如何讲解“普通语言学”中的“Propositional Logic”

研究复合命题真值问题的真值逻辑和自然语言逻辑不尽相同。解释命题、命题逻辑和其涉及的否定、合取、析取、蕴涵和等价等定义,同时分析它们的形式和用法。

Lattice-Valued Proposition Logic(Ⅱ)

In this paper, the syntactical problenss of lattice- valued proptnitional logicsystem LP(X) are discuased , the soundness theorem and the deduction thooremare given, and the adequaey problem of LP(X) is solved with slishtrestriction.

AN EQUIVALENT PROPOSITION TO THE CONJECTURE OF GOLDBACH

In this paper,a formula is given. The formula gives the number of prime number solutions of the indefinite equation p 1+p 2=2n , and based on it, an equivalent proposition to the conjecture of Goldbach is obtained.

Using Vector Representation of Propositions and Actions for STRIPS Action Model Learning

Action model learning has become a hot topic in knowledge engineering for automated planning.A key problem for learning action models is to analyze state changes before and after action executions from observed"plan traces".To support such an analysis,a new approach is proposed to partition propositions of plan traces into states.First,vector representations of propositions and actions are obtained by training a neural network called Skip-Gram borrowed from the area of natural language processing(NLP).Then,a type of semantic distance among propositions and actions is defined based on their similarity measures in the vector space.Finally,k-means and k-nearest neighbor(kNN)algorithms are exploited to map propositions to states.This approach is called state partition by word vector(SPWV),which is implemented on top of a recent action model learning framework by Rao et al.Experimental results on the benchmark domains show that SPWV leads to a lower error rate of the learnt action model,compared to the probability based approach for state partition that was developed by Rao et al.

Implementing Semantic Deduction of Propositional Knowledge in an Extension Multi-layer Perceptron

The paper presents an extension multi-laye r p erceptron model that is capable of representing and reasoning propositional know ledge base. An extended version of propositional calculus is developed, and its some properties is discussed. Formulas of the extended calculus can be expressed in the extension multi-layer perceptron. Naturally, semantic deduction of prop ositional knowledge base can be implement by the extension multi-layer perceptr on, and by learning, an unknown formula set can be found.

Soft-Resolution Method of Six-Element Linguistic Truth-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Propositional Logic

＂In this paper, we construct a six-element intuitionistic linguistic truth-valued fuzzy propositional logic （6LTV-IP） based on the framework of linguistic truth-valued propoitional logic, which can express bath the comparable and incomparable truth values. Truth degree and falsity degree of intuitionistic fuzzy proposition are two truth values with linguistic hedge. With the concrete logic operation of 6LTV-IP, some special properties are obtained. Then based on （α, β）-complementary literals and （a, β）-similar literals, we propose a soft-resolution method of 6LTV-IP.

Methodological Proposition of an Integrated System for Urban Floods Control

In the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, especially in the Itajai valley, there are records of accidents and disasters mainly associated to landslides and floods, which have caused significant damages and losses, including human lives. In order to make the coexistence with such natural disasters possible, most particularly with floods, a integration is required among the technical, political, environmental, and human knowledge. Measures that encompass integrated actions for the entire river basin, with the help from an updated technical cadastre and tools, such as the GIS, allow the development of planning tools that might effectively help the people to live with the water, or else to cope with floods in a more appropriate manner. This paper attempts to propose a methodology for urban flood control, based on the integration among the several public entities involved in the flood control, along with the CTM （Multipurpose Technical Cadastre） and GIS tool. In order to solve or minimize the problems, the model proposed here aims at promoting a balance between the agents involved, and enables to rank the degrees of importance assigned to the different needs, thus allowing to eliminate or to improve those areas and processes that are duplicated or superimposed.

Re-exploring the Sentence-final Particle “LE” in the Propositional Domain, Epistemic Domain and Dialogic Domain

Previous studies interpreting the meanings of the sentence-final particle“LE”displayed two trends:either excessively complicated or excessively general.Since some scholars established a theoretical foundation of propositional domain,epistemic domain and dialogic domain for the sentence-final particle“LE”,the nature or orientation of its semantic property has become more clear.However,there are also defects in the current“Three Domains”research model.In the first place,this model defines the meanings of the sentence-final particle“LE”as“emergence of new propositional content”,“emergence of new epistemic content”,and“emergence of new dialogic content”.But,the definition is excessively abstract and extensive.As many sentences not concluded with the particle“LE”can also express the three mentioned meanings,it fails to explain the difference between sentences ended with particle“LE”and ones without it.Secondly,the model fails to explore and discuss the nature or generation mechanism of relevant meanings of the particle“LE”.This study attempts to find a practical solution to those defects.

