Enhanced Biological Nutrients Removal in Modified Step-feed Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic Process

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(SFA 2/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q1)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA 2/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q1 was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61%in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62%in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q1=0.45Qtotal) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58 mg·(g MLSS)-1 ·h-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Continuous Anoxic/Oxic System Using Activated Sludge and Sludge Biofilms

Nitrogen is the most important component for living beings while the excessive discharge of organic and inorganic nitrogen may create severe environmental problems.In this study,a continuous anoxic/oxic(A/O)reactor adopting activated sludge and sludge biofilms in the anoxic and oxic zones was applied for total nitrogen(TN)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal,and the efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were compared as well.Results showed that when using activated sludge,the effluent concentrations of NH_(4)^(+)-N,NO_(3)^(-)-N,NO_(2)^(-)-N,TN and COD were inconsistent and fluctuated greatly,and the removal efficiencies of corresponding nitrification,denitrification and TN were also unstable;the obtained average COD removal efficiency was 85%.While using sludge biofilms,the acquired effluent concentrations of NH^(+)_(4)-N,NO^(-)_(3)-N,NO_(2)^(-)-N,TN and COD became stable and constant.The nitrification,denitrification,TN and COD removal efficiencies were 96%,84%and 65%and 94%,respectively.Bacterial community analysis of sludge biofilms indicated that the genus Arcobacter was the major denitrifiers in the anoxic zone with relative abundance of 76.1%,and in the oxic zone the abundances of Acinetobacter,Hydrogenophaga and Nitrospira responsible for complete nitrification were 20.05%,7.6%and 3.7%respectively.The high abundance of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifiers were related with the high and stable nitrogen and COD removal.

Transformation of phthalic acid diesters in an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic leachate treatment process

Transformations of di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) have been investigated in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A/A/O) leachate treatment processes. Although the DBP removal processes are different when the DBP initial concentration is different, the overall system DBP removal efficiencies are high(N 94%).DEHP is much more difficult to remove than DBP. The removal efficiency of DEHP is approximately 75%–78%.The results of mass balance calculations indicate that approximately 33.7%–50.7% of the DBP is degraded by the activated sludge, 48.9%–64.9% accumulates in the system, and 0.4%–1.4% is contained in the final effluent. Approximately 15.0%–19.0% of the DEHP is degraded by activated microcosms, 75.8%–79.0% accumulates in the system, and 5.2%–6.0% is contained in the final effluent. Biodegradation and adsorption to the activated sludge are the main mechanisms for DBP removal and adsorption to the activated sludge is the main mechanism for DEHP removal. The different removal mechanisms of the two PAEs may be related to their different molecular structures. However, PAEs are not really removed when they adsorb onto the sludge. Therefore, methods for decreasing PAEs adsorption and increasing the biodegradation efficiencies of the leachate treatment processes should be further investigated.

Kinetics model of aerobic phase in hybrid anoxic-oxic process

Kinetics models of COD degradation,biomass growth of the anoxic-oxic ( A/O) system as well as NH3-N degradation in aerobic phase were presented according to the mass balance theory,reaction-diffusion theory and Fick law. Then these models were testified by comparson with experimental results. It is demonstrated that the variation trends of theoretical and experimental values for COD degradation and biomass growth are similar. The deviation rate between theoretical and experimental values is always under 20% even it increases along with the fluctuation of influent organic loading. In terms of NH3-N degradation,nitrification can also be well simulated by the model as the substrates of influent are sufficient. It indicates that the model can accurately reflect the reaction in hybrid A/O process. Models presented herein provide a theoretical basis for the design, operation and control of hybrid A/O process.

