Potential of Bamboo Species Guadua trinii and Guadua angustifolia for Nanocellulose Production

Non-traditional lignocellulosic materials are a significant resource for producing high-value products,including nanocellulose.This work studied the nanocellulose obtention from chemical pulps of the two fast-growing bamboo species,Guadua trinii,and Guadua angustifolia.Chemical pulps were produced by soda-anthraquinone(S)pulping from both autohydrolysis-pretreated(H)and unpretreated bamboo chips.Autohydrolysis-pretreated(SHP)and unpretreated soda-anthraquinone(AQ)(SP)pulps were characterized by yield,Kappa number,alpha,beta,and gamma cellulose,degree of polymerization,water retention value,and crystallinity.The nanocellulose was produced by a sequential chemical oxidation treatment(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl,TEMPO reagent)and mechanical nanofibrillation.Nanocellulose was characterized by carboxylic group content and viscosity.The results revealed that autohydrolysis pretreatment resulted in a higher hemicelluloses extraction in G.angustifolia.In contrast,the pulping yield of unpretreated samples was higher for G.trinii,and the soda-AQ pulps from this species exhibited better delignification than the autohydrolysis-pretreated pulps.The crystallinity index values of the obtained pulps were high(>80%),and the alpha-cellulose contents were similar.The viscosities of the aqueous nanocellulose suspensions were higher for the nanocellulose solutions obtained from the unpretreated soda-AQ pulps.Besides,nanocellulose from G.trinii unpretreated soda-AQ pulps had a higher rate of carboxylic groups.The results of this work are significant in assessing the potential of both bamboo species as a source of high-value products within the biorefinery framework because the viscosities of the aqueous nanocellulose suspensions depend on the size and shape of nanofibrils.It has significant importance for industrial unit operations and potential applications.

Alkali and Plasma-Treated Guadua angustifolia Bamboo Fibers:A Study on Reinforcement Potential for Polymeric Matrices

This study focuses on treating Guadua angustifolia bamboo fibers to enhance their properties for reinforcement applications in composite materials.Chemical(alkali)and physical(dry etching plasma)treatments were used separately to augment compatibility of Guadua angustifolia fibers with various composite matrices.The influence of these treatments on the fibers’performance,chemical composition,and surface morphology were analyzed.Statistical analysis indicated that alkali treatments reduced the tensile modulus of elasticity and strength of fibers by up to 40%and 20%,respectively,whereas plasma treatments maintain the fibers’mechanical performance.FTIR spectroscopy revealed significant alterations in chemical composition due to alkali treatments,while plasma-treated fibers showed minimal changes.Surface examination through Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)revealed post-treatment modifications in both cases;alkali treatments served as a cleanser,eliminating lignin and hemicellulose from the fiber surface,whereas plasma treatments also produce rough surfaces.These results validate the impact of the treatments on the fiber mechanical performance,which opens up possibilities for using Guadua angustifolia fibers as an alternative reinforcement in composite manufacturing.

Isolative Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystals from Typha angustifolia

The application potential of cellulosic materials in natural composites and other fields needs to be explored to develop innovative, sustainable, lightweight, functional biomass materials that are also environmentally friendly. This study investigated Typha angustifolia (Typha sp.) as a potential new raw material for extracting cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) for application in wastewater treatment composites. Alkaline treatments and bleaching were used to remove cellulose from the stem fibres. The CNCs were then isolated from the recovered cellulose using acid hydrolysis. The study showed a few distinct functional groups (O-H, -C-H, =C-H and C-O, and C-O-C) in the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the smooth surface of CPC and CNCs, which resulted from removing lignin and hemicellulose from powdered Typha angustifolia. Based on the crystalline index, the powdered Typha angustifolia, CPC, and CNCs were 42.86%, 66.94% and 77.41%. The loss of the amorphous section of the Typha sp. fibre resulted in a decrease in particle size. It may be inferred from the features of a Typha sp. CNC that CNCs may be employed as reinforcement in composites for wastewater treatment.

