海洋菌株Aeromonas sp.YS-54来源几丁质酶的制备与性质研究

为实现甲壳类原料的高效降解与N-乙酰氨基寡糖的绿色制备,本研究以青岛近海土壤中筛选的菌株YS-54为材料,使用60%硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析制备几丁质酶;对几丁质酶的最适温度、最适pH、底物偏好性等性质进行表征;使用质谱技术确认了酶解产物的聚合度。结果表明,菌株YS-54为Aeromonas属,该菌株来源几丁质酶比活力为23.44 U/mg,分子量为63与75 kDa。几丁质酶在40℃和pH为5.0条件下具有良好的稳定性,Ba^(2+)、Co^(2+)、Mg^(2+)与TritonX-100显著促进了几丁质酶活力(P<0.05),而Fe^(3+)、Cu^(2+)、SDS对酶活力起抑制作用。几丁质酶对α-几丁质的比活力为7.99 U/mg,为水解胶体几丁质比活力的34.09%。几丁质酶对胶体几丁质与α-几丁质的酶解产物聚合度分别为1~4与1~3。Aeromonas sp.YS-54来源几丁质酶在较宽的温度与pH范围内保持稳定,同时对α-几丁质具有良好的水解能力,可为甲壳类废弃物的高效综合利用提供技术支持。

Model prediction of inactivation of Aeromonas salmonicida grown on poultry in situ by intense pulsed light

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing the inactivation effect of intense pulsed light(IPL)on Aeromonas salmonicida grown on chicken meat and skin,and to further develop prediction models of inactivation.In this work,chicken meat and skin inoculated with meat-borne A.salmonicida isolates were subjected to IPL treatments under different conditions.The results showed that IPL had obvious bactericidal effect in the chicken skin and thickness groups when the treatment voltage and time were 7 V combined with 5 s.In addition,the lethality curves of A.salmonicida were fitted under IPL conditions of 3.5-7.5 V.The comparison of statistical parameters revealed that the Weibull model could best fit the mortality curves and could accurately predict the mortality dynamic of A.salmonicida grown on chicken skin.And further a secondary model between the scale factor b and the treatment voltage in Weibull model was established using linear equations,which determined that the secondary model could accurately predict the inactivation of A.salmonicida.This study provides a theoretical basis for future prediction models of Aeromonas,and also provides new ideas for sterilization approaches of meat-borne Aeromonas.

Isolation,identification,and virulence gene analysis of pathogenic Aeromonas dhakensis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and histopathological observation

To identify the cause of mass mortality of adult Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a farm in Gaoyou City,Jiangsu Province,China,a dominant strain named DKQ-1 was isolated from the hepatopancreas of dying M.rosenbergii and identified as Aeromonas dhakensis by purification culture,biochemical characterization,and 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis.The results of the challenge test revealed that the strain was highly pathogenic and the 50%lethal dose(LD_(50))in 72 h to M.rosenbergii was 1.54×10^(5)CFU/mL.The amplification results of virulence genes show that strain DKQ-1 carried 9 virulence genes,including ascV,aexT,aer,act,lip,ompAI,gcaT,acg,and exu,supporting the strong virulence of strain DKQ-1 to M.rosenbergii.Histopathological observation of the hepatopancreas,gills,and intestines indicated that DKQ-1 injection into M.rosenbergii could cause serious tissue damage,which further supported the strong virulence of this strain.In addition,a drug susceptibility test revealed that strain DKQ-1 was sensitive to 16 kinds of antibiotics,resistant to 9 kinds of antibiotics,and had intermediate resistance to spectinomycin and kanamycin.This study is the first report of A.dhakensis isolated from M.rosenbergii and provided a reference for the pathogen identification of bacterial diseases in M.rosenbergii,and for the prevention and treatment caused by A.dhakensis.

