Distribution of gene polymorphisms associated with aspirin antiplatelet in the Han NSTEMI population

Objective:To analyze the genotype and allele distribution characteristics of GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918),PEAR1(rs12041331),and PTGS1(rs10306114)genes related to the antiplatelet pharmacological effects of aspirin,providing reference for individualized treatment of Chinese Han NSTEMI patients.Methods:A total of 107 Han patients with NSTEMI in Beijing Luhe Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2022 were selected as the research subjects.The genotypes of GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918),PEAR1(rs12041331)and PTGS1(rs10306114)were detected by fluorescence staining in situ hybridization.The frequency distribution and allele distribution of genotype were analyzed.The results were analyzed whether there were statistical differences in the distribution of related alleles between the Han NSTEMI population and some populations in the 1000 Genomes database.Results:In the Han NSTEMI population,the genotype frequencies of GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)locus were TT 97.20%,TC 2.80%and CC 0%,the allele frequencies were T 98.60%and C 1.40%.The genotype frequencies of PEAR1(rs12041331)locus were GG 42.06%,GA 44.86%and AA 13.08%,the allele frequencies were G 64.49%and A 35.51%.The genotypes at the PTGS1(rs10306114)locus were all AA(100%),no AG or GG genotype was found.Conclusion:In the NSTEMI population of Han nationality,the mutation at GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)site related to aspirin antiplatelet pharmacology is rare,and there is no mutation at PTGS1(rs10306114)site.Wild homozygotes are dominant in these two gene loci,while mutations in PEAR1(rs12041331)are more common.Some of the findings in this study are similar to those in previous reports or other populations included in the relevant database;however,some results differ from previous reports or other populations。

Distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotype prevalence and attribution to cervical precancerous lesions in rural North China

Objective: Precise prevention is more desired for cervical cancer due to the huge population, high prevalence of human papillomavirus(HPV) infection in China and the vision of screen-and-treat strategies in low-and middleincome countries(LMICs). Considerations of combining type-specific prevalence and attribution proportion to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are informative to more precise and effective region-specific cervical cancer prevention and control programs. The aim of the current study was to determine the genotype distribution of HPV and attribution to cervical precancerous lesions among women from rural areas in North China.Methods: A total of 9,526 women participated in the cervical cancer screening project in rural China. The samples of women who tested positive for HPV were retested with a polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based HPV genotyping test. The attribution proportion of specific high-risk human papillomavirus(HR-HPV) types for different grades of cervical lesions was calculated by using the type contribution weighting method.Results: A total of 22.2%(2,112/9,526) of women were HR-HPV positive and HPV52(21.7%) was the most common HR-HPV genotype, followed by HPV58(18.2%), HPV53(18.2%) and HPV16(16.2%). The top three genotypes detected in HR-HPV-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN)1 were HPV16(36.7%), HPV58(20.4%), HPV56(15.3%). Among CIN2+, the most frequent genotypes were HPV16(75.6%), HPV52(17.8%),HPV58(16.7%). HPV16, 56, 58, 53, 52, 59, 68, and 18 combined were attributed to 84.17% of all CIN1 lesions,and HPV16, 58, and 52 combined were attributed to 86.98% of all CIN2+ lesions.Conclusions: The prevalence of HR-HPV infection among women from rural areas in North China was high and HPV16, HPV58, HPV52 had paramount attributable fraction in CIN2+. Type-specific HPV prevalence and attribution proportion to cervical precancerous lesions should be taken into consideration in the development of vaccines and strategy for screening in this population.

