恒河流域和蒙古国南部AERONET站沙尘气溶胶光学物理特性对比分析

沙尘气溶胶作为气溶胶的重要类型之一,对全球和区域水分循环以及亚洲季风系统有着重要影响。利用气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)印度Kanpur和蒙古国Dalanzadgad两个站点数据,采用阈值法提取了沙尘和人为气溶胶信息并进行了对比分析。结果表明,Kanpur站受印度夏季风影响较大,沙尘气溶胶和人为源气溶胶的排放具有叠加效应,远源输送可能是Kanpur站沙尘气溶胶的主要来源。Dalanzadgad站受东亚夏季风影响较小,春季大风带来了大量的沙尘,这可能与大风天气和植被覆盖度低等因素有关,是春季气溶胶光学厚度显著升高的主要影响因素之一,沙尘具有局地起源特征;在其他时段,人为源气溶胶是当地大气气溶胶的主要来源,但总排放量相对较低。此外,Kanpur站所在的恒河流域大气颗粒物绝对含量远远高于Dalanzadgad所在的蒙古国南部地区。在沙尘天气中,两站颗粒物的光学物理特性相似。

基于MODIS和AERONET的气溶胶地表直接辐射效应评价

气候变化背景下进一步开展高污染地区气溶胶直接辐射效应的研究,对于该地区的大气环境监测、气候变化评估以及农业生产布局等具有重要意义。利用全球气溶胶监测网(AERONET)多年观测资料以及MODIS地表反照率数据,借助6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)辐射传输模式,定量评估2001年1月-2016年12月中国AERONET北京、香河和太湖3个典型高污染站点多年晴空条件下的气溶胶直接辐射效应。结果表明:(1)各个高污染站点气溶胶PM2.5质量浓度季节变化特征差异明显,秋冬污染较为严重,其中高值主要集中在1月、2月、11月和12月;(2)与无气溶胶影响相比,气溶胶致使各站点地表直接辐射年际变化较明显。在气溶胶影响下,北京、香河和太湖3个站点2001-2016年地表日平均直接辐射年际变化较明显,均呈波动增加趋势,且香河站日平均直接辐射增加最大(621.14W·m-2),太湖站次之(743.29W·m-2),北京站最小(488.14W·m-2)。(3)气溶胶影响下各站点地表直接辐射明显降低,且气溶胶对各站点影响差异较大。2001-2016年,北京、太湖和香河站年平均地表直接辐射分别降低32.29%、24.01%和15.07%。其中,气溶胶对北京站的地表直接辐射影响最大,香河站最小。(4)近15a来,北京、香河和太湖3个站点气溶胶地表辐射效应均呈现增加趋势。

基于AERONET的多源多尺度卫星气溶胶产品真实性检验

卫星遥感气溶胶产品已经广泛用于大气监测.以北京地区为研究区域,基于该区域2020年全年的三个AERONET站点(Beijing_RADI、Beijing、Beijing_CAMS)地面实测气溶胶数据,对MODIS和Sentinel-2气溶胶产品进行真实性检验.结果表明:相比于MODIS气溶胶产品,空间分辨率更高的Sentinel-2气溶胶产品与AERONET实测数据之间的相关性更强,R^(2)为0.9683,且Sentinel-2气溶胶产品误差绝对值的平均值比MOD04_L2的小.

基于AERONET和OMI数据分析中国北方典型地区气溶胶单次散射反照率的变化趋势

气溶胶单次散射反照率(SSA)表征气溶胶吸收特性,很大程度上决定了气溶胶辐射强迫的正负,对准确评估气候变化中的气溶胶辐射强迫具有重要意义。根据2004年10月至2016年12月地基AERONET(AERosol RObotic NETwork)和OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument)卫星数据,分析了中国北方典型地区(北京、香河、兴隆和兰州郊区)SSA的变化趋势以及两组数据的一致性。4个站AERONET和OMI的SSA年均值分别为:北京0.89±0.04和0.90±0.04,香河0.89±0.04和0.91±0.04,兴隆0.92±0.04和0.91±0.04,兰州0.91±0.04和0.90±0.04。4个站点SSA季节变化一致,夏季高冬季低。SSA年际变化趋势分析时,因有效数据较少且为非正态分布,用月中位数代替月均值,同时需对数据进行筛选和去季节变化,结果显示北京和香河均有地基和卫星有效数据时间尺度不同的情况,而兴隆OMI和兰州AERONET满足趋势分析要求。在研究期间,4站SSA均呈上升趋势,说明近年来中国北方气溶胶的吸收性减弱,散射特性增强,尤其北京四季地基和卫星数据均呈上升趋势,但香河秋冬吸收性增强。同时,对AERONET和OMI两种反演算法得到的SSA一致性进行分析。香河结果差异较大,仅30%的数据在误差±0.03的范围内,55%在±0.05的范围内;北京分别为46%(±0.03)和68%(±0.05),兴隆分别为50%(±0.03)和76%(±0.05),兰州数据一致性较好,分别为51%(±0.03)和86%(±0.05),总体来说是受人为活动影响比较明显的地区,数据一致性较差。

