Radio Interference Characteristic of Ultra-high Voltage AC Transmission Lines by Using Stochastic Modeling

For developing ultra-high voltage(UHV) AC power transmission systems,it is important to precisely estimate and to limit the radio interference(RI) level of power lines.Based on the stochastic characteristics in amplitude and repetition rate of induced corona current,by using the probability theory and mathematical statistics,we establish a stochastic model for the wide-sense stationary random process of corona discharges.Then combining the stochastic model with model-propagation-analysis method,the RI levels under three-phase UHV AC transmission lines are calculated.The results of the calculation based on stochastic model method and International Council on Large Electric Systems(CIGRE) excitation function are compared with that based on semi-empirical method and some other excitation functions.The stochastic model based on different excitation functions is also adopted to simulate the RI levels under finite test lines with two opened terminations.The results indicate that with the same average maximum gradient on conductor surface and the same conductor type,the number of corona discharge per unit length is one of the main reasons that causes the difference between different excitation functions.It is also concluded that for a long test line,the effect of standing wave on RI field strength is negligible in the middle of the line,but obvious near both terminations: for a 10-km line,the maximum difference in RI field strength is 2.78 dB,between the peak value of the standing wave near the ends and the steady value near the middle of the line.

Design of a New Intelligent Anti-voltage Sag Control Module for AC Contactors

智能抗电压跌落交流接触器多使用在连续生产的企业中，不允许意外断电，针对这一特点，设计一款新型智能抗电压跌落控制模块，具有交流供电模式和控制模块直流可控供电模式。当控制模块正常时，通过控制模块给交流接触器线圈供电，具有直流无声运行、抗电压跌落等功能；一旦控制模块自身发生严重故障，起动转换电路，切断控制模块，通过有触点开关直接提供交流电给交流接触器线圈，维持生产系统正常工作，同时发出报警信号，在系统正常停机的情况下更换控制模块。详细分析了该智能控制模块的工作原理，尤其对开关电源的设计及有触点开关与无触点开关构成的转换电路进行分析，并进行仿真与实验研究。仿真和实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

A High Capacity and Working Voltage Potassium-Based Dual Ion Batteries

Potassium-based dual ion batteries(KDIBs)have attracted significant attention owing to high working voltage,high safety,low processing cost,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,one great challenge for practical KDIBs is to develop suitable anode materials with high specific capacity.Herein,we report an architecture of hierarchically porous antimony nanoparticles/carbon nanofibers(HPSb CNFs)as flexible,free-standing anode for high-performance KDIBs.The HPSb CNFs with hierarchically porous structure,and high-content nitrogen doping,not only offer sufficient free space to tolerate the repetitive volume expansion of Sb nanoparticles during long-term cycling,but also greatly facilitate the transport of electrons and ions within electrode,ensuring high material utilization ratio.Thus,the KDIBs,constituted by HPSb CNFs-700(calcined at 700°C)anode and graphite cathode,exhibited a high reversible capacity of 440 m Ah g^(-1)with high discharge medium voltage of 4.5 V at a specific current of 200 m A g^(-1)(the highest capacity for all KDIBs normalized by the mass of the anode),and excellent cyclic life.Outstanding electrochemical reversibility of the KDIBs was further demonstrated by ex situ XRD,ex situ Raman spectrum,and HRTEM.These results suggest the as-designed HPSb CNFs-700 with highcapacity and long-term cycling stability is a promising anode material for high-performance KDIBs.

Repeated Strike Process During Disconnector Operation in Ultra-High Voltage Gas-Insulated Switchgear

Very fast transient over-voltage （VFTO）, induced by disconnector operations in gas- insulated switchgears, has become the limiting dielectric stress at ultra-high voltage levels. Much work has been done to investigate single-strike waveforms of VFTO. However, little study has been carried out investigating the repeated strike process, which would influence VFTO significantly. In this paper, we carried out 450 effective experiments in an ultra-high voltage test circuit, and conducted calculations through the Monte Carlo simulation method, to investigate the repeated strike process. Firstly, the mechanism of the repeated strike process is proposed, based on the ex- perimentai results. Afterwards, statistical breakdown characteristics of disconnectors are obtained and analyzed. Finally, simulations of the repeated strike process are conducted, which indicate that the dielectric strength recovery speed and polarity effect factor have a joint effect on VFTO. This study enhances the understanding of the nature of VFTO, and may help to optimize the disconnector designed to minimize VFTO.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma actuation driven by radio frequency voltage at low pressure

The electrical and thermal characterization of near-surface electrical discharge plasma driven by radio frequency voltage are investigated experimentally in this paper. The influences of operating pressure, electrode distance, and duty cycle on the discharge are studied. When pressure reaches 60 Ton. （1 Torr= 1.33322 x 102 Pa） the transition from diffuse glow mode to constricted mode occurs. With the operating pressure varying from 10 Tort to 60 Torr, the discharge energy calculated from the charge-voltage （Q-V） Lissajous figure decreases rapidly, while it remains unchanged between 60 Torr and 460 Torr. Under certain experimental conditions, there exists an optimized electrode distance （8 mm）. As the duty cycle of applied voltage increases, the voltage-current waveforms and Q-V Lissajous figures show no distinct changes.

