“Alme ardeb” is a conventional beverage made from sugar and tamarind, season with other ingredients and highly prized by the population of the northern regions of Cameroon. Despite the importance of this traditional...“Alme ardeb” is a conventional beverage made from sugar and tamarind, season with other ingredients and highly prized by the population of the northern regions of Cameroon. Despite the importance of this traditional drink, the manufacturing process and quality attributes are still unknown. As such, a study was undertaken to describe the manufacturing process and characterise the quality of “Alme ardeb”. A survey was conducted in the Diamaré division of the Far north region. An ethnographical technique accompanied with semi-structured questionnaires and interviewing were used for collecting data needed to elaborate the production process. Forty-nine (49) samples of “Alme ardeb” were taken from 49 women producers in the different sites representing 10 samples per site and the sensory, physicochemical, phytochemical and microbiological properties were assessed according referenced techniques. The field survey reveals that the production of “Alme ardeb” is conventional and rudimentary involving two classical units of operation, caramelisation and boiling. The pH and titratable acidity of “Alme ardeb” were insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) except for the soluble solids, electrical conductivity and total sugar. The pH is acidic ranging between 4.06 ± 0.01 and 4.74 ± 0.05 with an oscillating titratable acidity ranging from 0.61% ± 0.022% to 0.65% ± 0.01% and an average soluble solids content of about 10.74 °Brix. Similarly, the total sugar content varies between 51.25 ± 0.18g·L<sup>-1</sup> and 61.37 ± 0.18 g·L<sup>-1</sup> with a conductivity that fluctuates around 351 μS·cm<sup>-1</sup> and 707 μS·cm<sup>-1</sup>. In addition, the average polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents were 2.2g EAG·L<sup>-1</sup>, 0.58 g·EQL<sup>-1</sup> and 0.36 g·ECL<sup>-1</sup> respectively, with a free radical scavenging capacity of 52.18%. The beverage revealed a complete absence of Salmonella with a doubtful hygienic quality. The total aerobic plate count varied from (4.1 ± 0.014) × 10<sup>4</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> to (8.2 ± 0.007) × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>, total coliforms from (4.3 ± 0.6) × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> to (1.05 ± 0.7) × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>, faecal coliforms from non-detected to (4.1 ± 0.07) × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> and the fungal flora ranged from 0.0 to (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>. However, the panelists judged the beverage as being acidic with a brownish colour and a sweet caramelized taste. Consequently, the beverage was highly palatable and consumed with an overall score that went from 13.48 ± 3.32 to 15.81 ± 4.47.展开更多
目的:比较分析PLo S ALMs与Altmetrics评分、单篇论文学术评价指标之间的相关性及对单篇论文的评价效度。方法:以PLo S系列期刊PLo S Biology、PLo S Medicine为例,基于PLo S ALMs论文层面计量指标数据,分析比较其阅览量、下载量、讨论...目的:比较分析PLo S ALMs与Altmetrics评分、单篇论文学术评价指标之间的相关性及对单篇论文的评价效度。方法:以PLo S系列期刊PLo S Biology、PLo S Medicine为例,基于PLo S ALMs论文层面计量指标数据,分析比较其阅览量、下载量、讨论量、保存量、被引频次、推荐量与Altmetrics评分、h指数、学术迹T之间的相关性以及对单篇论文的评价效果。结果:阅览量、下载量、讨论量与被引频次、h指数有正相关性,推荐量与h指数、学术迹无关。Altmetrics评分与阅览量、下载量和讨论量呈中度相关性,与被引频次呈弱相关。结论:PLo S ALMs是一个多维评价,应该应用多指标测度,才能体现研究成果的综合实力。展开更多
The risk of developing neoplasia leading to colorectal cancer is significantly increased in ulcerative colitis (UC) and most likely in Crohn's disease. Several endoscopic surveillance strategies have been implemen...The risk of developing neoplasia leading to colorectal cancer is significantly increased in ulcerative colitis (UC) and most likely in Crohn's disease. Several endoscopic surveillance strategies have been implemented to identify these lesions. The main issue is that colitisassociated neoplasms often occurs in flat mucosa, often being detected on taking random biopsies rather than by identification of these lesions via endoscopic imaging. The standard diagnostic procedure in long lasting UC is to take four biopsies every 10 cm. Image enhancement methods, such as chromoendoscopy and virtual histology using endomicroscopy, have greatly im- proved neoplasia detection rates and may contribute toreduced random biopsies by taking targeted "smart" biopsies. Chromoendoscopy may effectively be performed by experienced endoscopists for routine screening of UC patients. By contrast, endomicroscopy is often only available in selected specialized endoscopic centers. Importantly, advanced endoscopic imaging has the poten- tial to increase the detection rate of neoplasia whereas the interplay between endoscopic experience and interpretation of histological biopsy evaluation allows the physician to make a proper diagnosis and to find the appropriate therapeutic approach. Colitis-associated intraepithelial neoplasms may occur in flat mucosa of endoscopically normal appearance or may arise as dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM), which may be indistinguishable from sporadic adenomas in healthy or non-colitis mucosa [adenoma-like mass (ALM)]. The aim of this review was to summarize endoscopic and histological characteristics of DALM and ALM in the context of therapeutic procedures.展开更多