Determining hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among high-risk groups in Iran using real-time PCR

AIM:To assess hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype patterns among high-risk Iranian groups,using real-time RT-PCR.METHODS:In this study,we evaluated the distribution of different HCV genotypes among injection drug users and other high-risk groups over a 4-year period(from 2009 to 2012)using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Sera from 888 HCV-infected patients residing in southern and southwest Iran were genotyped using real-time PCR with common primers and specific probes.These patients were grouped into distinct exposure categories.Illicit drug users constituted the primary group and were further evaluated for HCV genotype distribution and parameters such as age range.RESULTS:Of the examined HCV-infected patients,62%were substance abusers,although the route of transmission could not be determined in approximately 30%of these patients.HCV genotyping revealed that Gt1 was the most prevalent genotype among the drug users as well as among patients with thalassemia,hemophilia,solid organ recipients and those on hemodialysis.Mixed infections were only seen in addict groups,where Gt2 genotype was also found.The highest frequencies in HCV-positive addict patients were observed in the 31-40 age group.Our research also showed that the addiction age has increased,whereas the addiction rate has dropped in this region.Most illicit drug users had more than one risk factor such as tattoo and/or a history of imprisonment.CONCLUSION:This study revealed that the most common HCV-infection route and HCV-genotype in southern and southwest Iran was illicit drug abuse and Gt1,respectively.

Sodium and Potassium Absorption and Distribution in Relation to Growth and Internal Potassium Use Efficiency of K-efficient and -inefficient rice genotypes

A pot experiment with two rice (Oriza sativa L.) genotypes differing in internal potassium use efficiency (IKUE) was conducted under different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels. Adding NaCl at a proper level enhanced rice vegetative growth and increased grain yield and IKUE under low potassium. Addition of higher rate of NaCl had a negative effect on the growth of the K-efficient rice genotype, but did not for the K-inefficient genotype. Under low-K stress, higher NaCl decreased IKUE of the K-efficient rice genotype but increased IKUE for the K-inefficient genotype. At tillering stage and under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and decreased the ratio of K/Na for both genotypes. At harvesting stage under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and K/Na ratio for the K-efficient genotype but decreased the K/Na ratio for the K-inefficient genotype. The accumulated Na was mostly deposited in the roots and sheaths. At tillering stage, the K and Na contents and the K/Na ratios in different parts for both genotypes decreased in the following sequence: K+ in sheaths > K+ in blades > K+ in roots; Na+ in roots > Na+ in sheaths > Na+ in blades; and K/Na in sheaths 》 K/Na in roots. The K-efficient genotype had a lower K/Na ratio in roots and sheaths than the K-inefficient genotype under low-K stress. At harvesting stage, K and Na contents in grains were not affected, whereas K/Na ratio in the rice straws was increased for the K-efficient genotype but decreased for the K-inefficient genotype by Na addition. However, this was not the case under K sufficient condition.

Rotavirus Group A Surveillance and Genotype Distribution in Russian Federation in Seasons 2012-2013

Rotavirus infection is one of the primary causes of acute gastroenteritis in industrialized countries and may be a cause of severe disease in children. Here we present the results of analysis of specific indicators which characterize the burden of rotavirus infection in Russia such as passive surveillance data for rotavirus gastroenteritis cases (RG), the proportion of outbreaks of rotavirus per calendar month and laboratory-based data of rotavirus infection occurrence in lethal cases involving children. Specific features of rotavirus [P]G genotypes distribution in different geographic regions of Russia from 2012 through 2013 are also provided.

Genotypic variance in 13C-photosynthate partitioning and within-plant boll distribution in cotton

Background:Photosynthate partitioning and within-plant boll distribution play an important role in yield formation of cotton;however,if and how they interact to mediate yield remains unclear.The objective of this study was to investigate the genotypic variance in photosynthate partitioning and within-plant boll distribution,with a focus on their interactions with regard to yield and yield components.A field experiment was conducted in the Yellow River region in China in 2017 and 2018 using a randomized complete block design with three replicates.Photosynthate partitioning of three commercial cultivars(DP 99 B,Lumianyan 21 and Jimian 169),varying in yield potential,to different organs(including bolls)at early flowering,peak flowering,and peak boll-setting stages,as well as withinplant boll distribution at harvest,and their effects on yield formation were examined.Results:Lint yield of Jimian 169 was the highest,followed by Lumianyan 21 and DP 99 B.Similar differences were observed in the number of inner bolls and boll weight among the three cultivars.J169 partitioned significantly more photosynthate to the fruit and fiber than Lumianyan 21 and DP 99 B and allocated over 80%of assimilates to the inner bolls.Additionally,Lumianyan 21 allocated a higher proportion of photosynthate to bolls and fiber,with12.5%–17.6%more assimilates observed in the inner bolls,than DP 99 B.Conclusions:Genotypic variance in lint yield can be attributed to differences in the number of inner bolls and boll weight,which are affected by photosynthate partitioning.Therefore,the partitioning of photosynthate to fiber and inner bolls can be used as an important reference for cotton breeding and cultivation.

