Bonding enhancement of cold rolling TA1 P-Ti/AA6061 composite plates via surface oxidation treatment

TA1 P-Ti/AA6061 composite plate was produced by oxidizing the surface of the titanium plate and adopting a cold roll bonding process.The results revealed that the oxide film(Ti6O)prepared on the surface of TA1 pure titanium was easy to crack during the cold roll bonding,thereby promoting the formation of an effective mechanical interlock at the interface,which can effectively reduce the minimum reduction rate of the composite plates produced by cold rolling of titanium and aluminium plates.Moreover,the composite plate subjected to oxidation treatment exhibited high shear strength,particularly at a 43%reduction rate,achieving a commendable value of 117 MPa.Based on oxidation treatment and different reduction rates,the annealed composite plates at temperatures of 400,450,and 500°C displayed favorable resistance to interface delamination,highlighting their remarkable strength-plasticity compatibility as evidenced by a maximum elongation of 31.845%.

温态超声冲击强化对AA6061-T6空蚀行为的影响

目的进一步提高超声冲击处理对AA6061-T6抗空蚀性能的强化效果。方法通过不同温度(RT、50、100和150℃)温态超声冲击强化处理,结合冲击强化与动态应变时效(DSA)的优点,获得应变速率更高、密度位错更高的塑性变形强化层,以提高其抗空蚀性能。利用X射线衍射技术(XRD)、金相显微镜研究了强化层的微观组织。利用显微硬度仪研究了强化层深度方向的硬度分布。利用超声振动空蚀平台、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜,研究了强化试样的空蚀性能及空蚀机理。结果随温度的升高,强化后的铝合金近表层分别形成30、50、70、90μm的晶粒细化层,表面择优取向由(200)转变为(111);强化温度为50℃时的表面显微硬度最高,较原始试样提高了108.2%;经300 min空化腐蚀后,常温、50、100、150℃条件下处理的超声冲击试样的抗空蚀性能分别是未处理试样的1.77、2.03、1.49和1.38倍;温态冲击强化后,试样的空化腐蚀损伤机制不仅包括初始的韧性断裂破坏,还增加了脆性及疲劳损伤形式。结论经过温态超声冲击强化处理后,AA6061-T6的抗空蚀性能随温度的升高呈先增后减的趋势,强化温度为50℃时最优。强化试样的抗空蚀性能提高归因于表面硬度增加、晶粒细化和择优取向转变等多种因素的综合作用。

Formability and strengthening mechanism of AA6061 tubular components under solid granule medium internal high pressure forming

A new technological process of tube forming was developed, namely solution treatment → granule medium internal high pressure forming → artificial aging. During this process, the mechanical properties of AA6061 tube can be adjusted by heat treatment to satisfy the process requirements and the processing method can also be realized by granule medium internal high pressure forming technology with the features of convenient implementation, low requirement to equipment and flexible design in product. Results show that, at a solution temperature of 560 ℃ and time of 120 min, the elongation of AA6061 increases by 313%, but the strength and the hardness dramatically decrease. At an aging temperature of 180 ℃ and time of 360 min, the strength and hardness of AA6061 alloy are recovered to the values of the as-received alloy. The maximum expansion ratio（MER） of AA6061 tube increases by 25.5% and the material properties of formed tube reach the performances of raw material.

AA6061铝合金冷轧过程中织构的演变与断裂机制

对商业用21.5 mm厚度的AA6061铝合金板材进行520℃/3 h固溶处理后,热轧到10 mm厚度,然后冷轧,冷轧变形量分别为21%、59%、78%和90%。通过拉伸性能测试、取向分布函数(ODF)、扫描电镜(SEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)及透射电镜(TEM)等对该合金在冷轧过程中的织构演变、以及冷轧变形量对合金力学性能与断裂机制的影响进行研究。结果表明:随冷轧变形量增加,AA6061铝合金的变形织构逐渐增强,再结晶织构逐渐减弱;合金的抗拉强度随变形量增大而增加,变形量为90%时抗拉强度从热轧态的220 MPa提高到320 MPa;材料的屈服强度与抗拉强度大致相等,两者的变化相仿;随变形量增加,合金的断裂机制由韧窝型断裂转变为韧窝型断裂与沿晶型断裂并存的混合型断裂;伸长率下降,变形量为90%时,伸长率从热轧态的19%左右下降到4.5%。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of cryo-rolled AA6061 Al alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the age hardening AA6061 Al alloy subjected to cryo-rolling（CR） and room temperature rolling（RTR） treatments were investigated. The rolled and aged alloys were analyzed by using DSC, EBSD, TEM, Vickers hardness analysis and tensile test. The results show that the cryo-rolled treatment has an effect on the precipitation sequence of AA6061 Al alloy. The ultrafine grain structures are formed to promote the fine second phase particles to disperse in the aluminum matrix after the peak aging, which is attributed to lots of dislocations tangled in the rolling process. Therefore, the strength and ductility of AA6061 Al alloy are simultaneously modified after the cryo-rolling and aging treatment compared with room temperature rolled one.

