Practice and Prospect of AC/DC Hybrid Power Grid in Southern China

China Southern Power Grid is a unique EHV AC/DC hybrid transmission network that operates in China. In its service area, the distribution of energy resources and the development of economy are extremely unbalanced, so long-distance and bulk power transmission are needed; besides, the geography and climate conditions are serious, rains, fogs, lightning and typhoon as well as high temperature are common all the year round. Facing these challenges, the power grid enhanced stability control, improved the equipment and strengthen the network structure. In the future, the power grid plans to optimize the disposition of power sources and build digitalized power system.

Research on power electronic transformer applied in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks

The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.

Performance Analysis of Grid Connected and Islanded Modes of AC/DC Microgrid for Residential Home Cluster

This paper presents performance analysis on hybrid AC/DC microgrid networks for residential home cluster. The design of the proposed microgrid includes comprehensive types of Distributed Generators (DGs) as hybrid power sources (wind, Photovoltaic (PV) solar cell, battery, fuel cell). Details about each DG dynamic modeling are presented and discussed. The customers in home cluster can be connected in both of the operating modes: islanded to the microgrid or connected to utility grid. Each DG has appended control system with its modeling that will be discussed to control DG performance. The wind turbine will be controlled by AC control system within three sub-control systems: 1) speed regulator and pitch control, 2) rotor side converter control, and 3) grid side converter control. The AC control structure is based on PLL, current regulator and voltage booster converter with using of photovoltaic Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and inverters to connect to the grid. The DC control system is mainly based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller and boost converter connected to the PV array block and in order to control the system. The case study is used to analyze the performance of the proposed microgrid. The buses voltages, active power and reactive power responses are presented in both of grid-connected and islanded modes. In addition, the power factor, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and modulation index are calculated.

不平衡电网下AC-DC矩阵变换器的新型模型预测控制

为降低AC-DC矩阵变换器在输入不平衡条件下网侧有功功率波动,以及离散型模型预测控制中开关频率不固定的问题,提出一种新型模型预测控制方法。通过根据电网电流相位角选择有效矢量,避免了传统模型预测控制评估价值函数计算的负担。提出了一种二阶扩展复数卡尔曼滤波器,计算精度可以达到泰勒级数展开的二阶项,新型模型预测控制能够在不平衡电网系统中应用。仿真结果表明:所提控制策略在输入电压不平衡工况下,能够有效抑制网侧电流谐波,稳定系统输出的有功功率,并且表现出良好的性能。

电流畸变时AC/DC双向功率变换器的控制策略

在交直流混合微电网中,通过电力电子接口接入的可再生能源和非线性负载会使交流母线电流发生畸变。因此,要求AC/DC双向功率变换器不仅能可靠变换功率以保证交直流子网功率平衡,而且能抑制交流母线谐波电流。该文基于Fryze-Buchholz-Depenbrock(FBD)功率理论的谐波电流检测法,提出一种可以治理交流母线谐波电流的AC/DC双向功率变换器控制策略。该控制策略在实现交直流子网功率传输及母线电压稳定的基础上,还可以通过AC/DC双向功率变换器治理交流母线谐波电流,保证微电网具有良好的电能质量。最后通过仿真和实验验证了该控制策略的有效性。

AC/DC混合输电系统分散协调控制

针对电压源型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)在应用中带来的AC/DC交直流输电系统的协调控制问题,建立了AC/DC数学模型,并对AC/DC提出了一种新的分散最优协调控制模式。在该模式中,逆系统线性化理论被应用于直流输电系统的控制。文中为了与交流电网相配合,将标幺制引入了直流输电系统,并以Lyapunov间接法证明了该闭环非线性系统的稳定性。AC/DC混合输电系统的数值仿真结果表明了该控制策略的有效性和鲁棒性。

交直流混合微电网中双向AC/DC变换器模型预测控制策略

基于模型预测控制理论,提出一种应用于交直流混合微电网的双向AC/DC变换器控制策略,用来平衡交直流子网间的能量流动,使系统能够安全可靠运行。为此,建立双向AC/DC变换器的动态模型,在变换器电压空间矢量有限的条件下,根据系统离散时间模型来预测系统下一采样时刻的输出值,利用价值函数确定开关管的状态。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略可行、有效。

孤立交直流混合微电网双向AC/DC换流器功率控制与电压波动抑制策略

在孤立交直流混合微电网中,对双向AC/DC换流器进行合理控制可以有效实现微网功率的协调分配并提高系统的抗外界干扰能力。将孤立混合微电网中的交流微网和直流微网等效为整合电源,分别给出双向AC/DC换流器交流侧和直流侧的有功功率下垂控制方程,进而提出基于全网功率成比例分配原则的双向AC/DC换流器外环功率控制策略,实现孤立混合微电网的功率平衡和自主分配;同时针对常规比例-积分(proportionalintegral,PI)内环控制无法获得理想的电压动态响应的问题,在对双向AC/DC换流器进行电压波动分析的基础上,提出一种抑制电压波动的双向AC/DC换流器改进内环控制策略,实现换流器电压对参考信号的无静差跟踪,提高下垂控制微电网系统的鲁棒稳定性。仿真结果验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性。