Profile, spectrum and significance of hepatitisB virus genotypes in chronic HBV-infected patients in Yunnan, China

BACKGROUND: There are significant variations in the geographical distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes throughout the world, and some genotypes are associated with different clinical outcomes. Eight genotypes of human HBV (designated A-H) have been reported. The present study was designed to examine the distribution of HBV genotypes among patients at various stages of chronic type B liver disease in Yunnan Province, China, and to explore its significance and the relationship of HBV genotype with gender and age, clinical spectrum of chronic HBV infection, and viral replicative activity. METHODS: Serum samples from 126 patients with chronic HBV infection from Yunnan Province, including 26 chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC), 61 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (21 mild, 30 moderate and 10 severe), 20 patients with chronic fulminant hepatic failure (CFHF), 12 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and 7 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were analyzed using reverse dot blot (RDB) methodology, which is based on the reverse hybridization principle for HBV genotyping. The relations of HBV genotype with gender and age, clinical patterns, and serological data of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS: In this series, genotypes A, B, C, and D were found. 38.1% patients (48/126) belonged to B, 54.8% (69/126) to C, 0.8% (1/126) to D, 1.6% (2/126) to a mixture of B and C, and 1.6% (2/126) to a mixture of A and C. 3.2% patients (4/126) had unknown genotypes. No other genotypes (E, F, G, and H) were found. Genotypes B and C were predominant. There was a statistically significant difference in the distributions of genotypes C and B (chi(2)=7.04, P=0.008), and C was the dominant genotype in all patient categories. The rate of genotype B in the mild CHB group was significantly higher than that in the moderate and severe groups (chi(2)=12.16, P=0.0001; chi(2)=11.98, P=0.001, respectively), the ASC group (chi(2)=5.46, P=0.02), the CFHF group (chi(2)=5.53, P=0.019), and the LC/HCC group (chi(2)=12.13, P=0.001). The rate of genotype C in the LC/HCC group and the severe CHB group were significantly higher than that in the mild group (chi(2)=9.95, P=0.002; chi(2)=8.78, P=0.003, respectively). HBV DNA positivity and HBeAg positivity were higher in genotype C than in genotype B (chi(2)=9.81, P=0.002; chi(2)=3.85, P=0.05, respectively). The prevalence of genotype C showed an increasing trend in lowest-, middle- and highest-level groups of HBV replication (25.0%, 70.0%, and 55.6%, respectively); in contrast, the prevalence of genotype B showed an opposite trend in the same order (62.5%, 30.0%, and 37.0%, respectively). The rate of genotype C in the highest-level group of HBV replication was higher than genotype B (chi(2)=7.45, P=0.006). The rate of genotype C in the over-30 age group was higher than that in the below-30 age group (chi(2)=3.7, P=0.05). There was no difference between the sexes (P>0.05). More severe liver damage was found in genotype C than in genotype B (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The predominant HBV genotypes in chronic HBV-infected patients are B and C, and C is the most prevalent genotype in Yunnan Province, China. HBV genotype C is associated with the development of more severe liver disease and a higher level of HBV viral replication, and genotype B has a relatively good progress.

