Experimental investigation of the polarityswitching process with different bipolar ionic liquid thruster operating frequencies

The bipolar ionic liquid thruster employs ionic liquid as a propellant to discharge positively and negatively charged high-energy particles under an alternating current(AC)power source,effectively suppressing electrochemical reaction and ensuring charge neutrality.Determining an optimal AC supply power source frequency is critical for sustained stable thruster operation.This study focuses on the emission characteristics of the ionic liquid thruster under varied AC conditions.The AC power supply was set within the frequency range of 0.5-64 Hz,with eight specific frequency conditions selected for experimentation.The experimental results indicate that the thruster operates steadily within a voltage range of±1470 to±1920 V,with corresponding positive polarity current ranging from 0.41 to 4.91μA and negative polarity current ranging from−0.49 to−4.10μA.During voltage polarity switching,an emission delay occurs,manifested as a prominent peak signal caused by circuit capacitance characteristics and a minor peak signal resulting from liquid droplets.Extended emission test was conducted at 16 Hz,demonstrating approximately 1 h and 50 min of consistent emission before intermittent discharge.These findings underscore the favorable impact of AC conditions within the 8-16 Hz range on the self-neutralization capability of the ionic liquid thruster.

Catalytic bed slenderness ratio and ADN/methanol ratio for decomposition and combustion characteristics within ammonium dinitramide(ADN)-based green aerospace thruster

The decomposition and combustion characteristics of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) based non-toxic aerospace propellant are analytically studied to determine the effects of catalytic bed structure (slenderness ratio) and operation parameters (mass fraction ratio of ADN/CH3OH) on the general performance within the ADN-based thruster. In the present research, the non-equilibrium temperature model is utilized to describe the heat transfer characteristics between the fluid phase and solid phase in the fixed bed. We determined the fluid resistance characteristics in the catalytic bed by experiments involving the method of pressure-mass. We have done the simulation study based on the available results in the literature and found the complex physical and chemical processes within the ADN thruster. Furthermore, an optimized catalytic bed slenderness ratio was observed w让h a value of 1.75 and the mass fraction ratio of 5.73 significantly influenced the propellant performance. These results could serve as a reference to explore the combustion characteristics within the thruster and the preparation of future propellants.

Investigation of Novel Hydrogen/Oxygen Thruster for Orbital Maneuver in Space Station

Hydrogen and oxygen orbital maneuver thruster, based on gas-dynamic resonance ignition, is a new liquid rocket propulsion technology, and is especially applicable to space station. By means of theoretic thermodynamic calculation of the hydrogen and oxygen thruster, combined with the experimental exploration on the coaxial hydrogen and oxygen resonance ignition, a scheme of the thruster head configuration is designed as the combination of a coaxial hydrogen/oxygen resonance igniter and an oxygen augmentation injector. Through ignition tests on coaxial hydrogen/oxygen resonance igniter characterization, the thruster head ignition tests have been conducted successfully in sequence of resonance ignition and oxygen augmentation combustion. Finally, the thruster ground tests are successfully carried out in forms of single impulse, successive double impulses and 3.0 seconds continuous running, which verify the reliability and feasibility of the thruster. The response time of the thruster starting is restricted within 0.2 second.

Experimental study of a porous electrospray thruster with different number of emitterstrips

The electrospray thruster is becoming popular in space propulsion due to its low power and high specific impulse.Before this work,an electrospray thruster based on a porous emitter was developed.In order to achieve larger and more stable thrust,the thruster was redesigned,and the influence of the space between strips on thrust was studied.Four types of emitter were tested,and they had 1,3,4 and 14 emitter-strips on the emission surface of the same size respectively.According to the experimental results,the maximum extraction voltage and emission current of the four thrusters are different under stable operational conditions.The measured stable emission currents and extraction voltages were-500μA/-5000 V,-1570μA/-3800 V,-1200μA/-3800 V,and-650μA/-4500 V,respectively.Increasing the number of strips may not result in the emission current increasing,but changing the stable operational range of the emission current per strip and the extraction voltage.The maximum stable operational extraction voltages of 3 and 4 emitter-strips are lower than those of 1 and 14 emitter-strips,but the emission currents are higher than those of 1 and 14 emitter-strips.Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the mass distribution and obtain the performance of the thruster in the case of thrusters with 1 and 3 emitter-strips.Both of their plumes were composed of very small ion cluster(the pure-ion regime),and their thrusts were 80.1μN,219.2μN with specific impulses of 5774 s,5047 s,respectively.

