轧制过程数值模拟模型，利用DEFORM有限元软件，分析了轧辊凸度对轧制钨板头部开裂的影响及开裂点处应力状态的变化情况。结果表明：随轧辊凸度数值的增加，轧制力和板材宽展呈上升趋势，等效应力和等效应变变化不明显；咬人阶段轧辊凸度绝对值增加使板材头部应力三轴度和开裂的趋势均增大，轧辊凸度取值范围应在—0.02～0.05mm。

真空热处理对微波烧结93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响

研究真空热处理对微波烧结挤压棒坯93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响,采用高倍SEM和光学金相分别对合金断口和显微组织进行观察,采用能谱分析仪对合金真空热处理前后各元素含量进行定量分析,并对真空热处理样的相对密度、抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度进行测定和分析。结果表明:经真空热处理后,钨合金的各项力学性能都得到了提高,抗拉强度和延伸率提高显著,抗拉强度从920MPa提高到了988MPa,延伸率从9.7%提高到了18.6%;真空热处理后,显微组织中钨晶粒的连接度降低,合金断口中钨晶粒的穿晶解理断裂和粘结相的延性撕裂增多;真空热处理后合金粘结相中的钨含量明显降低。

钨合金粉末的热等静压数值模拟及验证

为研究钨合金粉末热等静压(HIP)的致密化行为,采用MSC.Marc中的Shima模型针对93W-4.45Ni-2.2Fe-0.3Co-0.05Mn穿甲弹常用材料的热等静压成形过程进行模拟研究,分析钨合金粉末颗粒与包套随温度、压力加载的变化过程。为验证数值模拟的结果,进行热等静压工艺试验。结果表明:压坯的相对密度分布、变形趋势与实验结果符合得较好,径向周长误差最大,相对误差为5.6%,轴向相对误差为1.62%,轴向精度优于径向,致密度平均相对误差仅为1.4%。对于简单的柱状试件,采用数值模拟的方法可以形象、准确地预测包套的变形及粉末的致密化过程,数值模拟的方法可以为复杂结构包套的研究提供参考,从而实现热等静压过程的精确控形。

Co添加对固溶淬火态钨基合金微观结构和性能的影响

以高能球磨粉末为原料,研究元素钴对固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金微观结构和性能的影响。对经1 490℃烧结并保温90 min的试样在1 280℃固溶2 h,随后在水中淬火,采用光学金相（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）及EDAX能谱等对样品的组织形貌进行表征,采用准静态拉伸实验对合金的拉伸强度及伸长率进行测试,采用排水法对合金的相对密度进行测量。结果表明：当Co含量为0~0.9%（质量分数）时,随着Co含量的增加,固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金的拉伸强度、伸长率和相对密度由不添加Co时的1 039 MPa、18.3%和99.3%分别提高到0.9%Co时的1 085.5 MPa、26.5%和99.4%;元素Co的适量加入能增加固溶淬火态合金中钨晶粒的穿晶解理断裂和粘结相的延性撕裂,改善合金组织,提高合金的性能;当元素Co含量超过0.9%时,随着Co含量的增加,固溶淬火态93W-Ni-Fe合金的性能降低;当Co含量为1.5%时,合金的拉伸强度降至1 039.5 MPa,伸长率降至24.6%。

金属材料在极高应变率下的力学性能测试

金属材料广泛应用于国防工业和民用工程中,了解金属材料在强动载荷作用下的力学性能对武器和防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义。通过在二级轻气炮上进行平板撞击实验,测定了93钨合金和921A钢在极高应变率下的动态屈服强度,详细介绍了实验的设计原理和实验数据的分析方法,并利用公式对93钨合金和921A钢的动态屈服强度进行分析。实验结果表明:93钨合金在应变率(冲击压力)分别为1.7×105 s^?1(49.5 GPa)和3.1×105 s^?1(84.1 GPa)下的屈服强度分别为2.10 GPa和2.78 GPa;921A钢在应变率(冲击压力)为3.6×105 s^?1(38.1 GPa)、4.7×105 s^?1(62.4 GPa)和6.2×105 s^?1(90.1 GPa)下的屈服强度分别为2.08、2.67和3.15 GPa;在极高应变率下93钨合金和921A钢的动态增强因子为2~3。

钨合金/黄铜复合结构靶抗高速破片侵彻的实验研究

在二级轻气炮上对新设计的一种钨合金/黄铜的有间隙的复合结构靶板开展了抗侵彻实验研究。靶板材料为多层结构,层与层之间有10mm到50mm的间隙。为了得到最优的结构设计参数,在二级轻气炮上对这种结构的靶板进行了弹丸质量为3g～20g、弹丸速度为2000m/s～4100m/s的抗侵彻实验研究。研究结果表明,高密度、高硬度的93W合金板和H62黄铜是防护结构最佳选材之一;用它们的两组合设计的四层复合结构靶能抵抗质量约20g,速度约2000m/s的钢质破片的侵彻。这一研究结果为选择合理的防护结构提供实验支持。

Corrosion behavior of extrusion, under-aged, peaked-aged and over-aged WE93 alloys in Na HSO_3 solutions

The corrosion behaviors of extrusion, under-aged, peaked-aged and over-aged WE93 alloys in Na HSO3 solutions were investigated by optical microscopy（OM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）.The weight loss rates, corrosion morphologies and polarization curves were analyzed.The peak-aged specimen in Na HSO3 salt spray had the highest corrosion rate of 0.9787 mg/cm2/d, while extrusion specimen led to the lowest of 0.2184 mg/cm2/d.The specimens could be arranged in decreasing order of corrosion rates： extrusion 〈under-aged〈over-aged〈peak-aged. Polarization curves also gave effective evaluation of corrosion rates in agreement. The NaHSO3 played a great role in the corrosion behaviors of WE93 alloys. The main reasons were that HSO3- developed a reaction： O2＋2HSO3 ＋2e→2HSO42→2H＋＋2SO42- to generate H＋, accelerating the process of corrosion reaction. SO4 2- stimulated corrosion and led to an autocatalytic type of reaction： MgZ＋＋SO4^2-＋7H2O→MgSO4-7H2O. XRD characterized that Mg（OH）2 and MgSO4·7H2O were the main corrosion products.

Ca对Mg-Zn-Y合金组织和力学性能的影响

在准晶增强Mg_(93)Zn_(6)Y_(1)合金中添加Ca,研究了Ca含量对合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加Ca能够显著改善合金的凝固组织。随着Ca含量增加,合金中初生α-Mg相的晶粒尺寸逐渐降低,第二相形貌由粗大的骨骼状转变为不连续网状,其体积分数也逐渐减小。另外,随着Ca含量增加,合金的室温力学性能逐渐提高。当添加0.4%的Ca时,合金的抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到221 MPa和4.2%,和未添加Ca的合金相比分别提高了66.2%和90.9%。