Stakeholders＇ Value Proposition Research in the Enterprise Synergy Innovation

Service dominant logic is one brand new economy model and it consider all the participators to be the potential resource integrators. The enterprise should put forward the value proposition with open attitude to achieve the enterprise synergy innovation. This paper analyses the value proposition on the stakeholders in the enterprise synergy innovation and expand the one way value proposition theory to the different stakeholder groups inside and outside of the enterprise. The theoretical significance of this paper is to provide the theoretical reference for the enterprise synergy innovation to establish sustainable and stable stakeholders＇ relationship.

On the Inconsistency of Classical Propositional Calculus

The classical propositional calculus(often called also as“zero-order logic”),is the most fundamental two-valued logical system.It is necessary to construct the classical calculus of quantifiers(often called also as“classical calculus of predicates”or“first-order logic”),which is necessary to construct the classical functional calculus.This last one is being used for formalization of the Arithmetic System.At the beginning of this paper,we introduce a notation and we repeat certain well-known notions(among others,the notions of operation of consequence,a system,consistency in the traditional sense,consistency in the absolute sense)and certain well-known theorems.Next,we establish that classical propositional calculus is an inconsistent theory.

论新质生产力生成的微观机制:价值定位、活动重构与协调适配

新质生产力正在成为推动经济高质量发展的重要着力点,企业作为微观经济主体和科技创新主体,如何向“新”而动,高“质”前行,是当前理论研究中亟须回答的问题。新质生产力更加强调原创性和颠覆性技术创新,这对企业在技术、组织和模式方面都提出了新要求。文章在文献综述的基础上,从价值定位、活动重构和协调适配三个维度分析新质生产力生成的微观机制,进而对高铁、工业互联网和钢铁产业的典型企业进行案例比较分析,得出三点结论:一是独特的价值定位是新质生产力生成的基本前提。在技术路线不明确的行业领域,企业家对独特价值定位的提出起着关键作用。二是价值定位引导一系列新活动涌现、选择和保留,活动重构是新质生产力生成的源动力。技术成熟度的差异会对企业活动重构的边界和主体间关系的稳定性产生不同影响。三是协调适配能力是新质生产力生产的关键组织能力。在不同情境下,协调适配通过技术供给端的推力和市场需求端的拉力平衡来产生作用。因此,国家在政策制定中,要考虑充分发挥企业家作用、激发创新活动持续涌现、促进多元互补活动发生。

红色资源融入高校体育课程思政的价值及路径研究

大学体育作为高等院校的公共必修课,是课程育人的前沿阵地,通过将红色文化资源融入到高校体育课程,开展思政教育,让红色文化资源和高校体育课程有机融合,能够实现红色文化育人、红色文化化人的目标,并充分彰显出高校体育课程在“立德树人”根本任务落实中的重要价值和功能。文章对红色资源的内涵、类型、特点及其融入高校体育课程思政的价值定位进行了介绍,分析了红色资源融入高校体育课程思政的目标指向,分别从明确体育教学目标、调整体育教学内容、搭建数字教育平台三个方面提出了红色资源融入高校体育课程思政的实践路径。

经典逻辑中的模糊命题(Ⅰ)

经典逻辑对命题变元的真值指派为二值的,即为0或1.如果将命题公式中的命题变元的真值指派为[0,1]中的值,则形成了模糊命题,从而形成了模糊逻辑理论.在现有的模糊逻辑中,模糊命题在形式上并不“模糊”,只不过对命题变元做了“模糊”的指派.因此,这种模糊逻辑实际上是“经典命题公式+模糊真值指派”的模糊逻辑.首先在经典命题逻辑中引入了模糊命题的概念,这种模糊命题在形式上就是模糊的,而经典命题是模糊命题的特例.其次,通过对命题变元的二值指派,得到了模糊命题的真值.最后,研究了模糊命题的真值运算性质.研究发现:在经典逻辑系统中引入新的模糊命题的概念后,公式增加了,真值指派没有变,重言式没有减少.本研究可以看作是“模糊命题+二值真值指派”的模糊逻辑.

司法裁判如何安置“社会命题”?

司法裁判中的法律论证要同时运用“规则命题”和“社会命题”。社会命题既能够作为裁判理由增强判决的说服力,又能够成为裁判依据的内容辅助发挥依法裁判的功能。按照说理效果的不同,可区分出法官有强法定义务援引的社会命题,法官有弱法定义务参照的社会命题,以及法官仅有道德义务去参考的社会命题。不同类型的社会命题与规则命题在法律论证的外部证成层面呈现不同的结构关联:一方面,社会命题可以通过实质理由、解释依据或替补性法源的方式与规则命题相融合;另一方面,社会命题也可能与规则命题发生冲突,在依规则裁判优先的前提下通过设定差异化的论证负担来创制例外。由此,社会命题与规则命题共同致力于实现司法裁判的“二阶正确性”。