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of hcp Gene in Aeromonas hydrophila

[Objectives]To explore the function of hcp gene in Aeromonas hydrophila.[Methods]A pair of specific primers was designed referring to the hcp gene sequence of A.hydrophila.The hcp gene was amplified by PCR,and performed bioinformatics analysis.[Results]The hcp gene had a total length of 1650 bp and encoded 549 amino acids.The theoretical molecular weight of the protein predicted was about 59476.44 kDa.After predicting the N-terminal signal peptide structure of the amino acid sequence,neither obvious signal peptide cleavage site nor signal peptide was found,and the protein had no transmembrane region.The amino acid sequence had a N-glycosylation site,4 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites,7 casein kinase II phosphorylation sites,9 N-myristoylation sites,4 isoprene binding sites,10 microbody C-terminal target signal sites,and an ATP/GTP binding site motif A(P-ring).The amino acid sequence of hcp gene of A.hydrophila was performed homology analysis with other Aeromonas strains,and it showed higher homology with A.veronii.In the secondary structure,theα-helix,β-sheet,random coil and extended strand accounted for 45.36%,6.01%,37.52%and 11.11%,respectively.The tertiary structure model consisted of 18α-helix and 22β-sheet.Analysis of protein-protein network interaction demonstrated that the proteins interacting with Hcp protein were AHA_3407,nrfA,nirB-1,nirB-2 and AHA_1112.[Conclusions]Through the bioinformatics prediction results,the basic information of hcp gene of A.hydrophila is preliminarily understood,and the possible function of this protein is predicted,in order to provide guidance for subsequent vaccine research.

泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)病原温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)分子鉴定及耐药性研究

采用常规生理生化特性测定及16SrRNA、gyrB及rpoD基因同源性检索与系统发育学分析等分子生物学方法,对引起养殖泥鳅大量死亡的病原细菌进行了综合鉴定。生理生化特性结果表明,分离菌株NQ090701与气单胞菌属的温和气单胞菌相近;16SrRNA、gyrB及rpoD基因Blast序列同源性检索与系统发育学分析均与温和气单胞菌相似性最高;综合形态与生理生化特征及16SrRNA、gyrB与rpoD基因的分子特征,确认分离菌株NQ090701为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)。同时,采用试管稀释法测定了养殖生产中常用的10种抗菌药物对病原温和气单胞菌的体外最小杀菌浓度(Minimal Bactericidal Concentration,MBC),结果表明氟哌酸杀菌作用最好,其次为盐酸沙拉沙星;甲砜霉素和复方磺胺甲恶唑在所试验的药物浓度范围对温和气单胞菌无杀菌效果。

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)致病性豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)的分离鉴定及其特性分析

近年来细菌性疾病因病原菌种类繁多、覆盖区域广而影响了其养殖业的健康发展,造成较大的经济损失。从体表具有黑斑、肢体残损症状的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)肝胰腺组织中分离得到1株病原菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rRNA序列和特定毒力基因检测鉴定,以及人工回归感染试验和药敏试验分析其致病性和耐药性。结果表明,该菌为豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae),含有aer、lip、gcat、ser和OMPA I等毒力基因;药敏试验显示其对头孢曲松、氯霉素等7种抗生素高度敏感,对恩诺沙星、阿米卡星及复方新诺明3种抗生素中度敏感,对四环素、环丙沙星等10种抗生素具有耐药性;人工回归感染实验表明该菌具有较高的致病性,对罗氏沼虾的半致死浓度为6.54×10~5 CFU/mL。豚鼠气单胞菌作为水产养殖中的条件性致病菌,研究结果揭示了该菌株的部分生物学特性,有利于丰富豚鼠气单胞菌属的基础数据,同时也为罗氏沼虾养殖过程中的病害防控提供了一定参考依据。

