Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related ...Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.展开更多
Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coff...Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coffea arabica within the AP2/ERF full domain,using the EST-based genomic resource of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.The ERF family genes were classified into nine of the ten existing groups through phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and comparison with the sequences of the ERF family genes in Arabidopsis.In addition to the AP2 domain,other conserved domains were identified,typical of members of each group.The in silico analysis and expression profiling showed high levels of expression for libraries derived from tissues of fruits,leaves and flowers as well as for libraries subjected to water stress.These results suggest the participation of the ERF family genes of C.arabica in distinct biological functions,such as control of development,maturation,and responses to water stress.The results of this work imply in the selection of promising genes for further functional characterizations that will provide a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks related to plant development and responses to stress,opening up opportunities for coffee breeding programs.展开更多
目的:探讨创伤后脾细胞活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cells,NFAT)和激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)的DNA结合活性、部分家族成员c-Fos,c-Jun,JunB蛋白的表达和白细胞介素2(IL-2)表达的动态变化及它们间的关系...目的:探讨创伤后脾细胞活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cells,NFAT)和激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)的DNA结合活性、部分家族成员c-Fos,c-Jun,JunB蛋白的表达和白细胞介素2(IL-2)表达的动态变化及它们间的关系。方法:采用小鼠双后肢闭合性砸伤+骨折模型,于创伤后6、12h,1、4、7、10、14d处死动物,分离脾细胞,经ConA刺激细胞后收集培养上清以测定IL-2活性;提取脾细胞RNA以测定IL-2 mRNA;提取脾细胞核蛋白,用电泳迁移率改变试验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)检测NFAT、AP-1的DNA结合活性,用免疫蛋白印迹法(Western blot assay)检测c-Fos,c-Jun,JunB蛋白的表达。结果:和正常对照组相比,创伤后IL-2活性均有不同程度的降低,其受抑的程度在创伤后4d更为明显。创伤后脾细胞NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性亦逐渐下降,至伤后4d时下降最明显,为正常对照组的41%和49%。这与创伤后脾细胞IL-2的活性和IL-2 mRNA的降低相一致。c-Fos蛋白水平在伤后1、4d明显降低;c-Fos蛋白表达无明显变化;JunB蛋白水平仅在伤后1d明显表达。结论:上述结果提示,创伤后脾细胞IL-2表达受抑至少部分是由于核转录因子NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性降低所导致;而NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性降低可能部分由于创伤影响c-Fos蛋白的生成所致。展开更多
Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDN...Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDNA library from rice and designated as Oryza sativa AP2/ERF-like protein （OsAP2LP） gene. OsAP2LP is 1491 bp in length, interrupted by seven introns, and encodes a putative protein of 348 amino acids. Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that the OsAP2LP gene was preferentially expressed in roots, panicles, mature embryos and seeds in rice. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of the OsAP2LP gene were increased under the treatments of drought and gibberellin but decreased under the treatments of low temperature, salt, abscisic acid （ABA） and zeatin. Taken together, these results suggest that OsAP2LP might be involved in stress responses, and probably plays roles as a transcription regulator when plants response to cold, salt and drought stresses through ABA and gibberellin pathways.展开更多
Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key e...Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate （JA）. Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 （CBF2） and RAVlAAT （RAA） motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.展开更多
Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation ...Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation （i.e., initiation and elongation） in rice remain largely unclear. Here, we report an AP2/ERF transcription factor, Hairy Leaf 6 （HL6）, which controls trichome formation in rice. Functional analyses revealed that HL6 transcriptionally regulates trichome elongation in rice, which is dependent on functional OsWOX3B, a homeodomain-containing protein that acts as a key regulator in trichome initiation. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses demonstrated that HL6 physically interacts with OsWOX3B, and both of them regulate the expression of some auxin-related genes during trichome formation, in which OsWOX3B likely enhances the binding ability of HL6 with one of its direct target gene, OsYUCCA5. Popu- lation genetic analysis indicated that HL6 was under negative selection during rice domestication. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular regulatory network of trichome formation in rice.展开更多
Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifi...Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifically in the developing soybean seeds. The full length of the gene was obtained through further RACE analysis and the gene was named GmSGR. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene belonged to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. Its AP2 domain had the highest similarity with that of the A-3 member AtABI4 of DREB subgroup in the AP2/ERF family in Arabidopsis. GmSGR did not exhibit transcriptional activation activity in the yeast assay system. GmSGR was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the germination rates of the transgenic seeds were significantly higher than that of the wild type seeds under higher concentrations of ABA and glucose respectively. However, the germina-tion rates of the transgenic seeds were lower than that of control under salt stress. The expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B was higher in the seedlings of the transgenic plants than that in the wild-type seedlings. These results suggest that GmSGR may confer reduced ABA sensitivity and enhanced salt sensitivity to the transgenic seeds through regulating the expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B genes.展开更多
Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significan...Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significant attention,but the regulation of CPT biosynthesis by the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors(TFs)remains unclear.In this study,a systematic analysis of the AP2/ERF TFs family in C.acuminata was performed,including phylogeny,gene structure,conserved motifs,and gene expression profiles in different tissues and organs(immature bark,cotyledons,young flower,immature fruit,mature fruit,mature leaf,roots,upper stem,and lower stem)of C.acuminata.A total of 198 AP2/ERF genes were identified and divided into five relatively conserved subfamilies,including AP2(26 genes),DREB(61 genes),ERF(92 genes),RAV(18 genes),and Soloist(one gene).The combination of gene expression patterns in different C.acuminata tissues and organs,the phylogenetic tree,the co-expression analysis with biosynthetic genes,and the analysis of promoter sequences of key enzymes genes involved in CPT biosynthesis pathways revealed that eight AP2/ERF TFs in C.acuminata might be involved in CPT synthesis regulation,which exhibit relatively high expression levels in the upper stem or immature bark.Among these,four genes(Cac AP2/ERF123,Cac AP2/ERF125,Cac AP2/ERF126,and Cac AP2/ERF127)belong to the ERF–B2 subgroup;two genes(Cac AP2/ERF149 and Cac AP2/ERF152)belong to the ERF–B3 subgroup;and two more genes(Cac AP2/ERF095 and Cac AP2/ERF096)belong to the DREB–A6 subgroup.These results provide a foundation for future functional characterization of the AP2/ERF genes to enhance the biosynthesis of CPT compounds of C.acuminata.展开更多
Water is the most abundant molecule in almost all living organisms. Aquaporins are channel proteins that play critical roles in controlling the water content of cells. Here, we report the identification of an AP2/EREB...Water is the most abundant molecule in almost all living organisms. Aquaporins are channel proteins that play critical roles in controlling the water content of cells. Here, we report the identification of an AP2/EREBP family transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana, TRANSLUCENT GREEN （TG）, whose overexpression in transgenic plants gave enhanced drought tolerance and vitrified leaves. TG protein is localized in the nucleus, binds DRE and GCC elements in vitro, and acts as a transcriptional activator in yeast cells. Microarray analysis revealed a total of 330 genes regulated by TG, among which five genes encode aquaporins. A transient expression assay showed that TG directly binds to the promoters of three aquaporin genes, such as AtTIP1;1, AtTIP2;3, and AtPIP2;2, indicating that TG directly regulates the expression of these genes. Moreover, overexpression of AtTIP1;1 resulted in vitrified phenotypes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, similar to those observed in TG overexpression lines. Water injection into wild-type leaves recapitulated the vitrified leaf phenotypes, which was reversed by cutting off the water supply from vascular bundles. Taken together, our data support that TG controls water balance in Arabidopsis through directly activating the expression of aquaporin genes.展开更多
文摘Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.