Electricity Generation Performance of Microbial Fuel Cell Embedded in Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic Wastewater Treatment Process

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) embedded in anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) process has positive effects on wastewater treatment, which can enhance the efficiencies of pollutants’ removal, along with electricity production. But the electricity generation performance and its optimization of MFC embedded in A2O process still needs to be further investigated. In this study, in order to optimize the contaminants removal and electricity production of the MFC-A2/O reactor, a lab-scale corridor-style MFC-A2/O reactor, which could simulate the practical A2/O biological reactor better, was designed and operated. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were continuously monitored so as the electricity generation. In addition, the influences of the structural parameters’ changes of MFC on the output voltage, including electrode material, the directly connected area and the distance between electrodes, were also studied. The results elucidated that the effluent quality of A2/O reactor could be improved when MFC was embedded, and all the investigated structural factors were closely related to the electricity generation performance of MFC to some extent.

臭氧氧化+A/O+臭氧氧化工艺在化工园区污水处理厂中的运用

化工园区废水成分复杂,难降解物质多。某化工园区污水处理厂选用分质强化混凝沉淀+臭氧氧化作为预处理工艺,同时采用水解酸化+厌氧好氧(Anaerobic/Oxic,A/O)的二级处理工艺和混凝沉淀+臭氧氧化的深度处理工艺。实际运行结果表明,该组合工艺对化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的平均去除率为85.7%,COD去除效果良好,出水水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。

不同母质发育水稻土N_(2)O消耗潜力及环境影响因素

土壤是N_(2)O的源和汇,在淹水和厌氧条件下具有消耗N_(2)O的能力。稻田土壤长期处于淹水状态,为N_(2)O的消耗提供了有利的环境,从而减少了N_(2)O排放。目前,有关稻田土壤N_(2)O排放的相关研究已有很多,但关于稻田表层土壤N_(2)O的消耗能力及其与环境因素之间的关系研究较少。研究采集了第四纪红壤母质发育的壤土、湖积物砂土发育的砂质壤土、冲积土发育的粉砂质黏壤土3类土壤的各3个表层(0~5 cm)水稻土,风干后将其回填至具有5 cm深土柱的培养装置内,在土柱底部添加N_(2)O和添加氦气(He,对照)两个处理,于28℃下恒温淹水厌氧培养96 h。培养期间监测各土壤N_(2)O、N_(2)的动态变化,以及培养前后土壤养分的变化,量化N_(2)O消耗量和N2增量,以期揭示稻田表层土壤N_(2)O的消耗能力及其与环境因素之间的关系。结果表明,土壤剖面积累的N_(2)O有95.01%~99.92%被稻田表层土壤吸收,其中被还原为N2的N_(2)O量占总消耗量的64.50%~83.64%,表明淹水厌氧状态下,不同的水稻土均具有很强的N_(2)O吸收和消耗能力。研究还发现,3类土壤N_(2)O的消耗存在一定差异,其中影响砂质壤土N_(2)O消耗的主要环境因子为土壤砂粒含量,且两者之间存在显著的线性相关关系(R^(2)=0.964,P=0.000);土壤黏粒、粉砂粒、pH是粉砂质黏壤土N_(2)O消耗的主要环境影响因素,其中土壤黏粒与其消耗量呈显著线性相关(P<0.05);土壤速效钾和铵态氮增加量是影响壤土N_(2)O消耗的主要环境因子,其消耗量与速效钾之间在0.01水平上显著正相关。这些结果表明,土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤质地、土壤速效钾等是影响稻田土壤N_(2)O消耗的重要环境因子,且不同土壤N_(2)O消耗的环境影响因子存在差异,这将为调节土壤N_(2)O排放提供重要参考。

水解酸化+A2/O+AO+芬顿氧化工艺处理工业园区污水

针对工业园区的污水排放企业种类较多、进水水量水质波动较大、污染物复杂且可生化性差、排放标准高的特征,以浙江省德清县某工业园区实际污水处理工程为对象,分析了水解酸化+A2/O+AO+芬顿氧化工艺处理以印染、食品制造、金属加工企业为主的废水排放的技术经济可行性.实践结果显示,出水水质的COD、NH_(3)-N、TN及TP能稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂主要染物排放标准》(DB33/2169—2018)中的限值,其余指标达到《城镇污水处理厂染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准;工程投资金额为8200元/m^(3),实际直接运行成本为2.39元/m^(3).