基于AERONET的中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型变化特征

基于AERONET网站中多个站点2006~2018年的观测数据,利用气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶相对光学厚度,对中国华北北京、华东太湖、华南香港、西北SACOL多个站点的气溶胶进行分类,研究了中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型的时空变化特征.结果表明,我国华北、华南、华东区域站点以大陆型和城市工业型气溶胶为主,西北区域站点以大陆型气溶胶为主.气溶胶类型占比存在明显的年际变化,我国华北、华东区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比总体呈上升趋势,次大陆型溶胶占比呈下降趋势,其中华东区域站点年际变化较为突出,大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升2.78%,城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降1.86%;华南区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升0.78%,且城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降0.66%;而西北区域作为沙尘的主要源区,沙尘气溶胶变化最为显著,占比年均上升0.51%.我国不同区域气溶胶类型季节变化差异较大,春季华北、华东、西北区域均出现沙尘气溶胶,且西北区域尤为突出(占比19%);华北区域城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶占比分别在夏、冬两季出现大值,华东区域城市工业型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比较高,华南区域城市工业型气溶胶在春季占比最多(57%),西北区域大陆型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比高达83%.

基于AERONET的西亚地区气溶胶光学特性

利用AERONET 10个站点的Level2数据分析得到2010—2017年西亚地区多个气溶胶参数(光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)、吸收光学厚度(Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth,AAOD)、波长指数α、粒子体积谱和单次散射反照率(Single Scattering Albedo,SSA))的季节、年际和日变化特征。结果表明,西亚10个站点AOD、AAOD、α和SSA的多年总平均值分别是0.245±0.094、0.030±0.006、0.889±0.247和0.918±0.016,粒子体积谱呈双峰分布。各站点的气溶胶光学参数呈现明显的季节和区域差异。AOD总体表现为春夏季大,秋冬季小。受沙尘影响,各站点α最小值和粗粒子体积浓度峰值均出现在春季,但α最大值呈现明显区域差异,其在阿拉伯半岛站点多出现在冬季,而环地中海站点出现在夏季。此外,阿拉伯半岛站点AAOD夏秋季大、冬春季小,SSA春夏季大、秋冬季小;而环地中海站点AAOD冬春季大、夏秋季小,SSA夏秋季大、冬春季小。除了季节变化外,两地区气溶胶的日变化也不同。阿拉伯半岛站点年平均AOD的日内差异普遍比环地中海站点剧烈,其中沙漠站点呈明显的早晚高,中午低的特征。从年变化来看,除TEP站的α值和ERD站的AAOD值呈显著下降趋势外,其他站点各光学参数的变化趋势均不显著。

Intra-Seasonal Variability of Aerosols and Their Radiative Impacts on Sahel Climate during the Period 2000-2010 Using AERONET Data

This paper presents a study using in situ measurements (AERONET data) to characterize the intra-seasonal variability of aerosols and their shortwave radiative impacts on Sahel (11N - 18N and 20W - 15E) climate using a long time series (2000 to 2010) from AERONET data. We first used the MISR aerosol optical depth (AOD) averaged between 2000 and 2010 to identify dust maxima regions. They are mainly located over Eastern Mauritania-Northern Mali and Eastern Niger-Western Tchad (near the Bodele depression). Moreover the aerosol loading is stronger during the spring (MAM) and particularly during the summer (JJA). The analysis of AERONET data at 4 Sahelian stations (Dakar, Agoufou, Banizoumbou and Ouagadougou) shows that Sahel is under dust influence all year long. The dust season is mainly located between March and October, with two peaks of AOD recorded in March and June;while the maximum of biomass burning activity is recorded in winter (December to February). The radiative forcing of aerosols on the Sahelian climate results mainly in a cooling as well as at the surface than at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) but the forcing is stronger at the surface and particularly during the summer (JJA) and spring (MAM) periods. Although there is not a sharp difference between DJF and SON periods from a station to another one when considering the aerosol loading (AOD), the radiative forcing is stronger at the surface and weaker at the TOA during DJF for most stations. The analysis of the force effectiveness (ratio between AOD and the radiative forcing) suggests that the BOA radiative forcing is mainly influenced by the nature of aerosols.

