Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression,cell division, cell survival,apoptosis,metabolism,differentiation ...Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression,cell division, cell survival,apoptosis,metabolism,differentiation and motility.The MAPK pathways can be divided into conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.The first group converts a signal into a cellular response through a relay of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases,MAPK kinase,and MAPK.Atypical MAPK pathways are not organized into this three-tiered cascade.MAPK that belongs to both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways can phosphorylate both non-protein kinase substrates and other protein kinases.The latter are referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases.This review focuses on one such MAPK-activated protein kinase,MAPK-activated protein kinase 5(MK5)or p38-regulated/activated protein kinase(PRAK).This protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and seems to be the target of both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.Recent findings on the regulation of the activity and subcellular localization,bona fide interaction partners and physiological roles of MK5/PRAK are discussed.展开更多
目的探索莓茶提取物对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠糖脂代谢及肝脏沉默信息调节因子1(silence information regulator 1,SIRT1)、AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ...目的探索莓茶提取物对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠糖脂代谢及肝脏沉默信息调节因子1(silence information regulator 1,SIRT1)、AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)蛋白表达的影响。方法高脂高糖喂养联合链脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg)腹腔注射建立T2DM大鼠模型,建模成功后随机分为模型组、莓茶低剂量组(0.4 g/kg)、莓茶高剂量组(0.8 g/kg),另设普通饲料喂养大鼠为正常组,每组8只。各组灌胃给药6周后,行口服葡萄糖耐量试验计算血糖-时间曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),ELISA法检测空腹血胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)水平,计算稳态模型以评估胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),全自动生化分析仪测定血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醇(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平,HE染色观察肝脏组织形态学变化,Western blot检测肝脏SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、LDL-C、MDA均明显升高(P<0.01),HDL-C、SOD和SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.01),肝脏组织肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞间隙不清晰,呈脂肪变性改变。与模型组比较,莓茶低剂量组、莓茶高剂量组FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、MDA均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD和SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝脏组织肝索排列相对整齐,脂肪变性得到改善;莓茶高剂量组AUC、TC均明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C明显升高(P<0.05)。与莓茶低剂量组比较,莓茶高剂量组FBG、AUC、FINS、TC、MDA均明显降低(P<0.05),SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05)。结论莓茶提取物能在一定程度上改善T2DM大鼠糖脂代谢,减轻胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与改善氧化应激,调节肝脏SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达有关。展开更多
多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一组生殖内分泌代谢紊乱的综合征,临床以稀发排卵、高雄激素体征、胰岛素抵抗为主要特征,其中育龄期发病率高,对女性生育力造成严重不良影响。PCOS的发生发展涉及多种信号通路,腺苷酸...多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一组生殖内分泌代谢紊乱的综合征,临床以稀发排卵、高雄激素体征、胰岛素抵抗为主要特征,其中育龄期发病率高,对女性生育力造成严重不良影响。PCOS的发生发展涉及多种信号通路,腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)作为细胞能量感受器是其中两个关键靶点。二者在PCOS各个发病部位包括下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴、子宫内膜、脂肪与骨骼肌中发挥重要的调节作用,通过影响细胞自噬、氧化应激、炎症、线粒体功能、葡萄糖摄取等,促进卵泡的发育和成熟,改善胰岛素抵抗。近年来,中医药因其成分多样、靶点众多等优势广泛应用于临床,研究人员已对PCOS的发病以及中药治疗及改善PCOS的机制进行了大量研究,结果提示AMPK与mTOR相关通路在其中发挥关键作用。通过总结中药干预AMPK与mTOR及其相关通路治疗PCOS的研究结果,为临床治疗及基础研究提供参考。展开更多
AIM To investigate protective effects and molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols(GTP) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in Zucker fatty(ZF) rats.METHODS Male ZF rats were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) for 2...AIM To investigate protective effects and molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols(GTP) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in Zucker fatty(ZF) rats.METHODS Male ZF rats were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) for 2 wk then treated with GTP(200 mg/kg) or saline(5 m L/kg) for 8 wk, with Zucker lean rat as their control. At the end of experiment, serum and liver tissue were collected for measurement of metabolic parameters, alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST), inflammatory cytokines and hepatic triglyceride and liver histology. Immunoblotting was used to detect phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) acetyl-Co A carboxylase(ACC), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c(SREBP1c). RESULTS Genetically obese ZF rats on a HFD presented with metabolic features of hepatic pathological changes comparable to human with NAFLD. GTP intervention decreased weight gain(10.1%, P = 0.052) and significantly lowered visceral fat(31.0%, P < 0.01). Compared with ZF-controls, GTP treatment significantly reduced fasting serum insulin, glucose and lipids levels. Reduction in serum ALT and AST levels(both P < 0.01) were observed in GTP-treated ZF rats. GTP treatment also attenuated the elevated TNFα and IL-6 in the circulation. The increased hepatic TG accumulation and cytoplasmic lipid droplet were attenuated by GTP treatment, associated with significantly increased expression of AMPK-Thr172(P < 0.05) and phosphorylated ACC and SREBP1c(both P < 0.05), indicating diminished hepatic lipogenesis and triglycerides out flux from liver in GTP treated rats. CONCLUSION The protective effects of GTP against HFD-induced NAFLD in genetically obese ZF rats are positively correlated to reduction in hepatic lipogenesis through upregulating the AMPK pathway.展开更多
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)are a family of proteins that constitute signaling pathways involved in processes that control gene expression,cell division, cell survival,apoptosis,metabolism,differentiation and motility.The MAPK pathways can be divided into conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.The first group converts a signal into a cellular response through a relay of three consecutive phosphorylation events exerted by MAPK kinase kinases,MAPK kinase,and MAPK.Atypical MAPK pathways are not organized into this three-tiered cascade.MAPK that belongs to both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways can phosphorylate both non-protein kinase substrates and other protein kinases.The latter are referred to as MAPK-activated protein kinases.This review focuses on one such MAPK-activated protein kinase,MAPK-activated protein kinase 5(MK5)or p38-regulated/activated protein kinase(PRAK).This protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and seems to be the target of both conventional and atypical MAPK pathways.Recent findings on the regulation of the activity and subcellular localization,bona fide interaction partners and physiological roles of MK5/PRAK are discussed.
