A dicistrovirus increases pupal mortality in Spodoptera frugiperda by suppressing protease activity and inhibiting larval diet consumption

Understanding interactions between viruses and their hosts is conducive to enabling better application of viruses as biocontrol agents.Certain viruses carried by parasitic wasps enhance the parasitic efficiency of wasp-larvae by protecting them against the immune system of their Lepidopteran host.However,the relationship between prey pests and viruses found in predatory natural enemies remains unclear.Herein,we report the interaction between Arma chinensis virus-1(AcV-1),originally isolated from a predatory natural enemy,Arma chinensis(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae),and one of its prey species,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).The results showed that the AcV-1 virus appeared harmful to the novel host S.frugiperda by inhibiting larval diet consumption and increasing pupal mortality.Meanwhile,sequencing data indicated that the virus altered the gene expression profiles of S.frugiperda.KEGG analysis showed that the proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immune response were significantly enriched.Although the expression levels of digestive enzyme genes did not change significantly,the total protease activity of AcV-1 virus-positive individuals was significantly decreased,suggesting that the virus inhibited diet consumption of S.frugiperda via the down-regulation of digestive enzyme activities.These results indicate that a virus initially isolated in a predatory natural enemy can decrease the fitness of its prey species.The virus was found to impact the host proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immunity,providing a potential mechanism to enhance controlling efficiency.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 21 promotes tumorigenicity and stemness of colorectal cancer by deubiquitinating and stabilizing ZEB1

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one very usual tumor together with higher death rate.Ubiquitin-specific protease 21(USP21)has been confirmed to take part into the regulation of CRC progression through serving as a facilitator.Interestingly,the promotive function of USP21 has also discovered in the progression of CRC.ZEB1 has illustrated to be modulated by USP7,USP22 and USP51 in cancers.However,the regulatory functions of USP21 on ZEB1 in CRC progression need more invest-igations.AIM To investigate the relationship between USP21 and ZEB1 in CRC progression.METHODS The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed through RT-qPCR,western blot and IHC assay.The interaction between USP21 and ZEB1 was evaluated through Co-IP and GST pull down assays.The cell proliferation was detected through colony formation assay.The cell migration and invasion abilities were determined through Transwell assay.The stemness was tested through sphere formation assay.The tumor growth was evaluated through in vivo mice assay.RESULTS In this work,USP21 and ZEB1 exhibited higher expression in CRC,and resulted into poor prognosis.Moreover,the interaction between USP21 and ZEB1 was further investigated.It was demonstrated that USP21 contributed to the stability of ZEB1 through modulating ubiquitination level.In addition,USP21 streng-thened cell proliferation,migration and stemness through regulating ZEB1.At last,through in vivo assays,it was illustrated that USP21/ZEB1 axis aggravated tumor growth.CONCLUSION For the first time,these above findings manifested that USP21 promoted tumorigenicity and stemness of CRC by deubiquitinating and stabilizing ZEB1.This discovery suggested that USP21/ZEB1 axis may provide novel sights for the treatment of CRC.

Elucidation of potential relationship between endogenous proteases and key flavor substances in dry-cured pork coppa

Dry-cured meat products are considerably popular around the world due to unique flavor.Proteolysis is one of the enzymatic reactions from which flavor substances are derived,which is affected by endogenous proteases.The purpose aimed to reveal the potential relationship between endogenous proteases and key flavor substances in dry-cured pork coppa in this paper.The dynamic changes of endogenous proteases activity,free amino acids,and volatiles during dry-cured pork coppa processing were characterized.The results showed that 5 kinds of free amino acids,Glu,Lys,Val,Ala,and Leu,were identified as significant contributors to taste.Meanwhile,key volatiles,such as hexanal,nonanal,octanal,benzaldehyde,3-methyl butanoic acid,2-methyl propanoic acid,and ethyl octanoate,greatly contributed to the flavor characteristics of dry-cured pork coppa.Further partial correlation analysis was performed to better elucidate the relationship among parameters.The results revealed that close relationship between endogenous proteases and key substances.RAP not only significantly affected the accumulation of key active-amino acids,but also affected the accumulation of ethyl octanoate,2,3-pentanedione,and 2,3-octanedione by regulating the accumulation of octanoic acid and Leu.In addition,cathepsin B and D,DPP II,DPP IV and RAP notably affected accumulation of hexanal.

Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2

The spike protein(S)of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry,thus a major factor for host suscep-tibility,tissue tropism,virulence and pathogenicity.The S is divided with S1 and S2 region,and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain(RBD),while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell.Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various c leavage sites.In this article,we review host proteases including furin,trypsin,transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2)and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S.Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin.The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2,and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2'site to proteases such as type Il transmembrane serine proteases(TTPRs)including TMPRSS2.In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells,SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane.In the absence of TMPRSS2,SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry.Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed.This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2,and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.

Transmembrane serine protease 4 expression in the prognosis of radical resection for biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND Recent advancements in biliary tract cancer(BTC)treatment have expanded beyond surgery to include adjuvant therapy,yet the prognosis remains poor.Identifying prognostic biomarkers could enhance the assessment of patients who have undergone radical resection for BTC.AIM To determine transmembrane serine protease 4(TMPRSS4)utility as a prognostic biomarker of radical resection for BTC.METHODS Medical records of patients who underwent radical resection for BTC,excluding intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,were retrospectively reviewed.The associations between TMPRSS4 expression and clinicopathological factors,overall survival,and recurrence-free survival were analyzed.RESULTS Among the 85 patients undergoing radical resection for BTC,46(54%)were TMPRSS4-positive.The TMPRSS4-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9)values and greater lymphatic invasion than the TMPRSS4-negative group(P=0.019 and 0.039,respectively).Postoperative overall survival and recurrence-free survival were significantly worse in the TMPRSS4-positive group(median survival time:25.3 months vs not reached,P<0.001;median survival time:28.7 months vs not reached,P=0.043,respectively).Multivariate overall survival analysis indicated TMPRSS4 positivity,pT3/T4,and resection status R1 were independently associated with poor prognosis(P=0.032,0.035 and 0.030,respectively).TMPRSS4 positivity correlated with preoperative CA19-9 values≥37 U/mL and pathological tumor size≥30 mm(P=0.016 and 0.038,respectively).CONCLUSION TMPRSS4 is a potential prognostic biomarker of radical resection for BTC.

A constitutive serine protease inhibitor suppresses herbivore performance in tea(Camellia sinensis)

Protease inhibitors promote herbivore resistance in diverse plant species.Although many inducible protease inhibitors have been identified,there are limited reports available on the biological relevance and molecular basis of constitutive protease inhibitors in herbivore resistance.Here,we identified a serine protease inhibitor,CsSERPIN1,from the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).Expression of CsSERPIN1 was not strongly affected by the assessed biotic and abiotic stresses.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CsSERPIN1 strongly inhibited the activities of digestive protease activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin.Transient or heterologous expression of CsSERPIN1 significantly reduced herbivory by two destructive herbivores,the tea geometrid and fall armyworm,in tea and Arabidopsis plants,respectively.The expression of CsSERPIN1 in Arabidopsis did not negatively influence the growth of the plants under the measured parameters.Our findings suggest that CsSERPIN1 can inactivate gut digestive proteases and suppress the growth and development of herbivores,making it a promising candidate for pest prevention in agriculture.

Purification of Moringa oleifera Leaves Protease by Three-Phase Partitioning and Investigation of Its Potential Antibacterial Activity

One of plant-based products for dental care is plant-based proteolytic enzymes which are principally proteases. In order not to damage the protein and bioactive content, an efficient method should be employed for their purifications. As such, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used to purify protease from moringa (Moringa oleifera). TPP is an emerging, promising, non-chromatographic and economical technology which is simple, quick, efficient and often one-step process for the separation and purification of bioactive molecules from natural sources. It involves the addition of salt (ammonium sulphate) to the crude extract followed by the addition of an organic solvent (butanol). The protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper organic solvent and lower aqueous phases. The various conditions such as ammonium sulphate, ratio of crude extract to t-butanol and pH which are required for attaining efficient purification of the protease fractions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, it was seen that, 35% of ammonium sulphate saturation with 1:0.75 ratio of crude extract to t-butanol at pH 7 gave 4.94-fold purification with 96.20% activity yield of protease in the middle phase of the TPP system. The purified enzyme from Moringa oleifera has no antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria tested. However, this purified enzyme, can be considered as a promising agent, cheap, and safe source which is suitable for using in various industries.