中国地区AERONET站点数据的使用概述

AERONET气溶胶观测数据对于卫星遥感气溶胶数据的验证和评估有着重要意义。本文梳理了中国地区AERONET站点的分布情况,统计了中国境内具有level2.0的AOD数据的时空分布,介绍了中国主要AERONET站点AOD数据的可获得性以及加密观测的情况。并回顾了近期中国地区AERONET主要站点数据的使用情况以及有代表性的研究结果。统计结果发现中国地区已有研究使用的AERONET二级AOD数据主要集中在SACOL站、北京站、香河站、兴隆站、太湖站等观测时间序列超过3年的AERONET站点。研究领域涉及中国气溶胶光学特性研究鉴定、卫星反演及数值模式产品的验证和评估、环境和辐射效应的研究等多个方面。

Grid-cell Aerosol Direct Shortwave Radiative Forcing Calculated Using the SBDART Model with MODIS and AERONET Observations：An Application in Winter and Summer in Eastern China

Taking winter and summer in eastern China as an example application, a grid-cell method of aerosol direct radiative forcing（ADRF） calculation is examined using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer（SBDART） model with inputs from MODIS and AERONET observations and reanalysis data. Results show that there are significant seasonal and regional differences in climatological mean aerosol optical parameters and ADRF. Higher aerosol optical depth（AOD）occurs in summer and two prominent high aerosol loading centers are observed. Higher single scattering albedo（SSA） in summer is likely associated with the weak absorbing secondary aerosols. SSA is higher in North China during summer but higher in South China during winter. Aerosols induce negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） and surface during both winter and summer, which may be responsible for the decrease in temperature and the increase in relative humidity.Values of ADRF at the surface are four times stronger than those at the TOA. Both AOD and ADRF present strong interannual variations; however, their amplitudes are larger in summer. Moreover, patterns and trends of ADRF do not always correspond well to those of AOD. Differences in the spatial distributions of ADRF between strong and weak monsoon years are captured effectively. Generally, the present results justify that to calculate grid-cell ADRF at a large scale using the SBDART model with observational aerosol optical properties and reanalysis data is an effective approach.

融合AERONET与MODIS AOD数据的大气污染监测研究

以我国京津冀地区为例,旨在解决实时AOD缺失下的大气污染监测问题,并为相关部门提供高时间分辨率的大气污染分布图。在获取京津冀地区典型年份的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)卫星观测数据后,通过经验贝叶斯克里金插值方法得到京津冀地区空间全覆盖数据,分析京津冀地区全球自动观测网(AERONET)3个站点的AOD实时观测数据的变化规律,在空间分异不大的情况下,综合3个站点的AOD变化规律,得到京津冀地区空间全覆盖的实时AOD数据并制图。研究结果表明,京津冀地区冬季和春季的空气污染最为严重,夏季污染最低;高污染地区分布在北京城区东南向、天津城区和河北省南部。最后,结合研究结果为实时AOD监测算法改进提供一些合理化建议。

Using MAN and Coastal AERONET Measurements to Assess the Suitability of MODIS C6.1 Aerosol Optical Depth for Monitoring Changes from Increased Arctic Shipping

Collocated data of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MO-DIS) Collection 6.1 aerosol optical depths (AOD) at 3 km × 3 km north of 59.9°N over ocean were assessed at 550 nm by aerosol robotic network (AERONET) data from coastal sites and marine aerosol network (MAN) data from vessels during June to October 2006 to 2018. Typically, MODIS AOD was higher at low and lower at high values than the AERONET AOD. Discrepancies were largest for sites where the Earth’s surface around the site is very heterogeneous (Canadian Archipelago, coast of Greenland). Due to the higher likelihood for sea-ice, MAN and MODIS AOD differed stronger west of Greenland and over the Beaufort Sea than at location in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and Atlantic. MODIS AOD well captured the inter-seasonal variability found in the AERONET AOD data (R = 0.933). At all sites, MO-DIS and AERONET AOD agreement improved as time progressed in the shipping season, hinting at errors in sea-ice vs. open water classification. Overall 75.3% of the MODIS AOD data fell within the limits of the error envelops of the AERONET/MAN AOD data with MAN ranging between 87.5% and 100%. Changes in both MODIS and AERONET mean AOD between two periods of same length (2006-2011, 2013-2018) were explainable by changes in emissions for all sites.