波动和静止水文情势下小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)的生理生态特征

通过野外调查与控制试验相结合的方法,比较研究了波动和静止两种水文情势下,沼泽化草甸植物——小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)某些生理生态特征(种群密度与高度、叶长、叶宽、茎长、节长以及叶绿素含量)对不同水分条件的响应。结果表明,不同水文情势对小叶章生理生态特征具有明显的影响。波动水文情势下,小叶章种群、形态指标及叶绿素含量总体随水分的增加而减小或下降,但是由于特定水文情势下形成的群落竞争格局的影响,小叶章单优群落分布带上小叶章各指标值明显大于其它水分带;静止水文情势下,小叶章各指标值呈波动变化,30 cm积水处理下的种群密度、高度、叶宽和茎长以及叶绿素含量与其它处理差别显著。波动水文情势下小叶章各指标测定值均大于静止水文情势下的,同一生活史阶段要较静止水文情势下的提前,生长能力较强。湿地水分条件不仅直接影响植物特性,还通过影响植物定植的土壤环境特征及群落内的竞争格局间接作用于植物。不同水分条件下,小叶章的生理生态特征是水分条件直接与间接作用的综合结果。

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)研究现状与展望

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是胡颓子科胡颓子属的一种小乔木,是一种集生态效益与经济效益于一体的资源植物,是西北地区具有开发利用前景的重要资源。对我国上世纪60年代至今对沙枣的研究文献作一综述,包括沙枣果实、花、叶、果核及树液的成分、木材的理化性质、沙枣的生理生态学特性、引种实验、繁殖方法、品种划分等方面的工作。最后提出了沙枣利用中存在的问题及建议。

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)和孩儿拳头(Grewia．biloba G．Don var．parviflora)幼苗气体交换特征与保护酶对干旱胁迫的响应

以沙枣和孩儿拳头2年生盆栽苗为材料,采用称重控水的方法设置4个土壤含水量梯度(CK、T1、T2、T3),研究不同干旱胁迫对沙枣和孩儿拳头气体交换特征与保护酶的影响。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫不仅引起两物种净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度的下降,而且使其日变化曲线在一定程度上发生改变;在轻度(T1)和中度胁迫(T2)下,两物种净光合速率下降主要是由气孔因素引起的,重度胁迫(T3)下,净光合速率下降主要是非气孔因素引起的。(2)随着干旱胁迫增加,沙枣瞬时水分利用效率呈现增加-下降-再增加趋势,孩儿拳头呈现下降趋势;两物种表观光能利用效率显著下降,重度胁迫下(T3),下降率达50%左右,孩儿拳头表观光能利用效率对干旱胁迫比较敏感;两物种表观CO2利用效率总体呈现下降趋势,沙枣表观CO2利用效率日进程经历了单峰(T1)、双峰(T2)、单峰(T3)的变化,孩儿拳头各处理的表观CO2利用效率日变化均呈现单峰曲线。(3)随着干旱胁迫加剧,两物种叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后降低,土壤含水量高于12.8%时,两物种SOD酶活性均高于CK,随着土壤含水量的降低,SOD酶活性低于CK;重度胁迫下(T3),沙枣POD酶活性虽然有所下降,但仍高于CK,而孩儿拳头则和CK无显著差异;两物种CAT酶活性在重度胁迫下(T3)显著低于CK;随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,两物种叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈现升高趋势,孩儿拳头脂质过氧化程度受干旱胁迫的影响较大。

沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia L．）在黄河三角洲盐碱地的应用前景

黄河三角洲是我国三大三角洲之一，总面积达5．4×105 hm2，其中盐碱地面积达70％以上，并且仍在以每年1．3×105 hm2的速度增加．黄河三角洲地区土地盐碱化程度高，夏季降雨集中，春秋季较干旱，这些不利的环境因素导致该地区生态环境比较脆弱，绿化造林难度大，植被覆盖面积小，当地的景观生态系统比较单一．因此，筛选优质抗盐碱树种并建立一套完整的绿化栽培体系，以提高黄河三角洲地区的绿化面积是现在所面临的严峻问题．沙枣由于抗旱耐盐碱成为改良黄河三角洲地区的绿化树种，本文综述了沙枣作为黄河三角洲地区盐碱地绿化树种的应用前景．