Influence of temperature on mechanical stimulation threshold of typical liquid propellant

In order to study the variation of temperature to mechanical stimulation threshold of typical liquid propellants(ADN-based HAN-based and nitromethane),the critical impact energy and critical friction of three propellants under different temperatures were studied by using BAM fall hammer impact sensitivity tester and BAM friction sensitivity tester.Experiments show that under 80℃,60℃,40℃and 20℃,the critical impact energy of HAN-based are 20 J,15 J,15 J,15 J;the critical impact energy of nitromethane are 2 J,2 J,2 J,2 J;and the critical impact energy of ADN-based are<1 J,3 J,7.5 J,15 J.It reveals that HAN-based propellant has the highest critical impact energy,while nitromethane propellant has the lowest critical impact energy.ADN-based propellant has a notable decrease on its critical impact energy with temperature decreasing,indicating that temperature has a significant effect on impact sensitivity of ADN-based propellant.The critical friction of three samples are all higher than 360 N at 80℃,60℃,40℃and 20℃,which shows that the samples are not sensitive to friction,and temperature has no significant effect on the critical friction of three samples.The mechanical stimulations that may be encountered during the production and use of liquid propellants are analyzed,which takes certain working conditions and the temperature coupling effect into consideration,thereby providing support for safety management of liquid propellants during production and storage process.

离子液体电喷推力器工作机理研究进展

离子液体电喷推力器易于小型化,具有比冲高、推力精度高的特点,适用于微小卫星、太空引力波探测等领域,具有较大发展潜力。对电喷工作机理的认识与研究,不仅能够促进离子液体电喷推力器在工程中的应用,同时也为未来的进一步发展奠定基础。基于此,本文首先回顾了电喷推力器的发展历程及现状;其次以离子液体电喷推力器3个基础工作过程为出发点,对其锥射流形成及发射机理、束流模式及引出特性、羽流自中和机制进行了基础理论介绍与研究现状的总结;最后对离子液体电喷推力器未来的工作机理研究方向和工程应用发展方向提出展望。

100W微波等离子推力器固态源研制

为了实现微波等离子推力器的小型化,利用固态器件、衰减器和检波器一体化设计技术及液体冷却技术,研制出小型化的微波等离子推力器固态源,其输出和反射微波功率可由固态源输入电压和检波器的输出电压进行控制与检测,固态源的质量与体积分别是磁控管微波源的15%和6%。对采用固态源的推力器分别进行了地面和真空实验,结果表明固态源能稳定可靠地工作。

ADN基液体空间发动机的实验研究与在轨验证

二硝酰胺铵(ADN)是一种高能量密度、不含氯元素的绿色无毒无机盐类物质。它可以作为氧化剂,与甲醇、水混合后组成ADN基液体推进剂。ADN基液体推进剂作为一种高性能、绿色无毒、可存储的新型推进剂,可以提供相比于传统肼类推进剂更高的比冲性能,代表了空间化学推进技术的一个新的研究方向和发展趋势。主要介绍了北京控制工程研究所研制的ADN基液体空间发动机的实验研究和在轨飞行验证情况。首先,基于可调谐二极管红外吸收光谱(TDLAS)的测量方法,针对一台1 N推力的模型ADN基发动机进行了实验研究,获得了燃烧室内燃气温度、CO与N_2O组分浓度等特征参数随喷注压力的变化关系。然后,介绍了0.2 N,1 N,5 N及20 N ADN基发动机的高空模拟热试车试验情况和主要性能指标。最后,介绍了1N ADN基发动机的首次在轨飞行验证情况。这些研究结果有利于绿色空间推进技术的发展。

应用气动谐振点火的氢氧小发动机试验

将气动谐振点火技术应用于小推力氢氧火箭发动机的设计,通过分析不同混合比下的比冲和燃气温度,确定了氢氧小发动机的总体参数,开展了在不同工况下点火器的单独试验,氢氧小发动机的全系统试验以及小发动机脉冲起动试验。研究结果表明,氢氧小发动机可以实现多次重复起动,结构完好,性能稳定,验证了应用气动谐振点火技术氢氧小发动机的可靠性及方案的可行性。