Mortality of therapeutic fish Garra rufa caused by Aeromonas sobria

Objective:To investigate a case of mass mortality of Garra rufa(G.rufa)from a fish hatchery farm in Slovakia.Methods:Causative bacterial agent was swabbing out of affected fish skin area and subsequently identified using commercial test system.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method.Results:Infected G.rufa was characterized by abnormal swimming behaviour,bleeding of skin lesions and local haemorrhages.Despite of using recommended aquatic antibiotic treatment no improvement was achieved and Aeromonas sobria{A.sobria)was identified as a causative agent of fish mortality.Due to massive fish mortality,antibiotic susceptibility of pure isolated culture of A.sobria was evaluated employing eight antibiotics against human infections.A.sobria was resistant only against one antibiotic,namely ampicilin.Conclusions:These results indicate that A.sobria can act as a primary pathogen of G.rufa and may be a potential risk factor for immunodeficient or immunoincompetent patients during the ichthyotherapy.

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)引起斑马鱼肠道生理损伤和肠道菌群失调

研究分析了嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染斑马鱼后肠道生理健康和肠道微生物的变化。以斑马鱼为研究对象,刮伤皮下真皮,使用10^(5)CFU/mL浓度的嗜水气单胞菌暴露6 h后转入清水,分别在暴露前、暴露后6 h、12 h、24 h取样。使用鱼特异性酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒,检测肠道中紧密连接蛋白ZO-2(TJP2)含量和乙氧基异戊二烯-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)酶活性,结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌暴露引起了斑马鱼肠道生理损伤,表现为肠道TJP2含量、EROD酶活性在暴露后显著下调。采用16S rRNA高通量测序检测肠道微生物及其菌群结构变化,嗜水气单胞菌暴露斑马鱼后致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)明显增加,OTUs数量明显下降,Alpha多样性降低,结果说明嗜水气单胞菌引起了斑马鱼肠道菌群失调。肠道中微生物的多样性与改善肠道上皮和黏膜屏障功能紧密相关,该研究对从肠道健康的角度评价嗜水气单胞菌毒性,探索嗜水气单胞菌的致病机制具有重要意义。

Immuno-Protective Efficiency of the Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine Against Vibrio scophthalmi and Aeromonas salmonicida Infections in Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Vibrio scophthalmi and Aeromonas salmonicida can cause high turbot mortality and huge economic losses.Presently,vaccination is the most promising method for preventing communicable diseases.In this study,we used formalin to kill V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida cells,and mixed with the mineralized oil adjuvant(Montanide^(TM)ISA 763 AVG)to prepare the bivalent inactivated vaccine.The results showed that turbot inoculated with the bivalent inactivated vaccine exhibited strong tolerance to the infection of V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida,and no obvious clinical symptoms and pathological changes were observed.The activities of enzymes lysozyme,acid phosphatase and complement C3 had significantly increased after the vaccination.The antibody titer response of vaccinated turbot was greatly boosted,which was positively connected with the immunological impact according to ELISA results.Simultaneously,the expression levels of immune-related genes such as MHC-IIα,MHC-IIβ,CD4,CD8,TNF-αand IL^(-1)βwere up-regulated,demonstrating that it might stimulate humoral and cellular immunological response in turbot.These findings highlight the potential of the bivalent inactivated vaccine for controlling V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida infections in turbot.

Protective efficacy evaluation of immunogenic protein AHA_3793 of Aeromonas hydrophila as vaccine candidate for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative pathogen that can infect various fish,including largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides),which have caused huge economic losses.In present study,largemouth bass anti-A.hydrophila antibodies were produced,then a highly immunogenic outer membrane proteins,AHA_3793,was identified by combined western blotting and mass spectrometry analysis.Moreover,AHA_3793 was expressed,and its immunogenicity was further verified by western blotting.Subsequently,the protective efficacy of AHA_3793 were evaluated in largemouth bass.The results showed that rAHA_3793 could produce a relative percentage survival(RPS)of 61.76% for largemouth bass against A.hydrophila challenge.ELISA analysis showed the specific serum antibodies of largemouth bass against rAHA_3793 and A.hydrophila in vaccinated group in weeks 4 and 5 after immunization were significantly higher than those in control group,which suggested that rAHA_3793 induced production of specific serum antibodies against rAHA_3793 and A.hydrophila.The qRT-PCR analysis showed that expressions of CD4-2 and MHC Ⅱα were also significantly up-regulated after immunization.These results collectively demonstrated that rAHA_3793 could induce a strong humoral immune response of largemouth bass,and then produce high immune protection ef fects against A.hydrophila infection.