Systematic functional analysis and potential application of a serine protease from cold-adapted Planococcus bacterium

In this study, a gene encoding serine protease(PmSpr288)from cold-adapted bacterium, namely Planococcus maritimus XJ11, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmSpr288 belongs to serine protease S8 superfamily with a classical catalytic triad comprised by the Asp49, His86 and Ser251. Moreover, PmSpr288 was found to be active over broad alkaline pH and low-moderate temperature, and exhibited wide range of protein substrate specificity. In addition, PmSpr288 was able to hydrolyze the meat proteins actin and myosin, and molecular docking results suggested that the crucial interaction between PmSpr288 and actin/myosin complexes was mainly occupied by hydrogen bonds. The muscle protein hydrolysates of silver carp prepared by PmSpr288 was shown to have antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging assay, which presented an IC_(50) valve of 1.309 mg/mL. In conclusion, these characteristics imply that PmSpr288 has potential biotechnological application prospect for the production of bioactive peptides.

Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine protease Rv1043c in enzymology and pathogenicity in mice

The serine proteases of Mycobacteria tuberculosis(Mtb)are important contributors to the process of bacterial invasion and its pathogenesis.In the present study,we systematically characterized the role of the Rv1043c protein in Mycobacterium infection by purifying the Rv1043c protein in Escherichia coli and constructing a Mycobacterium smegmatis(Msg)strain overexpressing Rv1043c(Msg_Rv1043c).We found that Rv1043c had serine protease activity and localized to the surface of Mtb.We determined that the optimal pH and temperature for the Rv1043c serine protease were 9.0 and 45°C,respectively.Moreover,the serine protease activity of Rv1043c was enhanced by divalent metal ions of Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+).Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the serine 279 residue in Rv1043c plays a catalytic role.Additionally,mouse model studies confirmed that Rv1043c significantly enhanced the survival of Msg in vivo,induced pulmonary injury and lung cell apoptosis,and promoted the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1βand interleukin-6 in mice.This study presents novel insights into the relationship between mycobacterial serine protease and the pathogenesis of the disease.

Potato protease inhibitors,a functional food material with antioxidant and anticancer potential

Potato protease inhibitors(PPIs),as the main component of potato protein isolate,have good safety,nutrition and great market potential.The antioxidant and anticancer properties of PPIs were evaluated with cellbased biological assays.The results showed that when the concentration of PPIs was 5 mg/mL,the peroxyl radical scavenging value was(2119±204)mg VCE/100 g,and the cellular antioxidant activity values were(45.83±3.5)(no PBS wash)and(33.25±4.4)μmol QE/100 g(PBS wash).Cells pretreated with PPIs could significantly prevent the oxidative damage induced by H_(2)O_(2),inhibit the morphological changes of cells and maintain the integrity.Furthermore,PPIs had selective anti-proliferative effects on GIST882 cells(IC50=(10.53±3.87)mg/mL)and demonstrated potent inhibition of the growth,migration and invasion of cancer cells.These findings provide a scientific basis for PPIs as promising candidates for functional foods to aid in the prevention of oxidative damage and cancer.

Serine protease inhibitors LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 co-regulate embryonic diapause in Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)via the Toll pathway

Female adults of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen),can sense seasonal photoperiod changes,which induces embryonic diapause as a key strategy to overwinter.Serine protease inhibitor genes(SPNs)were thought to play key roles during diapause,while few SPNs were functionally characterized.LmSPN2 was one of those genes differentially expressed between diapause and non-diapause eggs;however,its biological function remained to be explored.So,we conducted RNAi knockdown of LmSPN2,resulting in a significant decrease of the egg diapause rate by 29.7%.Using yeast two-hybrid assays,co-immunoprecipitation,and pull-down methods,we found an interaction between LmSPN2 and LmSPN3,which was proved to be mediated by a glutamate(E331)binding site of LmSPN2.RNAi knockdown of LmSPN3 resulted in a significant increase in diapause rate by 14.6%,indicating an inverse function of LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 on diapause regulation.Double knockdown of two SPN genes resulted in a 26.4%reduction in diapause rate,indicating that LmSPN2 was the dominant regulatory signal.Moreover,we found four Toll pathway genes(easter,spätzle,pelle,and dorsal)upregulated significantly after the knockdown of LmSPN2 while downregulated after the knockdown of LmSPN3.Therefore,we speculate that two SPNs regulate diapause through the Toll pathway.Our results indicated that LmSPN2 positively regulates locust egg entry into diapause,while LmSPN3 is a negative regulator of embryonic commitment to diapause.Their interaction is mediated by the binding site of E331 and influences egg diapause through the Toll pathway.This mechanistic understanding of diapause regulation expands our understanding of insect developmental regulation and provides functional targets for developing locust management strategies.