单组元脉冲推力器挤压和排气过程分析

高室压脉冲推力器使用可移动的喷注器,能够得到比供给压强高得多的燃烧室压强。为了分析其工作特性,建立了单组元脉冲推力器挤压和排气过程的数学模型,以硝酸羟铵(HAN)基单组元推进剂为例,采用四阶龙格-库塔法进行了求解。结果表明,燃烧室最大压强和平均压强都大于推进剂入口压强,而燃烧室内近似等容的燃烧过程是压强升高的原因。与所用推进剂、平均推力和面积比都相同的常规推力器相比较表明,脉冲推力器的真空比冲提高5 s,而喷管喉部面积减小89%,若两者喷管出口面积相同,则脉冲推力器的比冲将提高31.5%。

双组元25N推力器脉冲工作模式下的传热特性分析及改进

在离心式双组元25N推力器的脉冲工况温度稳定性试验中,有16%的工况均发生了推力器稳态温度跃迁导致的喷注器头部高温过热的问题。本研究针对该问题开展了深入的机理分析,并通过优化推力器局部传热特性以消除其对于特殊脉冲工况的应用限制和风险。通过液滴撞壁试验,分析了不同条件下推进剂液膜发展的规律和机理:一旦壁面温度达到了莱登弗斯特温度以后,液滴与壁面的换热能力将大幅下降,严重影响液膜冷却的效率。通过Amesim软件进行的传热仿真进一步表明,一旦因为热回浸现象导致雾化液滴与涂层壁面的作用机制发生变化,进而影响冷却液膜的形成,就会使推力器的温度分布从正常的第一稳态进入无液膜的第二高温稳态。仿真结果基本复现了热稳定性试验中出现的故障模式。针对该故障机理改进了喷注器的结构导热性,将喷注器的花篮连接结构的导热面积增加了1.5倍,可以有效分担液膜的热流负担,抑制液膜进入莱登弗斯特态,使得推力器的脉冲工作可靠性大幅提高,令温度稳定性试验的通过率提升至100%。

国内外卫星用液体远地点发动机发展综述

综述了国内外卫星用液体远地点发动机的发展情况,阐述了国外几种典型远地点发动机和国内三代490 N发动机的主要技术特点和技术指标,对比分析了其产品性能并介绍了其产品的考核应用情况。自上世纪90年代以来,国内外在卫星用液体远地点发动机的研制中喷注器性能不断提高,推力室均采用了新型抗高温氧化材料,主要以铼/铱材料和C/SiC复合材料为主,最终实现了发动机真空比冲性能的不断提高。先进的液体远地点发动机采用高性能喷注器和新型抗高温氧化材料,其比冲性能指标已高达323 s以上。

ADN基液体推进剂射流撞网雾化特性的试验研究

为了提升液体推进剂的雾化效果,采用二硝酰胺铵(ADN)基无毒空间推进剂,在近喷孔区施加金属网,利用高速摄影和马尔文粒度仪分别获得了喷雾撞网动态过程以及撞网后粒径分布,分析了金属网目数对于射流撞网破碎过程的影响规律。试验结果表明:金属网的添加,相比于自由射流,射流形态发生很大的变化,可以有效提高雾化效果;同时随着网目数的减少,撞网后雾化锥角逐渐增加,而平均粒径则逐渐减少。

一种活塞式推冲器的优化设计及应用

针对活塞式推冲器冲击速度偏大的问题,从火药燃烧性能优化、增加液体阻尼等方面入手提出了解决方案。用伯努力方程对影响冲击速度的关键因素进行了理论分析,结果表明液体阻尼可以大大减弱冲击速度对燃气室压力的敏感程度,进而减小活塞杆对后接装置的冲击力。运用液体阻尼技术,设计了一种井下地震层析成像系统用推冲器,经现场使用,解卡成功率达100%,为以后同类推冲器设计提供了重要参考。

双组元液体火箭发动机推力室材料研究进展

针对双组元液体火箭发动机,综述了难熔金属材料、贵金属材料、高性能复合材料三大推力室材料体系的研究进展,介绍了三大体系材料主要的制备技术和应用,讨论了使用局限性,并对推力室材料的发展趋势进行了展望。