中低温下基于纯膜条件多段A/O-MBBR系统脱氮能力中试研究

针对低温条件下活性污泥法生物硝化限制性瓶颈问题,构建了三段式A/O-MBBR中试系统,对其在中低温条件下的脱氮能力开展研究,结合生物膜在静态实验条件下的硝化能力及形态变化,分析了系统脱氮效果的影响因素。研究结果表明,在反应温度为10~16℃、处理水量为(23.6±5.4) m^(3)/d、碳源投加量为50~90 mg/L条件下,系统进水SCOD、NH+4-N和TIN浓度分别为(147±30)、(38.3±2.1)和(39.6±2.3) mg/L,出水分别降至(26±6)、(0.4±0.6)和(6.8±3.6) mg/L,去除率分别达到82.3%、99.0%和82.8%,其中系统中第2段A/O-MBBR分系统表现出良好的硝化能力,其硝化去除负荷可达0.9 g/(m^(2)·d),NH_(4)^(+)-N硝化贡献率可达54%;生物膜厚度是影响其硝化能力的重要因素。

Effects of Coagulation and Ozonation Pretreatments on Biochemical Treatment of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Wastewater

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) salty wastewaters, containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), are very difficult to treat by biochemical process. Anoxic/oxic (A/O) biochemical system, based on nitrification and denitrification reactions, was used to assess their possible biodegradation. Because of the negative effects of high salt concentration (3%), heavy metals and toxic organic matter on microorganisms’ activities, some techniques consisting of dilution, coagulation and flocculation, and ozonation pretreatments, were gradually tested to evaluate chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (ammonia-N) and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates. In this process of FCC wastewater, starting with university-domesticated sludge, the ammonia-N and TN removal rates were worst. However, when using domesticated SBR’s sludge and operating with five-fold daily diluted influent (thus reducing salt concentration), the ammonia-N removal reached about 57% while the TN removal rate was less than 37% meaning an amelioration of the nitrification process. However, by reducing the dilution factors, these results were inflected after some days of operation, with ammonia-N removal decreasing and TN barely removed meaning a poor nitrification. Even by reducing heavy metals concentration with coagulation/flocculation process, the results never changed. Thereafter, by using ozonation pre-treatment to degrade the detected organic matter of di-tert-butylphenol and certain isoparaffins, COD, ammonia-N and TN removal rates reached 92%, 62% and 61%, respectively. These results showed that the activities of the microorganisms were increased, thus indicating a net denitrification and nitrification reactions improvement.

A^(2)O+MBR工艺处理低碳氮比污水的效果研究

污水处理厂通常面临进水碳氮比偏低的问题,为确保出水水质达标,一般采取超量投加碳源的策略,但是这会导致运行成本上升。北京市某污水处理厂将厌氧-缺氧-好氧(Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic,A^(2)O)+膜生物反应器(Membrane Bio-Reactor,MBR)工艺作为主体工艺,进水由生活污水(占30%)和工业废水(占70%)组成。该污水处理厂向缺氧池投加葡萄糖溶液作为碳源,辅助脱氮。试验分别测定进出水化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)和反应池混合液悬浮固体(Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids,MLSS)的浓度,分析外加碳源对脱氮效果和污泥产生量的影响,并进行碳源投加前后的成本对比。研究表明,进水COD/TN小于7时,适量投加碳源有助于提升脱氮效率,而COD/TN大于7时,要优化其他环节来加强脱氮效果,以保证出水水质稳定符合相关标准。通过精细化过程控制和改变运行管理方式,污水处理厂可以有效降低运行成本,避免进行工程化改造。