Aeromonas hydrophila infection in acute myeloid leukemia: A case report

Rationale:Aeromonas hydrophila,a bacterium commonly found in a variety of soils,aquatic habitats,and other natural environments,is known for causing infections and hemorrhagic diseases in both aquatic and terrestrial animals.Patients with leukemia,when infected by Aeromonas hydrophila following chemotherapy,face an increased risk of developing necrotizing fasciitis.Patient concerns:A 48-year-old male with a history of acute myeloid leukemia presented with swelling and pain in his right hand after being stabbed by a grass carp two days ago.The injury occurred on the fifth day after his last chemotherapy session when he was accidentally punctured in the right thumb and ring finger by a carp while fishing.Two days following the injury,the skin isurrounding the wound turned black immediately,while the rest of his hand was reddened,swollen,and bleeding.Diagnosis:Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the soft tissue of the right hand.Interventions:Intravenous antibiotics and local debridement.Outcomes:The patient experienced an alleviation of systemic poisoning symptoms,effective control of the local wound infection.Lessons:It is important for physicians to appreciate the potential for highly unusual and life-threatening infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can prevent the development of necrotizing fasciitis and save patients’lives.

气单胞菌属低温淀粉酶基因改造与原核表达

【目的】获取低温淀粉酶基因,分析其相关功能,为工业生产上的应用提供参考。【方法】以气单胞菌(Aeromonas)LA77为出发菌株克隆低温α-淀粉酶基因,以BL-21(DE3)为宿主菌进行克隆。分析其它已知气单胞菌属低温α-淀粉酶基因同源性,设计特异引物,PCR扩增获得C13片段,将其克隆到pMAL-2X,转化到BL-21(DE3)中,筛选蓝白斑,验证PCR及EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ的双酶切,获得高效表达生物工程菌株pMAL-2X-C13。设计定点突变引物,以pMAL-2X-C13为模板,获得低温淀粉酶基因突变株三株C19、C29、C43。【结果】表达蛋白的分子大小为114kD,突变菌株C19蛋白表达量均高于pMAL-2X-C13。【结论】低温淀粉酶基因突变株C19比原始菌株pMAL-2X-C13淀粉酶基因蛋白表达量更高。

维氏气单胞菌拮抗菌株J2-2的筛选、鉴定与效果评价

为筛选对维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)有潜在抑菌作用的菌株,本研究从湖北公安县泥鳅养殖池塘底泥中分离一株细菌J2-2,对其特性进行了研究,并对抑菌活性物质进行了初步分析。结果显示:菌株J2-2为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),具有抑菌广谱性,对米尔伊丽莎白菌(Elizabethella milieri)、嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)等6种水产病原菌的抑菌直径在9.6~29.5 mm。菌株J2-2的抑菌物质具有较好的酸碱稳定性、热稳定性和蛋白酶K处理的稳定性。电镜结果显示菌株J2-2的发酵产物对维氏气单胞菌的细胞膜结构具有破坏作用。通过LC-MC分析该拮抗细菌可产生至少15种不同的脂肽类化合物如杆菌霉素等。药敏试验结果显示,菌株J2-2对氨苄西林、青霉素具有耐药性,对克林霉素中度敏感,对大多数抗生素高度敏感。