离子液体电喷微推力器系统设计及性能初步研究

为了研究发射电压和流量对离子液体电喷微推力器性能的影响,设计了一种主动供给型离子液体电喷微推力器,建立了推进剂供给系统、真空系统和飞行时间测试系统,首先对推进剂供给系统进行了流量标定,使用飞行时间法在不同流量和不同发射电压条件下对推力器进行测试,根据飞行时间曲线得出推力器的基本性能。试验证明推力器能够在真空环境中实现正负模式交替发射,得到了推进剂供应系统的流量变化范围和推力器性能随发射电压和流量的变化规律。结果表明该系统推进剂流量供应为100nL/s^500nL/s。发射电流均随发射电压和流量增加而增加,发射电流受发射电压的影响更加显著。推力器推力受发射电压影响较大而比冲受流量影响较大。在实验条件下推力器的推力为112μN^183μN,比冲为250s^315s,效率为77%~90%,表明推力器处于胶体发射模式。

离子液体电喷推力器的关键技术及展望

首先介绍离子液体电喷推力器的工作原理和分类,通过与其他相同推力量级的电推力器对比进一步分析了其特点,然后总结了离子液体电喷推力器的国内外研究现状,在此基础上重点梳理了微尺度下带电粒子的产生与加速、微细制造与精密装配、推进剂贮存和供给、高升压比微功率电源处理单元以及比冲和推力测试等离子液体电喷推力器研制过程中涉及的关键技术,最后展望了小型化、模块化与推力密度提升的发展趋势并提出离子液体电喷推力器的发展构想。

点火延迟对单组元自激式脉冲推力器的性能影响

点火延迟是脉冲推力器设计中需要考虑的重要因素之一。为研究点火延迟对自激式脉冲推力器的性能影响,以HAN基(Hydroxylammonium Nitrate)单组元推进剂为例,建立自激式脉冲推力器工作过程的仿真模型,分析了点火延迟时间的变化对推力器的压强、流量、推力及平均比冲的影响规律。结果表明,点火延迟会强化脉冲推力器的压强爬升过程,随着点火延迟时间的增大,一个脉冲循环中的推进剂燃烧持续时间和整个脉冲周期均会明显缩短,同时挤压腔压强峰值和燃烧室压强峰值以及推力器的平均推力水平也会显著升高,但点火延迟的变化基本不会影响脉冲周期内的平均比冲。点火延迟提供了一条调节脉冲工作特性的可能途径,研究点火延迟特性对自激式脉冲推力器的探索与应用具有重要的指导意义。

离子液体电喷推力器羽流中和特性研究

电推进装置的带电羽流会对航天器产生多种危害,为了降低离子液体电喷推力器带电羽流对航天器产生的潜在安全风险,需要对其进行羽流中和。根据离子液体电喷推力器的羽流自中和特性,提出了时间变化法和空间变化法,并对其进行了实验验证。用时间变化法分析了单推力器的脉冲电压的频率、幅值和占空比对羽流中和特性的影响。以20Hz作为实验的条件,单推力器样机实现羽流中和的正负电压幅值比为0.95~0.98,在发射电压幅值分别为±2.2,±2.6,±3.0kV情况下,羽流中和时正电压占空比分别为35.5%,38.1%,40.4%。空间变化法中使用双推力器模块分析了电压幅值对羽流中和特性的影响。实验结果表明,两个推力器模块羽流中和时的正负电压幅值比为0.95~0.98,与时间变化法的实验结果基本一致,证明了两个推力器协同工作情况下羽流中和的可行性。

小推力发动机膜冷却工程算法研究

为满足工程上对推力室内部传热流动分析的要求,应用分层流动理论,结合半经验传热和化学反应平衡模型,建立了分析小型液体火箭发动机推力室膜冷却的传热模型。以气氧/煤油发动机为例,初步实现了对定常情况下膜冷却过程的模拟。计算表明,冷却剂的质量分数,燃气的流动状态,喷注器尺寸等因素对冷却效果和发动机总体性能有重要影响。研究结果可为新一代小型液体火箭发动机的研制提供参考。