Study on the Nutrition Characteristics of Different K Use Efficiency Cotton Genotypes to K Deficiency Stress

To study the mechanism of plant K use efficiency, both K high and low use efficiency cotton genotypes, 103 and 122, respectively, were selected from 86 cotton cultivars （Gossypium hirsutum L.）. The research was conducted using pot experiment for planting cotton on without K （0.0 g kg-1 soil） and with K （0.4 g kg-1 soil） treatments in 2005. Experimental result showed that, with K deficiency stress, genotype 103 grew much better than genotype 122 except that its lower leaves showed the symptoms of K deficiency, whereas all the leaves of genotype 122 showed the symptoms of K deficiency. Root dry matter weights of treatments for genotype 103 with and without K application were 1.07 and 1.25 times of genotype 122. It indicated that the root system of genotype 103 was well developed and has better nutrition uptake capability than that of genotype 122. The result also showed that the cotton shoots of genotype 103 were 1.07 and 1.13 times over genotype 122 on treatments of with and without K application. It indicated that genotype 103 has stronger transport organs. In genotype 103, plants, dry matter, and potassium were mainly transported to cotton bolls. The boll dry weight of genotype 103 was 2.58 times in without K treatment and 1.90 times in with K treatment over genotype 122. The potassium accumulation in bolls of genotype 122 was only 49.3% of that in genotype 103. Potassium accumulation in the other organs of genotype 103 was relatively low compared with in bolls. This indicated that the distribution of K and organic matter in genotype 103 was more efficient than genotype 122. The main differences between high K efficiency cotton genotype 103 and low K efficiency genotype 122 lie in their potassium nutrition and organic matter using efficiency on uptake, transportation, accumulation, distribution, and utilization.

Responses of Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes to Salt Stress as Affected by Nutrient Concentrations

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of applying different concentrations of the macronutrients K＋,Ca2＋,and Mg2＋ on the responses of contrasting rice（Oryza sativa L.） genotypes under salt stress.A solution culture experiment was conducted in a phytotron at the International Rice Research Institute（IRRI）,under controlled temperature and humidity and natural sunlight.When subjected to salt stress of 100 mmol L-1 using NaCl,the salt tolerant genotypes FL478 and IR651,accumulated less Na＋ and maintained lower ratios of Na＋/K＋,Na＋/Ca2＋,and Na＋/Mg2＋ than the sensitive genotypes IR29 and Azucena.These tolerant genotypes also had higher concentrations of K＋ in their shoots and greater root and shoot biomass and green leaf area.Tolerant genotypes also maintained much lower concentration of Na＋ and lower and more favorable ratios of Na＋/K＋,Na＋/Ca2＋,and Na＋/Mg2＋ in their active and developing tissues.Salt tolerance and shoot and root growth of both tolerant and sensitive genotypes were enhanced considerably when higher concentrations of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ were applied in culture solution.The concentration of Na＋ and the ratios of Na＋/K＋,Na＋/Ca2＋,and Na＋/Mg2＋ in shoots also declined significantly.The beneficial effects of higher calcium were greater than that of magnesium and application of higher concentration of K＋ seems to have minor effects.Responses to salinity in rice can therefore be considerably enhanced through proper nutrient management,by increasing the concentrations of nutrient elements that have favorable effects such as Ca2＋ and Mg2＋.Calcium is particularly more effective than both magnesium and potassium,and can be applied at relatively larger quantities in salt affected soils.

The Limitations of Polygenic Hypothesis and Theorizing about Dual Multiple Factors and Three Normal Distributions

The original data of Nilsson-Ehle experiment in wheat were analyzed with existent genetic knowledge. It indicated that the core of polygenic hypothesis from this experiment was that a character similarity produced by additive effect of multiple genes was the basis of continuous variation. Its precondition was for effective genes to have equal effect, to show merodominance and binomial distribution and to inherit independently. In fact, quantitative characters were determined by many genes with different property, effect and behavior. So it was difficult to solve all problems of continuous variation by the aid of polygenic hypothesis. The researchers should seek new ways. With Mendelian group as research object and by means of Lyapunov central limit theorem it was proved that both genotypic value G and the environmental effect in a niche E were subordinated to the normal distribution and respectively. According to additivity of the normal distribution the phenotype P = G + E also obeyed the normal distribution P = G + E ~ and quantitative characters showed continuous variation, whether or not the linkage was presented, whether or not every gene effect was equal, whether or not there were dominance and what kind of dominance between alleles. Moreover it was discussed that the quantitative characters in self-fertilized organism and clone were submitted to the normal distribution and presented continuous variation too.