AA6061铝合金超声波金属焊接计算分析模型

实现AA6061铝合金超声波金属焊接有效连接的关键机制是表面效应和体积效应。表面效应是焊接接头界面的摩擦;而体积效应存在于整个焊接过程中,影响了金属工件成形应力和形变。基于超声波焊接的关键机制建立了AA6061铝合金的材料模型和界面接触摩擦模型,依托ABAQUS有限元软件进行了铝合金超声波焊接的热-机耦合数值模拟分析。结果表明:与超声焊极相接触的铝合金界面产生最高温度和剧烈塑性变形,但低于母材熔点温度值。当焊极压力175 MPa,振幅8.4μm,加载时间60 ms时,界面最高温升至357.5℃,随着超声焊极压力持续增加铝合金表面发生粘焊。

高阻尼AA6061/SiCp/石墨复合材料的制备与性能

介绍采用粉末冶金法制备ＡＡ６０６１／ＳｉＣｐ／石墨混杂金属基复合材料的工艺过程，并对复合材料的力学和阻尼性能进行了初步探讨。粉末冶金法制备的ＡＡ６０６１／ＳｉＣｐ／石墨混杂金属基复合材料中增强增阻颗粒分布均匀，其体积分数可精确控制，加之制备温度低，可避免有害的界面反应。ＳｉＣ颗粒作为增强剂能够增加复合材料的刚度和强度，而石墨颗粒为增阻剂可以提高复合材料的阻尼特性。试验结果表明，能够应用粉末冶金法制备既具有良好力学性能又具有优异阻尼性能的新型结构─—功能材料 ＡＡ６０６１／ＳｉＣｐ／石墨混杂金属基复合材料。

纳米SiC颗粒强化AA6061的磨粒磨损行为

实验制备了纳米SiC颗粒强化AA6061基材料,并考察了其微观组织、硬度及磨损性能.结果表明:在20 N载荷下,强化试样的磨损率及摩擦系数均低于AA6061基体,其中0.6%SiC/AA6061复合材料的磨损率较基体降低50%.这主要是由于SiC颗粒自身良好的载荷承载能力,加之增强颗粒/基体间界面良好的结合,使SiC颗粒的添加提高了复合材料的磨损抗力.同时,促进了富铁机械转移层的形成,降低了摩擦系数和磨损率.AA6061基体和强化材料在20 N载荷下的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损.

AA6061管锥形模轴压失稳起皱过程建模仿真

管轴压成形省力、高效,但极易发生失稳起皱。通过试验与正交数值模拟相结合,对AA6061铝合金管在锥形模上的轴压失稳起皱进行了研究。在建模过程中建立了AA6061铝合金管材的本构关系,解决了建模过程中的动态加载、求解控制等关键问题,建立并验证了管轴压失稳起皱的有限元模型。通过有限元模拟与试验相结合,分析了模具半锥角对管轴压失稳起皱过程的影响。结果发现,模具半锥角对管轴压失稳过程中的变形方式及位置、管壁应力状态、临界失稳力等均产生重要影响。

超声波冲击技术对AA6061-T6空蚀行为的影响

AA6061-T6铝合金因较高的比强度、良好的可成型性广泛应用于汽车工业中,但较差的空蚀性能极大的降低了其使用寿命。利用超声波冲击技术在AA6061-T6表面制备了塑性形变强化层,研究塑性形变强化层的微观组织、残余应力及显微硬度分布和抗空蚀性能。结果表明,超声波冲击强化后铝合金表面择优取向由原始的(200)转变为(111),并形成约140μm塑性变形层。与未强化试样相比,强化试样表面显微硬度提高了80.7%,并形成140μm硬化层;表面植入残余压应力达到-259 MPa,残余压应力层深达到700μm。超声波冲击强化处理后的空蚀性能提高2.36倍;空蚀表面形貌分析表明强化后试样空蚀机制由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂和疲劳破坏。研究表明超声波冲击强化后试样表面晶粒细化、择优取向转变、硬度提高以及较高残余压应力等增强了材料的抗空蚀性能。