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)的大、小孢子发生和雌雄配子发生

小孢子形成为同时型,小孢子在一个四分体中的排列为辐射(两侧)对称。药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层所组成;成熟时仅由表皮和纤维层所组成;药壁的特点为中层一层和腺质(分泌)绒毡层。花粉粒为三角形和具三孔沟的,释放时为2细胞。大孢子的孢原为1—2个细胞,直接起大孢子母细胞功能。胞质分裂横向,大胞子排列是“直线型”,四分体中合点端大孢子为功能大孢子单核胚囊经过三次有丝分裂形成成熟胚囊(雌配子体)。沙枣的胚囊为蓼型(1卵器,3反足细胞和一个2核的中央细胞)。

Study on Introduction and Plantation of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

[Objective] The experiment aimed to explore the possibility of introducing Elaeagnus angustifolia L. in saline land of West Jilin Province for improving local ecological environment. [Method] The Elaeagnus angustifolia L. from Ningxia Province were sown in nursery and practice base of Forestry College in Beihua University to observe their phenophase, growth state, stress resistance and study the relations between survival rate and different cutting medium, grafting methods. [Result] Elaeagnus angustifolia L. could adapt to climate condition in Jilin area and grow well . Among 3 cold-proof measures, there was no freezing injury by soil burial method, although there was 2.8% and 3.9% mortality by covering grassy marshland and winding straw, the cold injury degree was light, so they could go through winter normally. Meanwhile, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. had good saline-alkali tolerance, drought resistance and flood resistance. The successful cutting and graft of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. provided a condition for planting in large-scale and knew the rooting rate of different cutting medium. [Conclusion] Elaeagnus angustifolia L. could be introduced to plant in West Jilin Province.

拟南芥转录共激活子ANGUSTIFOLIA3(AN3)调控花的雄蕊的形成

雄蕊是种子植物产生花粉的重要生殖器官,其是否正常发育关乎到植物的繁殖状况,并且会对农作物的产量造成影响。通过RT-PCR技术鉴定拟南芥转录共激活子ANGUSTIFOLIA3(AN3)的两个敲除突变体an3-1和an3-4;通过形态学检测发现,突变体an3-1和突变体an3-4的雄蕊较野生型雄蕊短,而雌蕊却无明显变化;通过构建AN3启动子GUS表达载体,对Pro-AN3-GUS植株的花组织进行染色,并观察,结果表明,AN3基因在拟南芥的种子胚、成熟的花粉、柱头、花瓣中均有表达。这个结果证明AN3能在拟南芥生殖生长期间在花器官等重要组织中表达,这个结果与an3-1和an3-4的雄蕊变短的结论一致。由此,我们得出结论:拟南芥转录共激活子AN3正向调控花的雄蕊的形成。

冬、春季芦苇(Phragmites australis)和狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia)的腐解过程及其对水质的影响

水生植物修复已经成为水体富营养化修复的重要手段,但其周期性的衰亡也给水体带来不容忽视的负效应.以府河流域丘陵地带农业区小水系自然生长的芦苇(Phragmites australis)和狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia)为研究对象,通过模拟实验,研究其冬季和春季腐烂分解过程的差异以及对水体营养盐水平的影响.结果表明,2种挺水植物的剩余干物质量整体上都呈现先快速下降再缓慢下降的趋势,芦苇和狭叶香蒲春季的分解速率分别为0.0251和0.0169 d^(-1),分别明显高于冬季分解速率(0.0027和0.0052 d^(-1));且腐烂分解速率与植物初始氮磷含量和氮磷比都有一定相关性.2种植物在冬季和春季磷的矿化速率都明显高于氮的矿化速率.实验水体的总氮和总磷浓度在腐解过程呈现初期迅速上升、中期迅速下降、后期缓慢下降的趋势.总体来看,芦苇和狭叶香蒲的腐烂分解受季节和初始氮磷浓度的影响较大,芦苇反应较香蒲更敏感且对水质的影响具有时效性.