Transitions in a genotype selection model driven by coloured noises

This paper investigates a genotype selection model subjected to both a multiplicative coloured noise and an additive coloured noise with different correlation time τ1 and τ2 by means of the numerical technique. By directly simulating the Langevin Equation, the following results are obtained. （1） The multiplicative coloured noise dominates, however, the effect of the additive coloured noise is not neglected in the practical gene selection process. The selection rate μ decides that the selection is propitious to gene A haploid or gene B haploid. （2） The additive coloured noise intensity and the correlation time τ2 play opposite roles. It is noted that α and τ2 can not separate the single peak, while can make the peak disappear and ^-2 can make the peak be sharp. （3） The multiplicative coloured noise intensity D and the correlation time τ1 can induce phase transition, at the same time they play opposite roles and the reentrance phenomenon appears. In this case, it is easy to select one type haploid from the group with increasing D and decreasing τ1.

Molecular evolution,virology and spatial distribution of HCV genotypes in Pakistan:A meta-analysis

Background:Hepatitis C,caused by the Hepatitis C Virus(HCV),is the second most common form of viral hepatitis.The geographical distribution of HCV genotypes can be quite complex,making it challenging to ascertain the most prevalent genotype in a specific area.Methods:To address this,a review was conducted to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes across various provinces and as a whole in Pakistan.The scientific literature regarding the prevalence,distribution,genotyping,and epidemiology of HCV was gathered from published articles spanning the years 1996-2020.Results:Genotype 1 accounted for 5.1%of the patients,with its predominant subtype being 1a at 4.38%.The frequencies of its other subtypes,1b and 1c,were observed to be 1.0%and 0.31%respectively.Genotype 2 had a frequency of 2.66%,with the most widely distributed subtype being 2a at 2.11%of the patients.Its other subtypes,2b and 2c,had frequencies of 0.17%and 0.36%respectively.The most prevalent genotype among all isolates was 3(65.35%),with the most frequent subtype being 3a(55.15%),followed by 3b(7.18%).The prevalence of genotypes 4,5,and 6 were scarce in Pakistan,with frequencies of 0.97%,0.08%,and 0.32%respectively.The prevalence of untypeable and mixed genotypes was 21.34%and 3.53%respectively.Estimating genotypes proves to be a productive method in assisting with the duration and selection of antiviral treatment.Different HCV genotypes can exhibit variations in their response to specific antiviral treatments.Different genotypes may have distinct natural histories,including variations in disease progression and severity.Some genotypes may lead to more rapid liver damage,while others progress more slowly.Conclusions:This information can guide screening and testing strategies,helping to identify individuals at higher risk of developing severe complications.Studying the distribution of HCV genotypes in a population can provide valuable insights into the transmission dynamics of the virus.