新课标背景下语文“命题规划”的理解与实践

为落实语文新课标理念、进一步提升命题质量,需重视命题规划。命题规划需统筹考虑多个维度,如目标要求、内容范围与水平标准、考试形式、试卷结构、题型、题量、难度、评分标准等。当前,需依据语文新课标更新部分命题规划维度的所指,从多个维度改进命题规划实践,如立足语文学习任务群立体规划考试内容,进一步贴合语文学科内容领域特性确定试题考查的认知水平,兼顾试卷的显性结构和隐性结构等。命题规划结果可根据实际需要酌情选用相应载体呈现:可以继续沿用并优化“多维细目表”,也可以编制整合分领域命题细目表与相关说明的“命题框架”,以增强命题规划的针对性与弹性。

中国特色档案学的基本范畴与核心命题

新中国成立后,中国特色档案学先后经历了探索期、发展期和创新期三个发展阶段,形成了具有中国特色的档案学学科体系、学术体系与话语体系。新时代的历史方位下,厘清中国特色档案学的学科内核和学理内涵,是保持学科独立性、提升学科话语权、推动学科持续发展的必需之举。本文结合中国特色档案学的历史沿革与研究内容,总结出中国特色档案学的四个基本范畴及其十六个核心命题,并阐释范畴之间的内在逻辑关系。在四个基本范畴中,档案的本质及其形成规律是学科的逻辑起点,档案管理核心环节设计及理论应用是学科的立足之道,档案事业研究及其社会服务是学科的生存之基,档案学理论与方法是学科持续发展的活力之源。总结归纳中国特色档案学的基本范畴与核心命题,有助于更新和延展学科内涵,使档案学以全新的面貌立足于学科之林。

全球信任赤字与重建信任的中国方案

信任是国际政治中各国关系保持稳定,促进国际合作,共同应对全球性问题的前提和基础。近年来,国际力量对比发生深刻变化,国际秩序、国际体系日益呈现不稳定性不确定性发展趋势,大国竞争加剧、世界经济增长乏力、全球性问题日益增多,全球信任日益被削弱,信任赤字成为当前国际社会需要共同应对的一个重要问题。信任赤字会破坏全球共识的达成,影响国际制度的运行以及各国的团结协作。作为负责任大国,中国一直致力于为共同应对全球性挑战、增进国际社会团结互信贡献中国智慧和中国方案。未来,中国可以在理念、方案和行动等方面继续发挥作用,推动各国树立对未来发展和前进目标的信心,树立对共同应对全球性挑战的信心,树立对大国关系以及对全球共同发展和共同迈向现代化的信心,推动世界走向和平、安全、繁荣、进步的光明前景。

依托于翻转课堂模式的医学教育题库建设及优化

题库建设在医学教育中的重要性不言而喻,然而当前的临床教学考核题库存在诸多问题,包括考核与临床的不协调、题库更新的不连贯、命题与学生学习阶段的不配适等。为解决这些问题,本文探索了翻转课堂衔接学生自主命题的教学模式,并分析了翻转课堂应用于题库建设的优势。二者的衔接可以有效建立题库定期更新机制,改善当前医学教育中的题库建设问题,在提升学生自主学习能力的同时,提高教学考核质量。

即时语用推理中的言语行为转喻理论:困境与对策

言语行为转喻理论有两方面不足:仅考虑脚本及其成分(分别相当于话语的施事用意和话语本身)的关系,没有述及成分的字面和隐含脚本之间和成分的字面与隐含命题内容之间的联系,更没有触及它们的推理机制;想当然地认为脚本及其成分所构成的整体-部分关系是即时语用推理迅捷性的保证,没有说明推理的语境依赖性。解决办法有两点:(1)明确字面和隐含施事用意没有转喻联系。隐含施事用意的获取首要取决于命题内容,其次是语境、相邻对和会话的协商性等。(2)隐含命题内容需要通过溯果推理获得,即字面和隐含命题内容之间均可以构成松散的因果关系,是转喻的体现。结论是:即时语用推理涉及转喻,但它只存在于对命题内容的推理之中,所以本文言及的转喻机制和Panther&Thornburg的有本质不同。

江苏省中职职教高考命题研究

中职职教高考是中等职业学校毕业生接受高等职业教育的选拔性考试,考试命题在选拔过程中发挥着重要的基础性作用。以江苏省为例,通过问卷对30所中等职业学校的师生进行调查,用SPSS工具对调查结果进行统计分析,探讨中职职教高考的考试定位。通过完善“文化素质+职业技能”考试招生办法、制定基于课程标准的考试大纲、基于课程核心素养组织命题、采用命题技术控制命题质量等路径,推动职教高考制度发展完善,培养更多高素质技术技能型人才。