Automated Multi-Meter Method for the Scaling of Low AC Voltage from 200 mV to 2 mV

A set of seven single junction thermal converter Micropotentiometers (μPots) has been constructed at the National Institute for Standards (NIS), Egypt. This set has been built to cover the low ac voltage ranges from 2 mV to 200 mV at frequencies from 40 Hz up to 20 kHz. The construction of the μPots set has been presented and an adopted calibration method has been performed as well. This method has been performed by means of a step-down procedure using a Digital Multi-Meter (DMM). The scaling procedures have been carried out in sequential steps starting from the calibration of the 200 mV-μpot by using DMM that is accurately calibrated at its 200 mV ac voltage range down to 2 mV-μPot. Furthermore, a new automatic calibration system has been established to achieve the scaling procedures. This system has been specially designed using Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) software to overcome the deficiencies of manual methods. The automatic calibration has been investigated of all mPots at different frequencies. The ac-dc differences for the μPots and their uncertainty evaluation from 2 mV to 200 mV at different frequencies from 40 Hz to 20 kHz have been determined.

Effect of Driving AC Voltage Frequency on Breakdown Voltage in Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure in Helium

For dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)driven by AC voltage in helium at atmospheric,the relationship between the breakdown voltage and the driving frequency is experimentally investigated using a pair of parallel electrodes.The gap between the electrodes is 1 mm,4 mm,7 mm,and 10 mm,respectively.Meanwhile with an increment of 2 kHz,the applied AC voltage varies from 12 kHz to 30 kHz.In each experiment,the driving voltage increases slowly,till the helium-filled gap breaks down.Based on a number of experimental results and further analyses,conclusions are obtained as follows.(1)For a small gap(1 mm),the voltage that triggers the first breakdown(Uf)is close to the one that sustains steady breakdowns(Us).However,in the larger gaps(4,7,and 10 mm),Uf is obviously larger than Us.(2)For a fixed gap,Uf does not change significantly with the driving frequency,whereas in the gaps except the 1 mm one,Us drastically decreases with the increase of driving frequency.(3)The motion of residual space charges and the dissipation of positive column,two reasonable factors that explains asymmetrical discharges,are also main reasons for the effect of the driving frequency on the breakdown voltages.

Measurement and Simulation of Induced Voltage and Current on 110 KV Crossing Transmission Lines under UHV AC Transmission Lines

The induced electricity of 110 kV transmission lines which cross the UHV AC transmission lines may threaten personal safety of the maintenance staff. In this paper, field measurement of the induced voltage and induced current on a 110 kV crossing line inside Jinhua in Zhejiang province is performed. The electrostatic induced voltage on the measured line is 12.24 kV. The power frequency electromagnetic field simulation model is established, and the calculation results are consistent with the measured. Influence factors analysis shows that the electrostatic induced voltage on the 110 kV line is 12.78 kV, the electromagnetic induced voltage is 12.3 V, the induced current through ground wire is less than 1A when the UHV lines operate at full load. The induced voltage and current decrease while the crossing distance increases. Parallel lines induction is much higher than crossing lines. The electromagnetic induced voltage after ground knife-switch shut down would exceed the human safety voltage 36 V while the crossing angle is less than 30?, so the temporary ground wire must be hanged to ensure safety of the maintenance staff.

Analysis and Design Aspects of a Series Power Semiconductor Array with Digital Waveform Control Capability for Single Phase AC Voltage Regulators and Other Applications

A series connected power semiconductor array, with digital control capability could be used for developing single phase AC regulators or other applications such as AC electronic loads. This technique together with an ordinary gapless transformer could be used to develop a low cost AC voltage regulator (AVR) to provide better or comparable specifications with bulky ferro-resonant AVR types. One primary advantage of the technique is that digital control can be used to minimize harmonics. Commencing with a review of AC voltage regulator techniques for single phase power conditioning systems, an analysis and design aspects of this technique is presented with experimental results for AVRs. Guidelines on how to utilize the technique in a generalized basis is also summarized together with a summary of a technique for achieving harmonic control.

基于标准特征多项式的变电站光储直柔系统双向AC/DC变换器控制策略

为增强变电站光储直柔系统的可靠性,针对其在并网过程中会对变电站电能质量造成不良影响,以及现有设计方法难于工程化问题提出了一种面向工程化的基于标准特征多项式配置方法(SCP)的双向AC/DC变换器控制策略。通过建立变电站光储直柔(PEDF)系统变换器的数学模型,并分析控制器参数对变换器在不同运行模式下的电能质量的影响,然后采用SCP方法来配置闭环系统特征值,分析该方法对抑制并网电流谐波、改善AC/DC变换器并网电能质量的作用,最后对此进行仿真分析并和传统PI控制器效果进行比较,结果表明:所提策略降低了AC/DC变换器在谐波畸变率和并网电流不对称度,系统设计简便,且具有很好地鲁棒性,适合工程实践。

Effects of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics in oil-impregnated pressboard insulation under combined AC–DC voltage