阿司匹林抗血小板相关基因多态性在汉族NSTEMI患者人群中的分布

目的:分析汉族非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者人群中与阿司匹林抗血小板药理作用相关的GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)、PEAR1(rs12041331)和PTGS1(rs10306114)基因的基因型结果及等位基因分布特征,为汉族NSTEMI患者的个体化治疗提供参考。方法:选取2016年1月~2022年12月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院收治的汉族NSTEMI患者107例为研究对象。采用荧光染色原位杂交的方法对GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)、PEAR1(rs12041331)和PTGS1(rs10306114)3个基因多态性位点进行检测分型,研究分析其基因型频率分布及等位基因分布情况,并分析汉族NSTEMI患者人群与1000 Genomes数据库中部分人群相关等位基因的分布是否存在统计学差异。结果:汉族NSTEMI患者人群中,GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)位点上基因型频率为TT 97.20%、TC 2.80%、CC 0%,等位基因频率为T 98.60%、C 1.40%;PEAR1(rs12041331)位点上基因型频率为GG 42.06%、GA 44.86%、AA 13.08%,等位基因频率为G64.49%、A 35.51%;PTGS1(rs10306114)位点上基因型均为AA(100%),未见AG或GG型。结论:在汉族NSTEMI患者人群中,与阿司匹林抗血小板药理作用相关的GPⅢa PLA2(rs5918)位点上突变少见,PTGS1(rs10306114)位点上未见突变,这2个多态性位点上均以野生型纯合子为主,而PEAR1(rs12041331)位点上突变多见。本研究中部分结果与既往报道或相关数据库中收录的其他人群类似,也有部分结果与既往报道或其他人群存在明显差异。

马属动物源十二指肠贾第虫流行研究进展

十二指肠贾第虫(Giardia duodenalis)是一种呈世界性分布的人兽共患寄生性原虫,主要寄生于人和多种哺乳动物的肠道内,造成宿主腹泻及生长发育迟缓等,严重危害畜牧养殖业发展和人体健康。加强对于十二指肠贾第虫的研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。论文对马属动物源十二指肠贾第虫的流行病学情况进行了总结,分析了不同地区、年龄、性别和养殖方式的马属动物感染十二指肠贾第虫的分布情况,阐明了不同风险因素对十二指肠贾第虫的流行率和基因型分布的影响,以期更好的了解十二指肠贾第虫在马属动物中的流行情况,为贾第虫病的综合防控提供参考。

北京朝阳区28923例女性人乳头瘤病毒感染基因型分析

目的分析北京朝阳区28923例人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测结果的感染情况、基因分型及在各年龄段的分布差异,为本地区的宫颈癌(CC)防治及疫苗推广提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院/北京妇幼保健院妇科肿瘤科、计划生育科、妇保妇检科等科室首次就诊且自愿进行多重荧光PCR技术23种HPV基因分型检测的28923例女性患者的人乳头瘤病毒筛查检测结果。结果28923例患者中,检测出HPV感染者11076例,感染率为38.29%;所有HPV感染者中单一型别感染占比24.45%、两重感染占比8.56%、双重以上型别感染占比5.27%;患者年龄从低到高感染率趋势呈U型分布;单一型别感染中高危型HPV(HR-HPV)中最常见的基因型是HPV16型,其次是52、58、53型,单一型别感染中低危型HPV(LR-HPV)中最常见的基因型是HPV81型,其次是42、44、43型;28923例感染者中31~40岁年龄组患者人数最多为8958例(占比31%);检出率小于20岁年龄组最高为55.56%,其次为21~30岁年龄组为42.62%,接下来是大于60岁年龄组为41.88%。结论北京朝阳区总体HR-HPV中感染率最高型别依次是HPV16、52及58型,LR-HPV中感染率最高的型别依次是HPV42、81及44型;年龄上31~50岁组感染率更高,单一HPV感染率高于多重感染,应提高本地区HPV16、52、58型的筛查能力,引起足够重视,有针对性的推广CC疫苗的接种,以便有效降低本地区CC的发生。

The Distribution of Japonica Rice Cultivars in the Lower Region of the Yangtze River Valley is Determined by Its Photoperiod-sensitivity and Heading Date Genotypes

There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date （HD） among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity （PS）. The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle （MMM） types, through the late maturing middle （LMM） and early maturing late （EML） types to the medium maturing late （MML） types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e2 and the PS alleles E1 or E1^t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e3, while EML types have either E3 or E3^t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e, some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1^n, while the MML types are mostly Se-fn. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.