Corrosion evaluation of friction stir welded lap joints of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Corrosion behavior of friction stir lap welded AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy was investigated by immersion tests in sodium chloride + hydrogen peroxide solution. Electrochemical measurement by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to characterize corrosion morphology and to realize corrosion mechanism of weld regions as opposed to the parent alloy. The microstructure and shear strength of welded joint were fully investigated. The results indicate that, compared with the parent alloy, the weld regions are susceptible to intergranular and pitting attacks in the test solution during immersion time. The obtained results of lap shear testing disclose that tensile shear strength of the welds is 128 MPa which is more than 60% of the strength of parent alloy in lap shear testing. Electrochemical results show that the protection potentials of the WNZ and HAZ regions are more negative than the pitting potential. This means that the WNZ and HAZ regions do not show more tendencies to pitting corrosion. Corrosion resistance of parent alloy is higher than that for the weldments, and the lowest corrosion resistance is related to the heat affected zone. The pitting attacks originate from the edge of intermetallic particles as the cathode compared with the Al matrix due to their high self-corrosion potential. It is supposed that by increasing intermetallic particle distributed throughout the matrix of weld regions, the galvanic corrosion couples are increased, and hence decrease the corrosion resistance of weld regions.

Microstructure of stir zone in dissimilar friction stir welds of AA6061-T6 and AZ31 alloy sheets

This study was performed to investigate microstructure of dissimilar friction stir welds manufactured with AA6061-T6 and AZ31 alloy sheets. Dissimilar butt joints were fabricated under the ＇off-set＇ condition that tool plunge position shifted toward AZ31 from the interface between AA6061-T6 and AZ31. Optimized tool rotating speed and its traveling speed were selected through a lot of preliminary experiments. Electron back-scatter diffraction （EBSD） technique was applied to measure texture in the stir zone （SZ）. Grain size distribution and misorientation angle distribution were also obtained. A remarkably fine-grained microstructure was observed in the SZ. Randomized or weaker plane orientations were formed in the SZ of AA6061-T6, while rotated basal plane orientations were concentrated in the SZ of AZ31. Average size of recrystallized grains was measured as just 2.5—4.5 μm. The fraction of high-angle boundary in the SZ of AA6061-T6 increased and that of low-angle boundary in the SZ of AZ31 decreased compared with the base metals.

Effect of post weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of gas tungsten arc welded AA6061-T6 alloy

Double-V butt TIG welding process was performed on two plates of AA6061-T6 using ER5356 filler. The microstructure,mechanical and nanomechanical properties of the joint were evaluated in as-welded and after post weld heat treatment (PWHT) usingXRD, FESEM, EBSD, nanoindentation and tensile tests. The results show that PWHT led to microstructural recovery of the heataffected zone (HAZ) in addition to the appearance of β-phase (Al3Mg2) at the grain boundaries of weld zone. The hardness (Hnano) inall zones increased after PWHT while the elastic modulus (Enano) was improved from 69.93 GPa to 81 GPa in weld area. All resultsindicate that PWHT has created a homogenous microstructure in the weld zone in addition to outstanding improvement inmechanical properties for the weld zone which surpass the base metal.

DP590钢/AA6061-T6铝合金异种金属对接搅拌摩擦焊温度场的数值模拟

为了研究DP590钢和AA6061-T6铝合金异种金属对接搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对温度场的影响,优化实际焊接时工艺参数的可选择范围,首先建立了异种金属对接搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头摩擦生热的热输入模型,然后运用ABAQUS软件模拟出DP590钢和AA6061-T6铝合金对接搅拌摩擦焊的温度场,研究焊接过程中异种板材温度场的分布规律,最后通过调整焊接参数模拟出接头的温度分布,对比分析搅拌头偏置位置、焊接参数对接头温度场的影响。结果表明:钢铝异种金属对接搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中的最高温度处位于DP590钢板侧,搅拌针偏置主要影响钢板的温度分布,搅拌头转速是影响焊接接头温度场的主要因素。

Optimization of process parameters for producing AA6061/SiC nanocomposites by friction stir processing