文摘Members of the ERF Family of Transcription Factors play an important role in plant development and gene expression that regulates responses to biotic and abiotic stress.This work identified 36 ERF family genes in Coffea arabica within the AP2/ERF full domain,using the EST-based genomic resource of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.The ERF family genes were classified into nine of the ten existing groups through phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and comparison with the sequences of the ERF family genes in Arabidopsis.In addition to the AP2 domain,other conserved domains were identified,typical of members of each group.The in silico analysis and expression profiling showed high levels of expression for libraries derived from tissues of fruits,leaves and flowers as well as for libraries subjected to water stress.These results suggest the participation of the ERF family genes of C.arabica in distinct biological functions,such as control of development,maturation,and responses to water stress.The results of this work imply in the selection of promising genes for further functional characterizations that will provide a better understanding of the complex regulatory networks related to plant development and responses to stress,opening up opportunities for coffee breeding programs.
文摘目的:探讨创伤后脾细胞活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cells,NFAT)和激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)的DNA结合活性、部分家族成员c-Fos,c-Jun,JunB蛋白的表达和白细胞介素2(IL-2)表达的动态变化及它们间的关系。方法:采用小鼠双后肢闭合性砸伤+骨折模型,于创伤后6、12h,1、4、7、10、14d处死动物,分离脾细胞,经ConA刺激细胞后收集培养上清以测定IL-2活性;提取脾细胞RNA以测定IL-2 mRNA;提取脾细胞核蛋白,用电泳迁移率改变试验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)检测NFAT、AP-1的DNA结合活性,用免疫蛋白印迹法(Western blot assay)检测c-Fos,c-Jun,JunB蛋白的表达。结果:和正常对照组相比,创伤后IL-2活性均有不同程度的降低,其受抑的程度在创伤后4d更为明显。创伤后脾细胞NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性亦逐渐下降,至伤后4d时下降最明显,为正常对照组的41%和49%。这与创伤后脾细胞IL-2的活性和IL-2 mRNA的降低相一致。c-Fos蛋白水平在伤后1、4d明显降低;c-Fos蛋白表达无明显变化;JunB蛋白水平仅在伤后1d明显表达。结论:上述结果提示,创伤后脾细胞IL-2表达受抑至少部分是由于核转录因子NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性降低所导致;而NFAT和AP-1的DNA结合活性降低可能部分由于创伤影响c-Fos蛋白的生成所致。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.30770132 and 30570103)
文摘Ethylene response factors （ERFs） play important roles in response to plant biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a gene encoding a putative AP2/ERF domain-containing protein was isolated by screening a SSH cDNA library from rice and designated as Oryza sativa AP2/ERF-like protein （OsAP2LP） gene. OsAP2LP is 1491 bp in length, interrupted by seven introns, and encodes a putative protein of 348 amino acids. Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that the OsAP2LP gene was preferentially expressed in roots, panicles, mature embryos and seeds in rice. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of the OsAP2LP gene were increased under the treatments of drought and gibberellin but decreased under the treatments of low temperature, salt, abscisic acid （ABA） and zeatin. Taken together, these results suggest that OsAP2LP might be involved in stress responses, and probably plays roles as a transcription regulator when plants response to cold, salt and drought stresses through ABA and gibberellin pathways.
基金This research was supported by State Key Basic Research Program of China （2007CB108800）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30630008）, and the National HighTech Program of China （2007AA021501 ）.ACKNO WLEDGMENTS We thank CYP71AV1. discussions Ke-Xuan Tang for supplying the promoter sequence of We thank Ji-Rong Huang and Gao-Jie Hong for he pfu No conflict of interest declared
文摘Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate （JA）. Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 （CBF2） and RAVlAAT （RAA） motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.