Investigation of the genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus among Turkish population in Turkey and various European countries

Hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection is a global health problem. HCV is one of the leading causes for acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of HCV infection varies from 0. 1% to 0. 2% in the West, to 3% in Mediterranean countries and up to 6% in tropical areas. The prevalence in Turkey is about 1.8%. HCV is classified into six different genotypes （genotypes 1 -6 ）, each consisting of different subtypes. HCV genotypes and their subtypes coexist in various geographic locations but show different prevalence levels.

Distribution of apolipoprotein E genotype in NIDDM patients with vascular complications

Objective To investigate the distribution of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype among different vascular complications and the variation of allele frequency with age in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Methods 125 NIDDM patients and 50 healthy individuals were selected randomly. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine their ApoE genotypes. Results The prevalence of ∈3/3 in any vascular complication group was 59.3%, which was significantly lower than 76.0% in controls (P<0.05). The prevalences of ∈3/3, ∈4/3 and ∈4 in coronary heart disease (CHD) group were 51.8%, 33.9% and 20.5%, respectively, which were significantly lower (∈3/3, P<0.01 ) or higher (∈4/3, P<0.01; ∈4, P< 0.05 ) than those in the controls, respectively. The ∈4 frequency was significantly lower in the elderly than in the non elderly group of NIDDM (P<0.05). Conclusion ∈4 increases the risk for vascular complications, especially CHD, and ∈4 may affect the life expectancy of NIDDM patients.

新疆乌鲁木齐市健康体检女性HPV感染情况及其基因型分布分析

目的探讨新疆乌鲁木齐市女性宫颈人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染情况和基因型的分布情况,为预防HPV感染和防治宫颈疾病提供依据。方法以2017年12月-2021年4月于乌鲁木齐市友谊医院体检中心就诊的3870例当地女性为研究对象,所有患者自愿要求接受HPV检测,采用PCR-反向点杂交技术进行HPV基因分型检测。结果3870例女性患者中共检出HPV感染者1281人,总感染率为33.10%。其中高危型感染占85.95%,其中基因型16、52、58的感染率较高;低危型感染占14.05%,其中基因型43、6、42的感染率较高,低危型44未检出。感染模式以单一感染为主,占73.22%;多重感染以双重感染为主,占17.88%。随着年龄的增长,HPV阳性率呈U形曲线分布趋势,高峰分别出现在≤25岁和≥55岁。≤25岁组以16型最为常见,25岁-35岁组以16/52型最为常见,35岁-45岁组16/52组最为常见,45岁-55岁组以52型最为常见,≥55岁组以52型最为常见。结论新疆地区HPV感染率较高,以高危型和单一感染为主,感染高峰出现在年轻组和高龄组。

自愿咨询检测门诊HIV-1新发现感染者治疗前耐药特征和亚型分布

目的了解主动咨询检测的新发现感染者HIV-1耐药株传播水平和亚型分布,探讨该人群治疗前耐药特征。方法为某自愿咨询检测(VCT)门诊报病的HIV-1感染者中主动要求耐药检测的新发现感染者提供检测服务。所有样本分离血浆,提取病毒RNA,采用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增HIV-1 pol区片段,并提交斯坦福耐药数据库,得到治疗前耐药和传播性耐药情况。以MEGA 11比对序列并构建进化树,得到序列亚型。结果共纳入新发现HIV感染者61人,均为男性;年龄35岁以下占73.77%,同性性传播占93.44%;职业以商业服务为主,占68.85%,其次是学生,占14.75%。61人中59人成功扩增目的序列,治疗前耐药率为20.33%,传播性耐药率为1.69%。亚型分布以CRF01_AE为主,占54.24%,其次是CRF07_BC,占32.20%;CRF55_01B、CRF67_BC、CRF68_BC均有发现。其中4条55_01B均检测出耐药株,占总亚型的6.78%,位居第一。结论VCT门诊有利于感染者早发现、早诊断,门诊新发现HIV-1感染者治疗前耐药率较高,应重视治疗前耐药检测,以便制定合适的治疗方案,保证治疗成功率。