Design of experiment （DOE） was applied to determining the most important factors which influence ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of AA6061/SiC nanocomposites produced by friction stir processing （FSP）. Effect of four factors, including rotational speed, transverse speed, tool penetration depth and pin profile, on UTS, was investigated. By Taguchi method, the optimum of process parameters were determined. Analysis of variance shows that the rotational speed is the most influential parameter. The statistical results depict that UTS for threaded pin is larger than that for square pin. Also, the higher the rotational speed and the lower the transverse speed, the higher the UTS.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of rutile-reinforced AA6061 matrix composites produced via stir casting process

A novel process of fabricating aluminium matrix composites(AMCs)with requisite properties by dispersing rutile particles in the aluminum matrix was studied.A novel bi-stage stir casting method was employed to prepare composites,by varying the mass fractions of the rutile particles as 1%,2%,3%and 4%in AA6061 matrix.The density,tensile strength,hardness and microstructures of composites were investigated.Bi-stage stir casting method engendered AMCs with uniform distribution of the reinforced rutile particles in the AA6061 matrix.This was confirmed by the enhancement of the properties of AMCs over the parent base material.Rutile-reinforced AMCs exhibited higher tensile strength and hardness as compared with unreinforced parent material.The properties of the composites were enhanced with the increase in the mass fraction of the rutile particles.However,beyond 3 wt.%of rutile particles,the tensile strength decreased.The hardness and tensile strength of the AMCs reinforced with 3 wt.%of rutile were improved by 36%and 14%respectively in comparison with those of matrix alone.

轧制及时效对AA6061深冷力学性能的影响

采用冷轧和低温时效工艺制备了AA6061带材,测试了带材在室温和深冷温度(-100℃)下的拉伸力学性能。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜分析了带材的微观组织。结果表明,轧制压下率为50%、120℃时效30 h的带材,其深冷拉伸极限抗拉强度与室温拉伸极限抗拉强度的最大差值为37.7 MPa,最小差值为140℃时效30 h时的2.1 MPa。随着时效时间的延长,深冷性能先增加后降低。试样在140℃下的整体性能低于120℃,这是由于材料出现了过时效。随着轧制压下率、时效时间和温度的增加,材料的晶格摩擦应力、位错强化和析出强化逐渐接近极限值,室温拉伸试样与深冷拉伸试样的强度差逐渐减小。

Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of conventional and refilled friction stir spot welds in AA6061-T6 using filler plate

Friction stir spot welding with refilling by friction forming process （FSSW-FFP） was successfully modified using filler plate. Both of this new refilling technique and conventional friction stir spot welding （FSSW） process were used to weld A1 6061-T6 lap shear specimens and the results were compared. Effects of tool rotational speeds on mechanical and metallurgical properties in both the cases were studied. Static shear strength of refilled weld samples was found to be better than those welded by conventional FSSW process at all tool rotational speeds. This is explained in terms of effective increase in cross-sectional area of weld nugget due to addition of more material from filler plate, thereby eliminating the probe hole. Failure mechanisms were discussed and fracture surfaces were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The hardness profile of the welds exhibited a W-shaped appearance in both the processes and the minimum hardness was measured in the HAZ.

AA6061铝合金钛-锆化学转化工艺的研究

以H2TiF6、H2ZrFe6为主成膜剂,通过添加水杨酸和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O,在AA6061铝合金表面制备了钛-锆转化膜。通过单因素试验,得到了AA6061铝合金钛-锆化学转化的最佳配方为:H2TiF6 4mL/L,H2ZrF6 0.4 mL/L,水杨酸0.35 g/L,Ce(No3)3·6H2O 0.14g/L,反应温度30℃,反应时间120s,pH值4.0。钛-锆化学转化处理能够明显提高AA6061铝合金的耐蚀性。

Effect of pin penetration depth on double-sided friction stir welded joints of AA6061-T913 alloy

Friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys is currently utilized in several modern industries. The joints must have sufficient elastic?plastic response and formability levels similar to that of the base metal. In this work, double-sided FSW of AA6061 sheet was compared with its conventional single-sided one. An adjustable tool with different pin lengths (50%?95% of the sheet thickness) was used to perform the double-sided welds. Macro- and micro-structures, strength, and hardness of the joints were investigated to determine the optimum pin penetration depth. The best results were obtained for a double-sided joint made by a pin length equal to 65% of the sheet thickness, which showed an increase of 41% in the ultimate tensile strength compared with the single-sided joint.