A^(2)/O-BAF工艺短程硝化模式下反硝化除磷效能

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧-曝气生物滤池(A^(2)/O-BAF)工艺处理低C/N城市污水,研究硝化液回流比为0、50%、100%、150%和200%时该工艺脱氮除磷效能。结果表明,在A^(2)/O中控制污泥龄(SRT)为15d,水力停留时间(HRT)为10h,好氧段溶解氧(DO)为2.0mg/L;BAF中控制HRT为3h、好氧/缺氧曝停时间比为50min∶10min以及硝化液回流比R=200%的条件下,进水COD、TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N和PO_(4)^(3-)-P的浓度分别为232.61mg/L、53.99mg/L、52.20mg/L和5.54mg/L,系统出水中COD、TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N和PO_(4)^(3-)-P的浓度分别为34.11mg/L、12.44mg/L、1.01mg/L和0.34mg/L,亚硝积累率(Ni AR)高达95.20%。出水NO_(2)^(-)-N回流至A^(2)/O缺氧段后,缺氧段出水的PO_(4)^(3-)-P含量下降至2.68mg/L,反硝化除磷(DPR)对系统PO_(4)^(3-)-P的去除贡献达75.42%。批次试验表明,A^(2)/O反应器中的除磷菌在厌氧120min后释磷量达到36.35mg/L,缺氧条件下以NO_(2)^(-)-N为电子受体的反应中吸磷量为26.28mg/L,吸磷率为72.30%,以NO_(2)^(-)-N为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌(DPB)占总除磷菌的72.91%。

A^(2)/O工艺中溶解性有机氮的分子转化与生物有效性特征

本研究探究了厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A^(2)/O)工艺沿程溶解性有机氮(DON)浓度分布及其分子转化规律,并运用多种方法表征了各单元污水DON的生物有效性特征.结果表明,DON浓度由进水(5.3±0.3)mg/L沿厌氧池、缺氧池分别下降至(2.0±0.1),(1.8±0.2)mg/L,而有意思的是好氧池中DON浓度反而升高至(1.9±0.1)mg/L,去除率竟为(-5.6±0.6)%.傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR-MS)分析DON分子组成特征显示,各单元活性DON分子(H/C≥1.5)占比为:厌氧池(38%)<缺氧池(41%)<好氧池(42%),表明好氧池出水DON最不稳定,易被受纳水体中藻类微生物摄取利用.同时在各单元产生的DON分子中,以蛋白/氨基糖类化合物为特征的微生物源DON占比沿程上升,由厌氧池24.77%分别上升至缺氧池29.12%、好氧池33.11%,表明微生物源DON分子是导致好氧池出水DON生物有效性升高的原因.进一步地,采用藻类生物测定厌氧池、缺氧池和好氧池沿程DON生物有效性,分别为(33.2±3.0)%、(34.9±7.0)%和(42.1±4.0)%,该结果证实了FT-ICR-MS的测定结论.此外,主成分分析表明,相比于厌氧池和缺氧池,温度对好氧池DON分子组成具有显著影响,且冬季好氧池出水DON生物有效性(49.3%±2%)高于夏季(42.1%±4.0%).因此,冬季好氧池出水DON具有更高的富营养化潜在风险.

水解酸化+AAO+混凝沉淀+臭氧-BAF工艺在综合产业园废水处理中的应用

针对综合产业园废水处理项目进水水质成分复杂、可生化性较差、水质水量波动较大的特点,以潜江某综合产业园废水处理项目为例,介绍了该工程的废水特性、废水处理工艺、主要设计参数和运行效果,分析了不同工况下的污水处理运行费用。污水经“水解酸化+AAO+混凝沉淀+臭氧-BAF”工艺处理后,出水主要污染物指标可稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。污水处理厂投资为4826元/m^(3),设计工况下运行费用为1.399元/m^(3),实际低进水水质工况下的运行费用为0.755元/m^(3)。相关经验可为排水企业种类较多、具有相似水质特征的综合产业园污水处理厂提供参考。

A^(2)/O+MBR+潜流湿地在南方小流域环境综合整治中的应用

受制于该流域用地指标及用地性质的影响,结合流域环境整治的景观需求,采用了灰绿结合的A^(2)/O+MBR+潜流湿地组合工艺形式作为流域治理的水质净化处理工艺对流域收集的污水进行处理。工程运行四年来,出水主要指标稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅳ类水质标准(TN≤10 mg/L),其中再生水厂COD、BOD5、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP、SS平均去除率分别达到91.18%、98.27%、97.83%、62.74%、91.29%和99.04%;潜流湿地NH_(3)-N、TN、TP平均去除率分别达到38.44%、12.15%和33.04%。工程实践表明,该组合工艺不仅满足了流域水质要求、节约占地,同时也起到了很好的景观效果。

