The biotransformation of artemisinin by hairy root cultures ofRheum palmatum L. was investigated for the first time. The main product, deoxyartemisinin, was isolated and characterized on the basis of its spectral data.
Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR(qRT-PCR)technology has been extensively used to estimate gene expression levels,and the selection of appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis is critically impo...Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR(qRT-PCR)technology has been extensively used to estimate gene expression levels,and the selection of appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis is critically important for obtaining authentic normalized data.Acer palmatum is an important colorful leaf ornamental tree species,and reference genes suitable for normalization of the qRT-PCR data obtained from this species have not been investigated.In this study,the expression stability of ten candidate reference genes,namely,Actin3,Actin6,Actin9,EF1α,PP2A,SAMDC,TIP41,TUBα,TUBβand UBQ10,in two distinct tissues(leaves and roots)of A.palmatum under four different abiotic stress conditions(cold,heat,salt and drought)were investigated and assessed using three statistical methods(GeNorm,NormFinder and BestKeeper).The combinations of reference genes that showed stability in the different stressed samples differed.Specifically,Actin6,UBQ10 and Actin9 were the most stable reference genes in all the samples,and Actin3 and Actin6 wexre stably expressed in cold-stressed leaves and roots.Actin3,Actin6 and UBQ10 were identified as an appropriate combination of reference genes for the analysis of heat-stressed leaves and roots,whereas the combination of Actin9,UBQ10 and Actin6 was deemed the most suitable for the analysis of salt-stressed leaves and roots.Similarly,Actin6 and UBQ10 exhibited stable expression in drought-stressed leaves and roots.Furthermore,the expression levels of CBF,Cu/Zn-SOD and HsfA1 were estimated to determine the reliability of the reference genes assessed in this study.This study revealed stable reference genes in A.palmatum that might be used for the normalization of qRT-PCR data obtained under various abiotic stresses.展开更多
Objective:This work aimed to report the first complete mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)of Rheum palmatum,summarize the features of Caryophyllales mitogenomes,and to reveal the potential of utilizing the mitogenomes of...Objective:This work aimed to report the first complete mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)of Rheum palmatum,summarize the features of Caryophyllales mitogenomes,and to reveal the potential of utilizing the mitogenomes of R.palmatum and other Caryophyllales species for inferring phylogenetic relationships and species identification.Methods:Both Illumina short reads and PacBio HiFi reads were utilized to obtain a complete mitogenome of R.palmatum.A variety of bioinformatics tools were employed to characterize the R.palmatum mitogenome,compare the reported mitogenomes in Caryophyllales and conduct phylogenetic analysis.Results:The mitogenome of R.palmatum was assembled into a single master circle of 302,993 bp,encoding 35 known protein-coding genes,18 transfer RNA genes,and three ribosome RNA genes.A total of 249 long repeats and 49 simple sequence repeats were identified in this mitogenome.The sizes of mitogenomes in Caryophyllales varied from 253 kb to 11.3 Mb.Among them,23 mitogenomes were circular molecules,one was linear,and one consisted of relaxed circles,linear molecules,and supercoiled DNA.Out of the total mitogenomes,11 were single-chromosome structure,whereas the remaining 14 were multi-chromosomal organizations.The phylogenetic analysis is consistent with both the Engler system(1964)and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system.Conclusions:We obtained the first mitogenome of R.palmatum,which consists of a master circle.Mitogenomes in Caryophyllales have variable genome sizes and structures even within the same species.Circular molecules are still the dominant pattern in Caryophyllales.Single-chromosome mitogenomes account for nearly a half of all the mitogenomes in Caryophyllales,in contrast to previous studies.It is feasible to utilize mitochondrial genomes for inferring phylogenetic relationships and conducting species identification.展开更多
文摘The biotransformation of artemisinin by hairy root cultures ofRheum palmatum L. was investigated for the first time. The main product, deoxyartemisinin, was isolated and characterized on the basis of its spectral data.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700628)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20170602)Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(17)1004).
文摘Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR(qRT-PCR)technology has been extensively used to estimate gene expression levels,and the selection of appropriate reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis is critically important for obtaining authentic normalized data.Acer palmatum is an important colorful leaf ornamental tree species,and reference genes suitable for normalization of the qRT-PCR data obtained from this species have not been investigated.In this study,the expression stability of ten candidate reference genes,namely,Actin3,Actin6,Actin9,EF1α,PP2A,SAMDC,TIP41,TUBα,TUBβand UBQ10,in two distinct tissues(leaves and roots)of A.palmatum under four different abiotic stress conditions(cold,heat,salt and drought)were investigated and assessed using three statistical methods(GeNorm,NormFinder and BestKeeper).The combinations of reference genes that showed stability in the different stressed samples differed.Specifically,Actin6,UBQ10 and Actin9 were the most stable reference genes in all the samples,and Actin3 and Actin6 wexre stably expressed in cold-stressed leaves and roots.Actin3,Actin6 and UBQ10 were identified as an appropriate combination of reference genes for the analysis of heat-stressed leaves and roots,whereas the combination of Actin9,UBQ10 and Actin6 was deemed the most suitable for the analysis of salt-stressed leaves and roots.Similarly,Actin6 and UBQ10 exhibited stable expression in drought-stressed leaves and roots.Furthermore,the expression levels of CBF,Cu/Zn-SOD and HsfA1 were estimated to determine the reliability of the reference genes assessed in this study.This study revealed stable reference genes in A.palmatum that might be used for the normalization of qRT-PCR data obtained under various abiotic stresses.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81874339)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2022-I2M-1-018).
文摘Objective:This work aimed to report the first complete mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)of Rheum palmatum,summarize the features of Caryophyllales mitogenomes,and to reveal the potential of utilizing the mitogenomes of R.palmatum and other Caryophyllales species for inferring phylogenetic relationships and species identification.Methods:Both Illumina short reads and PacBio HiFi reads were utilized to obtain a complete mitogenome of R.palmatum.A variety of bioinformatics tools were employed to characterize the R.palmatum mitogenome,compare the reported mitogenomes in Caryophyllales and conduct phylogenetic analysis.Results:The mitogenome of R.palmatum was assembled into a single master circle of 302,993 bp,encoding 35 known protein-coding genes,18 transfer RNA genes,and three ribosome RNA genes.A total of 249 long repeats and 49 simple sequence repeats were identified in this mitogenome.The sizes of mitogenomes in Caryophyllales varied from 253 kb to 11.3 Mb.Among them,23 mitogenomes were circular molecules,one was linear,and one consisted of relaxed circles,linear molecules,and supercoiled DNA.Out of the total mitogenomes,11 were single-chromosome structure,whereas the remaining 14 were multi-chromosomal organizations.The phylogenetic analysis is consistent with both the Engler system(1964)and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system.Conclusions:We obtained the first mitogenome of R.palmatum,which consists of a master circle.Mitogenomes in Caryophyllales have variable genome sizes and structures even within the same species.Circular molecules are still the dominant pattern in Caryophyllales.Single-chromosome mitogenomes account for nearly a half of all the mitogenomes in Caryophyllales,in contrast to previous studies.It is feasible to utilize mitochondrial genomes for inferring phylogenetic relationships and conducting species identification.