混合级联型HVDC系统的后续换相失败预判方法

白鹤滩—江苏±800k V特高压直流输电工程于2022年7月1日在中国投运,在世界上首次创造性地研发应用了特高压混合级联直流输电新技术方案。基于此系统背景对逆变侧电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)进行具有一定时间裕度的后续换相失败预判。分析了LCC控制器对电气量的控制作用和模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converters,MMC)对LCC的电压支撑作用,明确了混合级联直流输电系统逆变侧LCC发生后续换相失败的机理。推导了逆变侧LCC在首次换相失败后恢复过程末期关断角与故障后线路传输功率最小值的关系,定义了阈值功率的概念。然后建立了关断角与阈值功率的定量关系,提出一种故障后直流传输功率最小值与功率阈值相比较的后续换相失败预判方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了相应的仿真模型,验证了理论分析和预测方法的准确性。

Control of hybrid AC/DC microgrid under islanding operational conditions

This paper presents control methods for hybrid AC/DC microgrid under islanding operation condition.The control schemes for AC sub-microgrid and DC sub-microgrid are investigated according to the power sharing requirement and operational reliability.In addition,the key control schemes of interlinking converter with DC-link capacitor or energy storage,which will devote to the proper power sharing between AC and DC sub-microgrids to maintain AC and DC side voltage stable,is reviewed.Combining the specific control methods developed for AC and DC sub-microgrids with interlinking converter,the whole hybrid AC/DC microgrid can manage the power flow transferred between sub-microgrids for improving on the operational quality and efficiency.

Characteristic Analysis of UHVAC/DC Hybrid Power Grids and Construction of Power System Protection

Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC grids and the different integration performance of renewable energy sources have profoundly changed the stability characteristics of the power system.The traditional stability control system is inadequate for the stability control of UHVAC/DC power grids.This paper analyzes the requirements for constructing an integrated defense system in a UHVAC/DC hybrid power grid(i.e.power system protection).The definition,connotation,and designing principles of power system protection are put forward.The relationship between the power system protection and the traditional three-defense lines is investigated.The design principles,general hardware structure and main functions of a power system protection are presented.Key problems and technologies are specified in the construction of the power system protection.

Comprehensive Control Scheme for an Interlinking Converter in a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid

This paper presents a comprehensive control scheme for the interlinking converter(ILC)in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid consisting of the outer loop flexible power sharing control and the improved robust inner loop control.The outer loop power control of ILC is presented to achieve flexible power sharing of distributed generations(DGs)in the hybrid microgrid,depending on different power management objectives,which is realized based on the deduced balance state equation,and regulating the frequency and DC voltage at the same time.The improved robust inner loop control of ILC is also presented to suppress external disturbance and system model uncertainties with the improved dynamic response.This improved inner loop control which includes a disturbance observer link,can force the converter current to track the reference value with no steady error and improve the dynamic stability of the microgrid・With the proposed outer loop power sharing control and improved inner loop control,the comprehensive control scheme for the ILC is presented・Simulations cases show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed comprehensive control scheme.

Robust backstepping global integral terminal sliding mode controller to enhance dynamic stability of hybrid AC/DC microgrids

In this paper,a Backstepping Global Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Controller(BGITSMC)with the view to enhancing the dynamic stability of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid has been presented.The proposed approach controls the switch-ing signals of the inverter,interlinking the DC-bus with the AC-bus in an AC/DC microgrid for a seamless interface and regulation of the output power of renewable energy sources(Solar Photovoltaic unit,PMSG-based wind farm),and Battery Energy Storage System.The proposed control approach guarantees the dynamic stability of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid by regulating the associated states of the microgrid system to their intended values.The dynamic stabil-ity of the microgrid system with the proposed control law has been proved using the Control Lyapunov Function.A simulation analysis was performed on a test hybrid AC/DC microgrid system to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control strategy in terms of maintaining power balance while the system’s operating point changed.Furthermore,the superiority of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by comparing its performance with the existing Sliding Mode Control(SMC)approach for a hybrid AC/DC microgrid.