多段A/O工艺流量及体积分配方法与优化控制策略

分段进水A/O生物脱氮工艺中,为充分利用污水中的碳源及系统各段的硝化容量。且有效地应对进水扰动,需进行合理的进水流量分配和缺氧/好氧体积分配。针对分段进水A/O工艺的结构和运行特点,对分段进水工艺系统的流量分配方法和体积分配方法进行理论分析,并对实际运行优化方法进行讨论.对于系统的流量分配,提出以进水ρ(C)/ρ(N)作为控制参数,并分别对碳源充足、碳源恰好合适和碳源不足3种情况进行讨论,同时给出每种情况下的运行优化方法;对于体积分配,分析缺氧/好氧体积比对系统硝化容量及其对进水中COD利用程度的影响,并对不同负荷下缺氧/好氧体积优化进行了分析.

A/O和A^2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果,采用A/O和A2/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水,通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况,寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明:A2/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%;A/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A2/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH3-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统,其反硝化率为50%~70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著,A2/O工艺膜通量衰减59%,A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中,A2/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。

A^2／O工艺中的反硝化除磷

A2/O工艺是一种最简单的同步脱氮除磷工艺,但由于其系统中固有的基质竞争和污泥龄等矛盾,在实际应用中特别是处理低C/N比污水时脱氮除磷效率较低。反硝化除磷工艺作为近年来颇受关注的污水生物处理新技术,由于在脱氮除磷过程中可以在碳源利用上耦合,可从一定程度上缓解A2/O工艺中的基质竞争矛盾,使得其在处理低C/N比污水时也能实现较高的脱氮除磷效率。就反硝化除磷的技术原理,结合其在A2/O工艺中的最新研究成果及其控制策略,对A2/O工艺中的反硝化除磷的实现、维持及影响因素进行了分析和探讨,并对其发展方向进行了展望。

A^2O活性污泥工艺去除污水中雌激素的试验

试验研究了厌氧—缺氧—好氧(A2O)活性污泥工艺对雌二醇(E2)和乙炔雌二醇(EE2)的去除性能.基于同时去除雌激素和脱氮除磷的考虑,对A2O工艺的部分运行参数如水力停留时间、污泥龄和混合液回流比进行优化.试验结果表明,A2O工艺对污水中雌激素有较强的去除能力.在温度为20℃、污泥回流比为100%的情况下,除磷脱氮和去除雌激素最佳的工艺运行参数为:水力停留时间8h,污泥龄20d,混合液回流比300%.此时,总氮,PO43--P,COD的去除率分别达到81%,95%,84%;E2降到检测限以下,厌氧、缺氧、好氧池各段对E2的去除量分别占总去除量的72%,6%,22%;EE2的去除率大于80%,厌氧、缺氧、好氧各反应池对EE2的去除量分别占总去除量的45%,21%,34%.

A/O工艺处理猪场厌氧发酵液研究

[目的]提供一种快速、稳定、高效的猪场废水处理技术。[方法]通过厌氧/好氧(A/O)反应器处理猪场厌氧发酵液试验,研究了A/O处理猪场厌氧发酵液的启动过程。启动分2个阶段:第一阶段,厌氧(A)、好氧(O)段各自独立培养优势菌群;第二阶段,A、O联合启动,逐步提高进水负荷,继续对微生物培养与驯化,最终完成启动过程。[结果]当温度为32±2℃,回流混合液比和回流污泥比分别为2和1,O段曝气量为0.5 m3/h时,通过50 d的实际运行,COD、NH4+-N的去除率分别达到89.87%和89.31%,表明反应器启动过程完成。[结论]可为猪场厌氧发酵液无害化技术提供一定的科学依据和借鉴。