文摘“Alme ardeb” is a conventional beverage made from sugar and tamarind, season with other ingredients and highly prized by the population of the northern regions of Cameroon. Despite the importance of this traditional drink, the manufacturing process and quality attributes are still unknown. As such, a study was undertaken to describe the manufacturing process and characterise the quality of “Alme ardeb”. A survey was conducted in the Diamaré division of the Far north region. An ethnographical technique accompanied with semi-structured questionnaires and interviewing were used for collecting data needed to elaborate the production process. Forty-nine (49) samples of “Alme ardeb” were taken from 49 women producers in the different sites representing 10 samples per site and the sensory, physicochemical, phytochemical and microbiological properties were assessed according referenced techniques. The field survey reveals that the production of “Alme ardeb” is conventional and rudimentary involving two classical units of operation, caramelisation and boiling. The pH and titratable acidity of “Alme ardeb” were insignificant (p ≥ 0.05) except for the soluble solids, electrical conductivity and total sugar. The pH is acidic ranging between 4.06 ± 0.01 and 4.74 ± 0.05 with an oscillating titratable acidity ranging from 0.61% ± 0.022% to 0.65% ± 0.01% and an average soluble solids content of about 10.74 °Brix. Similarly, the total sugar content varies between 51.25 ± 0.18g·L<sup>-1</sup> and 61.37 ± 0.18 g·L<sup>-1</sup> with a conductivity that fluctuates around 351 μS·cm<sup>-1</sup> and 707 μS·cm<sup>-1</sup>. In addition, the average polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents were 2.2g EAG·L<sup>-1</sup>, 0.58 g·EQL<sup>-1</sup> and 0.36 g·ECL<sup>-1</sup> respectively, with a free radical scavenging capacity of 52.18%. The beverage revealed a complete absence of Salmonella with a doubtful hygienic quality. The total aerobic plate count varied from (4.1 ± 0.014) × 10<sup>4</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> to (8.2 ± 0.007) × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>, total coliforms from (4.3 ± 0.6) × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> to (1.05 ± 0.7) × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>, faecal coliforms from non-detected to (4.1 ± 0.07) × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup> and the fungal flora ranged from 0.0 to (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU·mL<sup>-1</sup>. However, the panelists judged the beverage as being acidic with a brownish colour and a sweet caramelized taste. Consequently, the beverage was highly palatable and consumed with an overall score that went from 13.48 ± 3.32 to 15.81 ± 4.47.
文摘目的:比较分析PLo S ALMs与Altmetrics评分、单篇论文学术评价指标之间的相关性及对单篇论文的评价效度。方法:以PLo S系列期刊PLo S Biology、PLo S Medicine为例,基于PLo S ALMs论文层面计量指标数据,分析比较其阅览量、下载量、讨论量、保存量、被引频次、推荐量与Altmetrics评分、h指数、学术迹T之间的相关性以及对单篇论文的评价效果。结果:阅览量、下载量、讨论量与被引频次、h指数有正相关性,推荐量与h指数、学术迹无关。Altmetrics评分与阅览量、下载量和讨论量呈中度相关性,与被引频次呈弱相关。结论:PLo S ALMs是一个多维评价,应该应用多指标测度,才能体现研究成果的综合实力。
文摘The risk of developing neoplasia leading to colorectal cancer is significantly increased in ulcerative colitis (UC) and most likely in Crohn's disease. Several endoscopic surveillance strategies have been implemented to identify these lesions. The main issue is that colitisassociated neoplasms often occurs in flat mucosa, often being detected on taking random biopsies rather than by identification of these lesions via endoscopic imaging. The standard diagnostic procedure in long lasting UC is to take four biopsies every 10 cm. Image enhancement methods, such as chromoendoscopy and virtual histology using endomicroscopy, have greatly im- proved neoplasia detection rates and may contribute toreduced random biopsies by taking targeted "smart" biopsies. Chromoendoscopy may effectively be performed by experienced endoscopists for routine screening of UC patients. By contrast, endomicroscopy is often only available in selected specialized endoscopic centers. Importantly, advanced endoscopic imaging has the poten- tial to increase the detection rate of neoplasia whereas the interplay between endoscopic experience and interpretation of histological biopsy evaluation allows the physician to make a proper diagnosis and to find the appropriate therapeutic approach. Colitis-associated intraepithelial neoplasms may occur in flat mucosa of endoscopically normal appearance or may arise as dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM), which may be indistinguishable from sporadic adenomas in healthy or non-colitis mucosa [adenoma-like mass (ALM)]. The aim of this review was to summarize endoscopic and histological characteristics of DALM and ALM in the context of therapeutic procedures.