亚洲3个AERONET站点沙尘特性及大气含沙量对比分析

选取全球气溶胶自动观测网在东亚、中亚和南亚地区观测记录最长的兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)、杜尚别站和斋浦尔站的数据,通过沙尘和污染沙尘的有效分离,对比分析了3站的沙尘特性和大气含沙量.结果表明,3站沙尘天气出现频次的季节差异显著,且污染沙尘明显高于沙尘,SACOL站多发于3-4月,杜尚别站多发于6-10月,出现频率最高的斋浦尔站集中于3-7月.3站沙尘和污染沙尘的光学厚度变化特征与其出现频次一致,斋浦尔站由于人为污染的影响,污染沙尘具有较高的吸收性.沙尘和污染沙尘体积谱均以粗模态为主,且浓度峰值差异显著.3站沙尘质量消光系数一致且介于0.3~0.5 m^(2)/g,大气含沙量差异显著,其月平均最大值分别为0.33(3月)、0.24(7月)和0.42 g/m^(2)(7月).

Study on Probability Distributions of Multi-Timescale Aerosol Optical Depth Using AERONET Data

The probability distribution analysis is per-formed for multi-timescale aerosol optical depth (AOD) using AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) level 2.0 data.The maximum likelihood estimation is employed to determine the best-fit probability density function (PDF),and the statement that the fitting Weibull distribution will be light-tailed is proved true for these AOD samples.The best-fit PDF results for multi-site data show that the PDF of AOD samples with longer timescale in most sites tends to be stably represented by lognormal distribution,while Weibull distribution is a better fit for AOD samples with short timescales.The reason for this difference is ana-lyzed through tail characteristics of the two distributions,and an indicator for the selection between Weibull and lognormal distributions is suggested and validated.The result of this research is helpful for determining the most accurate AOD statistics for a given site and a given time-scale and for validating the retrieved AOD through its PDF.

基于AERONET的东沙海域气溶胶光学模型

使用气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)东沙站的长期观测资料,初步建立逐月的南海东沙海域气溶胶光学特性模型。长期观测数据表明,东沙海域气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)基本低于0.5,春秋两季达到峰值,夏季最低。气溶胶粒子的有效半径在春秋两季较小,其余月份在0.5μm左右。使用三模态对数正态函数拟合区域气溶胶粒径谱,得到细模态半径为0.1μm,中间模态半径为0.28μm,粗模态半径为2.2μm。基于多波段AOD观测数据,评估该模型计算所得AOD光谱和透过率误差,可见和近红外波段透过率的均方根误差(RMSE)为1%~2%,AOD的RMSE为0.01~0.03。结果表明,所建气溶胶模型可以准确描述东沙海域的气溶胶光学特性,满足工程计算的精度要求。

2002~2022年北京大气气溶胶光学特性的地基遥感连续观测

长时间序列的气溶胶光学特性观测资料是定量研究气溶胶辐射和气候效应的重要基础,也是空气质量和环境健康研究的重要数据来源。本文系统评述了全球AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)观测网,并介绍了我国最长观测时间的AEROENT北京站发展状况和一些研究成果;使用北京站长达20余年的观测数据,针对AERONET观测网的光学辐射产品的多时间尺度变化特征进行系统分析,讨论了长期观测的重要性和迫切性。