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen （N） distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland （TMCW） and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland （MMCW） in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/（m^2·a）, and total inorganic N （TIN） was the main body （0.640 gN/（m^2·a））. The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m^2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m^2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/（m^2·a） and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/（m^2·a）, the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/（m^2·a）, the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/（m^2·a）, the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/（m^2·a）, the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/（m^2·a）, and the soil （0-15 cm） N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/（m^2·a）, respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.

狭叶薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)适应高寒地区生长的生理生态机制研究

为研究狭叶薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)在哈尔滨地区生长的耐寒机制,以其根、枝条、叶片为试验材料,分别检测在春、夏、秋、冬不同季节的生理指标变化,结合营养生长期间枝条、叶片生长变异性和相关性,分析其耐寒的生理生态特性.结果表明:秋季薰衣草叶片和冬季枝条中POD活性显著上升,冬季枝条和叶片中CAT活性显著升高,对低温胁迫造成的损伤发挥了保护作用.在春季植物返青时,细胞内的SOD活性和脯氨酸含量显著升高,发挥抗氧化和渗透调节作用,利于幼苗生长.冬季来临时,根、枝条和叶片中的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著升高,发挥保护细胞增强耐寒性的作用.薰衣草根系和枝条的耐寒性优于叶片,根系、枝条和叶片发挥了不同的抗寒作用.在薰衣草营养生长期间,枝条与叶片生长的相互关系均体现出异速生长规律.枝条与叶片生长的变异性降低,对环境适应性增强,枝条生长的变异性小于叶片生长的变异性,薰衣草从幼苗生长到成熟植株的过程中,叶片对环境变化比枝条更敏感,表型可塑性大.叶片生长对枝条影响的决定系数(R2)大于枝条生长对叶片的影响,表明薰衣草叶片生长对植株的影响更为明显,通过叶片生长的调整提高枝条生长的稳定性,利于植株形态建成,体现出对环境的适应特性.

Plant Diversity Performance After Natural Restoration in Reclaimed Deyeuxia angustifolia Wetland

Deyeuxia angustifolia wetlands were widely distributed in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China. Due to strong demand for food production, large-area wetlands were reclaimed to farmlands, which threatened regional ecological security greatly. Since the 21 th century, returning farmlands to wetlands was widely adopted for natural restoration in the Sangjiang Plain. As the first reflection of wetland restoration, vegetation succession of restored D. angustifolia wetlands should be fully assessed. In this study, vegetation investigation was carried out in three restored D. angustifolia wetlands with 5, 8 and 12 yr restoration, respectively. Meanwhile, a natural D. angustifolia wetland was selected as reference wetland. Results showed that community composition changed greatly and there was visible community succession. Community dominant species changed from composite to gramineae as restoration time increasing.At first, weeds community appeared in the restored wetlands, especially the xerophytes developed to the pioneer species rapidly. And then, mesophytes and wetland species became the dominant species in the restored wetlands. Finally, wetland species, especially D. angustifolia, occupied the dominant position of restored community. Shannon-wiener index(H) and Simpson index(D) both decreased to close to natural D. angustifolia wetlands. Compared with natural D. angustifolia wetland, species composition and diversity in restored wetlands were more complex and higher. As restoration time increasing, there were not significant differences between community characteristics of restored wetlands and natural wetland. All these suggested that vegetation in reclaimed D. angustifolia wetland could be restored naturally, but its restored period is 10 yr at least. From another angle, it is important to protect current natural wetlands.

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m^2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m^2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m^2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m^2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m^2, while there was 1.84 gS/m^2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/（m^2·a）. The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/（m^2·a）, while carbonyl sulfide （COS） was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/（m^2·a）. The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m^2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m^2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.