风电场交直流混合输电并网中VSC-HVDC的控制

为提高风电场交直流混合输电并网的系统性能,提出一种更加灵活的电压源换流器高压直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)控制策略。对于风电场侧电压源换流器,设计了一种新的交流电压–功角控制方法。对于交直流混合输电模式,该方法通过调节风电场交流母线电压与电压源换流器输出电压间的功角来实现定有功功率控制。对于纯柔性直流输电模式,风电场交流母线电压自动被调节为具有恒幅恒频的交流电压,实现了对波动风电的同步输送。该方法中输电模式的变化无需切换控制;另外,通过附加电流高通滤波器增强了对系统谐振的阻尼作用。对电网侧电压源换流器,采用一种新的直接电流矢量控制,使直流电压稳定在参考值上。运用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对分别接入笼型感应发电机(squirrel cage induction generator,SCIG)风电场和双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场的交直流混合输电系统建模仿真。一系列运行条件下的仿真结果验证了控制方法的有效性与可行性。

降低多回HVDC同时换相失败风险的交直流混联受端系统STATCOM配置方案

在有多回直流馈入的交直流混联受端系统中,若交流系统短路故障引起多回直流同时换相失败,甚至闭锁,将对电网的安全运行造成严重影响。将风险的概念引入交直流系统同时换相失败问题,以三相短路故障为研究对象,提出一种以降低多回直流同时换相失败风险为目标的静止无功补偿器（static synchronous compensator,STATCOM）配置方法。首先提出一种考虑故障发生位置随机性的多回直流同时换相失败风险评价指标;根据换相电压幅值在故障暂态过程中跌落的规律以及STATCOM对暂态电压的调节特点,给出了预选故障的筛选和分类方法;建立了考虑同时换相失败风险的STATCOM优化配置模型,利用遗传算法求解该模型,得到不同风险下STATCOM的最优补偿方案;最后,通过仿真验证了配置方案的有效性。

一种利用VSC-HVDC提高发电机阻尼的新控制策略

在交直流混合输电系统中,可以利用直流系统的功率调制来提高交流系统的运行稳定性。文章在建立含有VSC-HVDC的交直流混合输电系统模型的基础上,提出了一种新的VSC-HVDC混合功率调制方法来提高发电机阻尼,该方法利用Bang-bang控制原理设计混合调制信号,并将其加入到常规的PI调节器中。仿真结果表明,加入混合调制信号可以增强系统的阻尼并有效地抑制振荡,能够改善系统在各种扰动下的动态性能。

基于EEAC的紧急直流功率支援优化策略

分析了紧急直流功率支援提高多机系统暂态稳定性的机理.通过在合适时刻投入紧急直流功率支援,在单机无穷大系统功角的前2次正摆过程中提升直流功率,在回摆过程中回降直流功率,以提高暂态稳定裕度,同时采用遗传禁忌优化算法对各调制参数进行优化.最终,在给定的具体运行方式下,根据事先设定的电网关键线路潮流或来自能量管理系统EMS的实时潮流数据和预想故障集,实现某些严重预想事故集的暂稳控制量的离线或在线计算.算例表明:所提出的紧急直流功率支援策略能有效地改善系统暂态稳定性.

计及VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流统一混合算法

进化类算法和内点法交替迭代的混合算法在求解含电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter basedhigh voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统最优潮流(optimal power flow,OPF)问题时由于截断误差的影响和VSC-HVDC控制方式的限制,容易发生振荡,因此提出一种基于差分进化(differential evolution,DE)和原—对偶内点法(primal-dual interior point method,PDIPM)的统一混合迭代算法。算法的主要思想是以DE算法为框架,对离散变量进行优化,在DE算法的每一次迭代过程中,采用PDIPM对每个DE个体进行连续变量的优化和适应度评估。由于采用PDIPM进行DE种群适应度评估,无需设定VSC-HVDC的控制方式,因此提高了算法的全局寻优能力。多个算例结果表明,该混合算法数值稳定性高,寻优能力强,能很好地解决含两端、多端、多馈入VSC-HVDC的交直流系统最优潮流问题。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合发输电系统可靠性评估

建立了含柔性直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流混合发输电系统的可靠性分析模型,该模型既考虑了VSC-HVDC的稳态功率特性,还计及了发输电网络的故障率和输电线路的有功限制,采用非序惯蒙特卡罗仿真实现;在满足系统安全约束的前提条件下,对系统进行模拟调度,重点评价了与发输电网络连接的VSC-HVDC对电网可靠性的影响,给出系统和节点的风险指标,为VSC-HVDC规划和运行提供参考依据,最后算例分析证明了该算法的可行性和合理性。

含VSC-HVDC交直流混合系统机电暂态仿真研究

对含基于电压源型变流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)交直流混合系统进行机电暂态仿真研究。VSC-HVDC系统的外环功率、电压控制器采用PI控制,以产生内环电流参考值。针对dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC交流侧数学模型不能精确解耦的问题,建立基于αβ静止坐标系的VSC-HVDC数学模型,引入比例谐振(PR)控制改进了内环电流控制器,可以无静差跟踪内环电流信号。采用以上控制策略实现VSCHVDC系统的精确解耦控制,并采用双时步仿真方法对VSC-HVDC系统的动态响应进行准确模拟。通过在新英格兰系统上进行仿真实验,验证了所提VSC-HVDC机电暂态控制模型的正确性和双时步混合仿真方法的有效性。