1株牛蛙源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的分离、鉴定及其生物学特性分析

试验从健康牛蛙(Rana catesbiana)肠道内容物中分离出12株内源菌,筛选对牛蛙病源性嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、铜绿假单胞菌(seudomonas aeruginosa)的拮抗菌株后对其生物学特性进行分析,发现其中1株菌对蛙源嗜水气单胞菌、铜绿假单胞抑制效果最好,抑菌圈直径分别为12 mm和14 mm。通过革兰氏染色镜检、生理生化、16S rRNA鉴定、药物敏感性、生物学特性如菌液接种量、培养温度、转速、初始pH、生长特性等生物学特性进行分析。确定该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),并取名为G1。此菌株在LB培养基上菌落呈乳白色,向上凸起,表面湿润、光滑、不透明、有黏液性,是革兰氏阳性菌。菌液最适接种量为3%、培养温度为30℃、培养转速为180 r/min、初始pH为7和培养时间为18 h。

斑点叉尾(Ictalunes punctatus)源中间气单胞菌(Aeromonas media)分离鉴定及药敏特性

从湖南常德某养殖场死亡的斑点叉尾（Ictalunes punctatus）肝脏、肾脏、腹水及血水中分离到一株致病性菌株zy02。对该菌进行了形态特征观察、理化特性测定及分子生物学方法鉴定,用PCR方法同时扩增其16S rDNA和gyrB基因,分析了16S rDNA和gyrB两种基因序列的同源性,并构建了系统发生树。经生理生化测定和16S rDNA与gyrB基因序列分析,zy02株为中间气单胞菌。人工感染该菌后发病鱼表现为与自然发病类似症状,且从组织中再分离的细菌特性与原感染菌相同。腹腔注射后该菌株对斑点叉尾的半致死浓度为3.89×10~6CFU/mL。菌株zy02对多西环素、庆大霉素及左氧氟沙星等高度敏感;对红霉素中度敏感;对阿莫西林、磺胺异噁唑、克林霉素及利福平等5种药物耐药。本研究为斑点叉尾该病防控提供了理论依据。

河川沙塘鳢病原杀鲑气单胞菌致病性及感染后宿主免疫相关基因差异表达分析

为探明2021年3月常熟某养殖场河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophilus)疾病暴发的原因,本研究从患病鱼体内分离到优势菌株,通过形态观察、理化特性测定及gyrB基因同源性分析鉴定优势菌,同时通过人工感染试验、组织病理观察、毒力因子及毒力基因检测确定其致病性,并测定分离菌的耐药性和感染后河川沙塘鳢免疫相关基因表达变化。结果显示:引起河川沙塘鳢大量死亡的病原菌为杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)。代表菌株G2-4-1对河川沙塘鳢的LD 50为1.8×106 CFU/mL;该病原菌感染可引起河川沙塘鳢肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和鳃组织出现明显的变性、坏死和炎性细胞浸润;该菌株携带aer、hly、exu等毒力基因,且具有蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶、淀粉酶、脂酶、明胶酶和溶血素活性,但不具有DNA酶活性;耐药性分析发现,分离菌G2-4-1对青霉素G、氨苄西林、苯唑西林等8种药物耐药,对克拉霉素和大观霉素2种药物中介,对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考等24类药物敏感;免疫相关基因表达分析显示,在感染初期MHCⅡB、MyD88、TLR和SOD在鳃、脾脏和肾脏组织中都显著上调表达。