Extraction, Identification and Antioxidative Properties of the Flavonoid-Rich Fractions from Leaves and Flowers of Cassia <i>angustifolia</i>

Flavonoids identification, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of the extracts from the leaves as well as flowers of Cassia angustifolia were determined. Five different extraction techniques were used for the extraction of flavonoids from leaves and flowers. Total flavonoid contents (TFC) in the extracts were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Individual flavonoids were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ioniza- tion tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS). It has been examined that aqueous ethanol (70%) fractions of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves are highly rich in flavonoids and microwave extraction is the best method for the extraction of individual flavanoid constituents (1 - 9) as well as total flavonoid contents. It was also found that compound 8 was absent in the leaves and compounds 2 and 5 could not be identified. The extracts of C. angustifolia flowers and leaves show strong antioxidant activity.

Two New Sequiterpenoids from Helicteres angustifolia

A new sesquiterpenoid lactone, 3,6,9-trimethyl-pyrano[2,3,4-de]chromen-2-one (1) and a novel sesquiterpenoid quinone, 6-[2-(5-acetyl-2,7-dimethyl-8-oxo-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5- trien-7-yl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-3,9-dimethylnaphtho[1,8-bc]pyran-7,8-dione (2) together with a known perezone (3) were isolated from the roots of Helicteres angustifolia. The structures were elucidated as mainly on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data.

Curcuma angustifolia ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells and Swiss albino rats

Objective:To determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of methanol extract of rhizome of Curcuma angustifolia(MECA)against carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced hepatic damage in vitro and in vivo.Methods:DPPH,ABTS and reducing power assays were performed to estimate the antioxidant effect of MECA.In vitro cytotoxicity of MECA against HepG2 cells was evaluated,whereas serum biochemical parameters and levels of antioxidative enzymes were measured in vivo and in vitro.Additionally,histopathological studies were estimated in order to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy of MECA.Furthermore,GC-MS analysis of the extract was performed to identify the chemical components.Results:MECA exhibited strong antioxidant activity and attenuated CCl4-induced decrease in the viability of HepG2 cells.Additionally,MECA significantly restored the ALT,AST,ALP,TP and albumin level in comparison with the CCl4 group.After pre-treatment with MECA,effects of SOD,CAT and GSH were increased as well as lipid peroxidation amount decreased on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo model.Furthermore,histopathological observation confirmed that MECA reduced liver injury induced by CCl4 in rats.GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as α-tocopherol(12.27%),phytol(7.61%),squalene(3.71%),β-sitosterol(2.19%),eugenol(2.59%),curcumenol(1.20%),β-elemene(1.00%)and eucalyptol(0.89%).Conclusions:MECA contains antioxidant and hepatoprotective constituents such asα-tocopherol,phytol,squalene and eugenol and exerts hepatoprotective effect both in vitro and in vivo.

Two new nonacosanetriols from the pollen of Typha angustifolia

Chemical investigation of the pollen of Typha angustifolia Linn.has led to the isolation of two new nonacosanetriols,7,8,10- nonacosanetriol(1) and 7,9,10-nonacosanetriol(2).Their structures were elucidated by chemical reaction and spectral analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak activity of antiplatelet aggregation in vitro.

Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Tundra Vegetation Undergoing Invasion by Deyeuxia angustifolia in Changbai Mountains

In recent years, herbaceous species such as Deyeuxia angustifolia （Kom.） Y. L. Chang has invaded alpine tundra regions of the western slope of the Changbai Mountains. Because atmospheric nitrogen deposition is predicted to increase under a warming climate and D. angustifolia is sensitive to nitrogen addition, field experiments were conducted from 2010 to 2013 to determine the effect of increased nitrogen deposition on the mechanisms of D. angustifolia invasion. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of increased nitrogen deposition on the changes in alpine tundra vegetation （consisting mostly of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. and Vaccinium uliginosum Linn.）. The results showed that： 1） simulated nitrogen deposition affected overall characteristics and structure of R. chrysanthum and E uliginosum communities and had a positive impact on the growth of tundra vegetation invaded by 1）. angustifolia; 2） R. chrysanthum was more resistant to invasion by D. angustifolia than V.. uliginosum; 3） simulated nitrogen deposition could improve the growth and enhance the competitiveness of D. angustifolia, which was gradually replacing R. chrysanthum and V. uliginosum and might become the dominant species in the system in future, transforming alpine tundra into alpine meadow in the Chanebai Mountains.