Due to the complexity of the valve side winding voltage of the converter transformer,the insulation characteristics of the oil-impregnated pressboard(OIP)of the converter transformer are different from those of the traditional AC transformer.The study on effect of temperature on the creeping discharge characteristics of OIP under combined AC-DC voltage is seriously inadequate.Therefore,this paper investigates the characteristics of OIP creepage discharge under combined AC-DC voltage and discusses the influence of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics under different temperatures from 70℃to 110℃.The experimental results show that the partial discharge inception voltage and flashover voltage decrease with increasing temperature.The times of low amplitude discharge(LAD)decrease and amplitude of LAD increases.Simultaneously,the times of high amplitude discharge(HAD)gradually in crease at each stage of creepage discharge with higher temperature.The analysis indicates that the charge carriers easily accumulate and quickly migrate directional movement along the electric field ahead of discharging.The residual charge carriers are more easily dissipated after discharging.The'hump'region of LAD moves to the direction of higher discharge magnitude.The interval time between two continuous discharges is shortened obviously.The concentration of HAD accelerates the development of OIP insulation creepage discharge.The temperature had an accelerating effect on the development of discharge in the OIP under applying voltage.

基于改进过压限制器和ACDTS的混联半波长系统故障保护策略

交直流混联半波长输电系统的暂态特性与常规的混联系统存在着很大差异。当混联系统半波长沿线发生不对称故障时,直流系统会受到沿线工频过电压和过电流的冲击。文章详细分析了混联系统半波长沿线故障的传播过程,研究了故障传播耦合机理。针对直流侧过电压问题,提出了在直流母线侧加装改进过压限制器,增设辅助限压通道,分级抑制直流侧过电压,并降低单个通道的电流值,提高了系统保护的限压水平;另一方面,对于直流侧过电流问题,提出了在换流站接口端并联接入双向晶闸管,实现交流系统等效三相短接,隔离交流侧母线馈入的故障过电流,确保换流站设备及线路的安全性。最后利用仿真验证了两种保护策略的可行性。

基于Hexverter的AC/AC系统交流不对称故障控制策略研究

六边形模块化多电平换流器(hexagonal modular multilevel converter,Hexverter)作为一种新型的AC/AC功率变换器,在未来海上风电场并网及低频输电技术中有着广阔的应用前景。为了解决Hexverter在电力系统不对称故障工况的稳定运行,文章首先对Hexverter的拓扑结构和工作原理简要介绍,并对其支路电流、支路功率进行分析。然后,研究其AC/AC系统交流侧不对称故障工况下的控制策略,基于理论推导部分得出的Hexverter六个支路间功率分布的规律(即不相邻的三个支路功率分别相等的特征),设计了子模块电容电压均衡控制方法,共包含两部分控制,分别为六个支路间子模块电容电压均衡控制和每个支路内部n个子模块电容电压之间的均衡控制。考虑到支路电流含有两侧交流系统不同频率成分,基于比例谐振控制器,提出了一种对支路电流直接进行控制的方法。最后,通过算例中稳态工况与故障工况研究分别对其工作原理和文中所提出的控制策略有效性进行验证。结果表明,在二次侧交流系统发生BC相短路故障期间,整个系统保持稳定运行,各个子模块电压始终保持均衡,仿真结果验证了文中所提控制策略的有效性。

Dynamic Behavior and Its Consideration of EHD Liquid Extraction Phenomenon Causing under DC or Low-Frequency AC Voltage

This paper describes an experimental and theoretical study on an extraction phenomenon of liquids occurring at an air gap between the liquid surface and the electrode by applying a direct current (DC) or low-frequency alternating current (AC) voltage. Three liquids with a different physical property;2,3-dihydrodecafluoropenten, palm fatty acid ester oil and crude rapeseed oil are used as working liquids. The electrode configuration is the sphere or plane (high voltage electrode) to grounded plane electrode. The grounded plane electrode is fixed to the bottom of the test vessel with working liquid and the high voltage electrode is installed in an air above the liquid surface against the grounded plane electrode. The liquid surface swells towards the high voltage electrode by the increase of voltage and the liquid is extracted in a short time, thereafter the air gap between the liquid surface and the high voltage electrode is bridged at a thick liquid column. Such the liquid behavior displays unique features with voltage polarity effect for each working liquid. The relationship between the applied voltage, current variation, height of swollen liquid, force pulling liquid and dynamic feature of liquid is examined experimentally. The liquid behavior is considered theoretically based on experimental observations.

采用AC0.69k V为市域线远距离低压电动机配电的应用研究

分析了市域线区间内电动机负荷采用AC 0.69 kV(660 V)供电的可行性与经济性。AC 0.69 k V(660 V)为规范规定的标准电压,低压相关元器件均可在0.69 kV系统中正常运行,其实际运用案例在我国工业领域已数不胜数。研究表明,AC 0.69 kV应用于市域线电动机配电领域是可行的;可选择合适的负荷,由AC 0.69 kV供电,其他负荷的配电方案可按常规的AC 0.4 kV方式供电,2种方案可并行;各市域线项目应根据工程投资估算确定远距离电机配电方案。当负荷的距离及容量合理时,AC 0.69 kV可显著减少工程的总投资。