文摘Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation （i.e., initiation and elongation） in rice remain largely unclear. Here, we report an AP2/ERF transcription factor, Hairy Leaf 6 （HL6）, which controls trichome formation in rice. Functional analyses revealed that HL6 transcriptionally regulates trichome elongation in rice, which is dependent on functional OsWOX3B, a homeodomain-containing protein that acts as a key regulator in trichome initiation. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses demonstrated that HL6 physically interacts with OsWOX3B, and both of them regulate the expression of some auxin-related genes during trichome formation, in which OsWOX3B likely enhances the binding ability of HL6 with one of its direct target gene, OsYUCCA5. Popu- lation genetic analysis indicated that HL6 was under negative selection during rice domestication. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular regulatory network of trichome formation in rice.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30490254)the Major Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2004CB117200 and 2002CB111303)
文摘Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifically in the developing soybean seeds. The full length of the gene was obtained through further RACE analysis and the gene was named GmSGR. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene belonged to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. Its AP2 domain had the highest similarity with that of the A-3 member AtABI4 of DREB subgroup in the AP2/ERF family in Arabidopsis. GmSGR did not exhibit transcriptional activation activity in the yeast assay system. GmSGR was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the germination rates of the transgenic seeds were significantly higher than that of the wild type seeds under higher concentrations of ABA and glucose respectively. However, the germina-tion rates of the transgenic seeds were lower than that of control under salt stress. The expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B was higher in the seedlings of the transgenic plants than that in the wild-type seedlings. These results suggest that GmSGR may confer reduced ABA sensitivity and enhanced salt sensitivity to the transgenic seeds through regulating the expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B genes.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1711100)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,No.2016-I2M-3-016)。
文摘Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significant attention,but the regulation of CPT biosynthesis by the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors(TFs)remains unclear.In this study,a systematic analysis of the AP2/ERF TFs family in C.acuminata was performed,including phylogeny,gene structure,conserved motifs,and gene expression profiles in different tissues and organs(immature bark,cotyledons,young flower,immature fruit,mature fruit,mature leaf,roots,upper stem,and lower stem)of C.acuminata.A total of 198 AP2/ERF genes were identified and divided into five relatively conserved subfamilies,including AP2(26 genes),DREB(61 genes),ERF(92 genes),RAV(18 genes),and Soloist(one gene).The combination of gene expression patterns in different C.acuminata tissues and organs,the phylogenetic tree,the co-expression analysis with biosynthetic genes,and the analysis of promoter sequences of key enzymes genes involved in CPT biosynthesis pathways revealed that eight AP2/ERF TFs in C.acuminata might be involved in CPT synthesis regulation,which exhibit relatively high expression levels in the upper stem or immature bark.Among these,four genes(Cac AP2/ERF123,Cac AP2/ERF125,Cac AP2/ERF126,and Cac AP2/ERF127)belong to the ERF–B2 subgroup;two genes(Cac AP2/ERF149 and Cac AP2/ERF152)belong to the ERF–B3 subgroup;and two more genes(Cac AP2/ERF095 and Cac AP2/ERF096)belong to the DREB–A6 subgroup.These results provide a foundation for future functional characterization of the AP2/ERF genes to enhance the biosynthesis of CPT compounds of C.acuminata.
文摘Water is the most abundant molecule in almost all living organisms. Aquaporins are channel proteins that play critical roles in controlling the water content of cells. Here, we report the identification of an AP2/EREBP family transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana, TRANSLUCENT GREEN （TG）, whose overexpression in transgenic plants gave enhanced drought tolerance and vitrified leaves. TG protein is localized in the nucleus, binds DRE and GCC elements in vitro, and acts as a transcriptional activator in yeast cells. Microarray analysis revealed a total of 330 genes regulated by TG, among which five genes encode aquaporins. A transient expression assay showed that TG directly binds to the promoters of three aquaporin genes, such as AtTIP1;1, AtTIP2;3, and AtPIP2;2, indicating that TG directly regulates the expression of these genes. Moreover, overexpression of AtTIP1;1 resulted in vitrified phenotypes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, similar to those observed in TG overexpression lines. Water injection into wild-type leaves recapitulated the vitrified leaf phenotypes, which was reversed by cutting off the water supply from vascular bundles. Taken together, our data support that TG controls water balance in Arabidopsis through directly activating the expression of aquaporin genes.