北方地区MODIS和MISR与AERONET气溶胶光学厚度的比较及其时空分布分析

通过对比2006～2009年,搭载在Terra卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)和多角度成像光谱仪(MISR)传感器与我国北方4个地面AERONET站点观测的气溶胶光学厚度AOD(aerosol optical depth),发现在SACOL站和北京站,MISR反演的气溶胶光学厚度优于MODIS;在香河站和兴隆站,MODIS反演的气溶胶光学厚度优于MISR.总体上,MISR反演的Angstrom值与地面观测相对误差为14%,而MODIS反演结果的相对误差为30%.因而在气溶胶辐射强迫研究中,使用MISR反演的Angstrom值来计算不同波段的气溶胶光学厚度,得到的结果误差较小.同时,利用卫星观测分析了我国大部分地区AOD季节平均分布特征:主要有两个高值区,分别是塔克拉玛干沙漠和华北南部以及华东北部地区.高值区位置随四季变化不明显,但在量值上有明显的季节变化.塔里木盆地春季AOD值最大,华北南部以及华东北部AOD值在夏季最大.MODIS和MISR Angstrom指数分布均表明,春季塔克拉玛干沙漠的气溶胶粒子半径最大;夏季两个高值区的气溶胶粒径达到最小.

Contribution of Satellite Observations in the Optical and Microphysical Characterization of Aerosols in Burkina Faso, West Africa

In this work, we proceed to an optical and microphysical analysis of the observations reversed by the MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI sensors with the aim of proposing the best-adapted airborne sensor for better monitoring of aerosols in Burkina Faso. To this end, a comparison of AOD between satellite observations and in situ measurements at the Ouagadougou site reveals an underestimation of AERONET AOD except for OMI which overestimates them. Also, an inter-comparison done based on the linear regression line representation shows the correlation between the aerosol models incorporated in the airborne sensor inversion algorithms and the aerosol population probed. This can be seen through the correlation coefficients R which are 0.84, 0.64, 0.55 and 0.054 for MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI respectively. Furthermore, an optical analysis of aerosols in Burkina Faso by the MODIS sensor from 2001 to 2016 indicates a large spatial and temporal variability of particles strongly dominated by desert dust. This is corroborated by the annual and seasonal cycles of the AOD at 550 nm and the Angström coefficient measured in the spectral range between 412 nm and 470 nm. A zoom on a few sites chosen according to the three climatic zones confirms the majority presence of mineral aerosols in Burkina Faso, whose maxima are observed in spring and summer.

基于AERONET数据估算近地面PM2.5

近年来对PM2.5估算的研究大多是从卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度出发,而从气溶胶粒子谱本身出发的研究较少.基于此,本文提出一种新方法,利用2016-2017年AERONRT北京、香河、徐州和太湖4个站点的气溶胶粒径分布数据估算了近地面PM2.5质量浓度,经标高订正和湿度订正后用地面监测数据对估算结果进行评价检验.结果表明:①估算的2016-2017年PM2.5日均值和地面实测数据的拟合度R^2分别为北京0.42、香河0.31、徐州0.05和太湖0.49,经标高订正和湿度订正后分别提升至0.69(RMSE=39.33μg·cm^-3)、0.79(RMSE=35.36μg·cm^-3)、0.49(RMSE=32.93μg·cm^-3)和0.75(RMSE=15.24μg·cm^-3);②将估算的PM2.5季均值与地面实测季均值进行对比分析,结果也显示二者基本相当,同时基于该方法估算了2006-2017年北京和香河地区PM2.5年均值,分析了其变化趋势.由此可见,基于AERONET的粒子谱数据能够较好地估算近地面PM2.5质量浓度,并且可以利用该方法估算PM2.5历史数据,分析变化趋势.

ANALYSIS OF COLUMN-INTEGRATED AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN BEIJING FROM AERONET OBSERVATIONS

Aerosol Optical Thickness （AOT）, water vapor content and derived Angstrom exponent acquired by a CIMEL sun photometer in Beijing are analyzed. Monthly means computed from quality-assured daily means, seasonal trends and inter-annual variations are presented and discussed. Summer has the highest seasonal average AOT at 440 nm （τa440）, Angstrom exponent （α440-870） and water vapor content with the values 0.93, 1.34 and 3.0 cm, respectively. The second highest seasonal average τa440 appears in spring with the largest variation of α440-870 and minimum α440-870 0.99 due to the impact of coarse particles. The minimum seasonal average τa440 （0.44） and water vapor content （0.4 cm） appear in winter. The annual average τa440 , α440-870 and water vapor content for about 4-year observation period are 0.70, 1.19 and 1.4 cm, respectively. All monthly average Angstrom exponents are within 0.8-1.4. which indicates aerosol in Beijing is a very complex mixture of both fine- and coarse-mode particles （from anthropogenic influence and natural mineral dust）.

Estimation and inter-comparison of dust aerosols based on MODIS, MISR and AERONET retrievals over Asian desert regions

This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.