美洲鲥鱼嗜水气单胞菌病原的分离与鉴定

2021年,山东省临沂市一养殖场养殖的美洲鲥鱼(Alosa sapidissima)突发疾病并出现严重死亡,日死亡率高峰期达到2.5%,累积死亡率约为90%。患病鱼主要症状为体表出血、溃疡,解剖可见腹腔腹水、肝脏暗红,并伴有肠炎。组织病理学检测发现,病鱼肝脏出现弥散性坏死,嗜碱性粒细胞增多和细胞肿胀空泡变性;脾脏出现出血性贫血性坏死灶、核破裂和核固缩;肾脏淋巴细胞坏死脱落,肾小体毛细血管球萎缩,近端小管和远端小管内的细胞出现不同程度的细胞结构消失。发病鱼肉眼和显微镜观察未见明显寄生虫,利用PCR方法检测鲤疱疹病毒2型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2)、鲈鱼蛙病毒(largemouth bass ranavirus)等淡水鱼类常见病毒均为阴性。细菌分离培养结果显示,从发病鱼的肝脏、肾脏和脾脏中分离得到形态一致的优势菌,命名为AS-AH2101。经16S rRNA测序比对和生理生化鉴定,确定AS-AH2101为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。毒力基因检测结果显示,AS-AH2101携带气溶素(aerA)、溶血素(hlyA)、丝氨酸蛋白酶(ahpA)、热稳定细胞肠毒素(ast)、热敏感细胞肠毒素(altA)和密度感应系统(luxS)基因。人工感染实验结果显示,AS-AH2101能引起蓝曼龙(Trichogaster trichopterus)发病死亡,半数致死量为3.23×10^(4)CFU/尾。药物敏感性研究表明,AS-AH2101对头孢拉啶、阿莫西林、氨苄西林和红霉素等4种抗生素具有耐药性,对四环素和多西环素等11种抗生素敏感。综上所述,本研究报道了我国养殖美洲鲥鱼感染嗜水气单胞菌的典型病例,为美洲鲥鱼在我国养殖过程中的疾病防控以及嗜水气单胞菌病的防治提供了参考和借鉴。

cphA基因特异性介导维氏气单胞菌碳青霉烯耐药的初步研究

目的探究cphA基因对维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)β-内酰胺耐药性的影响,解析基因功能。方法以维氏气单胞菌C4为研究对象,采用同源重组方法构建cphA基因敲除株;利用比浊法测定生长曲线,微量二倍稀释法检测不同β-内酰胺类抗生素对菌株的最小抑菌浓度,实时荧光定量PCR法测定cphA基因对抗生素的响应表达;并通过分子对接解析CphA酶与抗生素互作的重要活性位点。结果成功构建cphA基因敲除株,发现cphA基因缺失不影响维氏气单胞菌生长。虽然cphA基因在碳青霉烯类和青霉素类抗生素处理下均响应性表达增加,但cphA基因缺失仅特异性导致菌株对碳青霉烯类药物由耐受变为敏感,而对其他β-内酰胺类的药物敏感性表型并无影响。此外,分子对接结果表明,CphA酶的Thr135、His174、Asn201氨基酸残基是与亚胺培南分子形成氢键作用的位点。结论维氏气单胞菌中的cphA基因特异性介导碳青霉烯耐药。本研究为进一步完善维氏气单胞菌的耐药研究和β-内酰胺酶的功能研究提供了一定的理论基础。

1株草鱼源温和气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从养殖患病草鱼组织中分离致病菌,为预防该菌所引起的水产动物疾病提供参考依据。【方法】从患病草鱼肠中分离得到1株菌CQWL0012,进行分离菌株的形态学特性、培养特征、生化特征、16Sr DNA鉴定,并开展药敏试验。【结果】CQWL0012为两末端钝圆的短杆革兰氏阴性菌,菌落表现为浅黄色、半透明、表面光滑、略凸、边缘整齐;16SrDNA阳性产物序列长度为1422 bp,与温和气单胞菌相似率达99.85%;赖氨酸脱羧酶、精氨酸双水解酶等生理生化试验阳性,符合气单胞菌属的生理生化特征,确定该菌株为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria);对草鱼的半致死浓度LD_(50)为10^(6.73)。该菌对四环素、庆大霉素、磷霉素、氯霉素、氨曲南、环丙沙星等13种抗生素高度敏感。【结论】引起草鱼患病的菌株CQWL0012为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria),对四环素、庆大霉素等常见抗生素高度敏感。