文摘目的探索莓茶提取物对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠糖脂代谢及肝脏沉默信息调节因子1(silence information regulator 1,SIRT1)、AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)蛋白表达的影响。方法高脂高糖喂养联合链脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg)腹腔注射建立T2DM大鼠模型,建模成功后随机分为模型组、莓茶低剂量组(0.4 g/kg)、莓茶高剂量组(0.8 g/kg),另设普通饲料喂养大鼠为正常组,每组8只。各组灌胃给药6周后,行口服葡萄糖耐量试验计算血糖-时间曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),ELISA法检测空腹血胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)水平,计算稳态模型以评估胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),全自动生化分析仪测定血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醇(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平,HE染色观察肝脏组织形态学变化,Western blot检测肝脏SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组FBG、AUC、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、LDL-C、MDA均明显升高(P<0.01),HDL-C、SOD和SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.01),肝脏组织肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞间隙不清晰,呈脂肪变性改变。与模型组比较,莓茶低剂量组、莓茶高剂量组FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、MDA均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD和SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝脏组织肝索排列相对整齐,脂肪变性得到改善;莓茶高剂量组AUC、TC均明显降低(P<0.05),HDL-C明显升高(P<0.05)。与莓茶低剂量组比较,莓茶高剂量组FBG、AUC、FINS、TC、MDA均明显降低(P<0.05),SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05)。结论莓茶提取物能在一定程度上改善T2DM大鼠糖脂代谢,减轻胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与改善氧化应激,调节肝脏SIRT1、AMPK、PGC-1α蛋白表达有关。
文摘多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一组生殖内分泌代谢紊乱的综合征,临床以稀发排卵、高雄激素体征、胰岛素抵抗为主要特征,其中育龄期发病率高,对女性生育力造成严重不良影响。PCOS的发生发展涉及多种信号通路,腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)作为细胞能量感受器是其中两个关键靶点。二者在PCOS各个发病部位包括下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴、子宫内膜、脂肪与骨骼肌中发挥重要的调节作用,通过影响细胞自噬、氧化应激、炎症、线粒体功能、葡萄糖摄取等,促进卵泡的发育和成熟,改善胰岛素抵抗。近年来,中医药因其成分多样、靶点众多等优势广泛应用于临床,研究人员已对PCOS的发病以及中药治疗及改善PCOS的机制进行了大量研究,结果提示AMPK与mTOR相关通路在其中发挥关键作用。通过总结中药干预AMPK与mTOR及其相关通路治疗PCOS的研究结果,为临床治疗及基础研究提供参考。
文摘AIM To investigate protective effects and molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols(GTP) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in Zucker fatty(ZF) rats.METHODS Male ZF rats were fed a high-fat diet(HFD) for 2 wk then treated with GTP(200 mg/kg) or saline(5 m L/kg) for 8 wk, with Zucker lean rat as their control. At the end of experiment, serum and liver tissue were collected for measurement of metabolic parameters, alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST), inflammatory cytokines and hepatic triglyceride and liver histology. Immunoblotting was used to detect phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) acetyl-Co A carboxylase(ACC), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c(SREBP1c). RESULTS Genetically obese ZF rats on a HFD presented with metabolic features of hepatic pathological changes comparable to human with NAFLD. GTP intervention decreased weight gain(10.1%, P = 0.052) and significantly lowered visceral fat(31.0%, P < 0.01). Compared with ZF-controls, GTP treatment significantly reduced fasting serum insulin, glucose and lipids levels. Reduction in serum ALT and AST levels(both P < 0.01) were observed in GTP-treated ZF rats. GTP treatment also attenuated the elevated TNFα and IL-6 in the circulation. The increased hepatic TG accumulation and cytoplasmic lipid droplet were attenuated by GTP treatment, associated with significantly increased expression of AMPK-Thr172(P < 0.05) and phosphorylated ACC and SREBP1c(both P < 0.05), indicating diminished hepatic lipogenesis and triglycerides out flux from liver in GTP treated rats. CONCLUSION The protective effects of GTP against HFD-induced NAFLD in genetically obese ZF rats are positively correlated to reduction in hepatic lipogenesis through upregulating the AMPK pathway.