Extraction of Natural Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite from Pacific Cod(Gadus macrocephalus)Bone with a Thermostable Collagenolytic Protease and Its ex vivo Intestinal Bioavailability

Natural nano-hydroxyapatite(HA)was extracted from Pacific cod(Gadus macrocephalus)bone with a thermostable col-lagenolytic protease in the present study.Conditions for the enzymatic reaction were optimized to be 60℃and pH 7.0,and a desir-able extraction efficiency was achieved by using the crude collagenolytic protease.Dynamic light scattering,transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that nano-HA are anionic spherical(about 110nm)particles mainly com-prised of calcium and phosphorus at an approximate ratio of 5:3.As evaluated with the mouse ex vivo intestinal segments,the extracted nano-HA displayed comparable level of intestinal bioavailability to the positive control CaCl_(2).By treating with inhibitors(NaN3,ami-loride)and low temperature(4℃),clathrin-mediated endocytosis was assumed to involve the intestinal absorption of nano-HA.Over-all,the application of thermostable collagenolytic protease is proved to be a promising alternative method for nano-HA extraction from natural resource with improved ecological and biological value.

超声波和碱性蛋白酶处理对克氏原螯虾脱壳及虾仁品质的影响

为研究超声波和碱性蛋白酶处理对克氏原螯虾脱壳及虾仁品质的影响,通过壳分离功、虾仁得率、虾仁质构、色泽、气味、嫩度、离心损失、肌原纤维蛋白含量等指标进行分析,确定克氏原螯虾脱壳的最佳前处理方式。结果表明:相对于传统加工方式,0.5%碱性蛋白酶和300 W超声波联合处理,能有效降低壳分离功21.8%,提高虾仁得率31%,并且显著提高了虾仁的嫩度和肌原纤维蛋白含量,硬度有所下降,气味和色泽方面无显著变化,研究结果为克氏原螯虾加工工艺的优化提供参考。

淀粉液化芽孢杆菌BS5582产蛋白酶的发酵条件优化、酶学性质分析及其在牛皮脱毛中的应用

该研究旨在优化1株高产蛋白酶淀粉液化芽孢杆菌BS5582的产酶条件,分析其酶学性质,并考察其在牛皮脱毛工艺中的应用效果。结果表明,BS5582菌株的较优产酶培养基组成为(g/L):玉米粉50.0,豆饼粉40.0,Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O 6.0,KH_(2)PO_(4)3.0,MgSO_(4)1.8,CaCl_(2)0.75;培养基初始pH 6;较优发酵条件为:发酵温度35℃,接种量10%,装液量15 mL。在较优条件下,该菌株产蛋白酶活力达到(5270.59±19.61)U/mL,是优化前的21倍。BS5582菌株所产蛋白酶的最适温度和最适pH值分别为40℃和8.5,Mn^(2+)对酶有明显激活作用,而Fe^(2+)、Fe^(3+)和苯甲基磺酰氟对酶活力有显著抑制作用。将该酶应用于牛皮脱毛,发现其具有良好的牛皮脱毛能力且胶原损伤小。相比于传统灰碱法脱毛,该蛋白酶脱毛后牛皮毛孔中无发根残留,毛发完整脱落,脱毛废水的污染指标总固体悬浮物、化学需氧量和五日生化需氧量值分别比化学脱毛法降低约87%、39%和45%,这说明BS5582菌株产蛋白酶具有潜在的清洁脱毛应用价值。

针对人类免疫缺陷病毒结构蛋白Gag-Pol的抑制剂及其作用机制研究进展

Gag-Pol蛋白是人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)重要结构蛋白之一,其组成成分包含了HIV的基本骨架蛋白和生命周期中所需要的功能酶,目前以Gag-Pol上不同的功能区为靶点开发的抑制剂包括衣壳(CA)抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、逆转录酶抑制剂和整合酶抑制剂等。CA抑制剂通过抑制CA的成熟或者破坏CA的组装进而影响HIV复制。蛋白酶抑制剂主要的作用机制是抑制蛋白酶对切割位点CA-间隔多肽1(SP1)的切割,逆转录酶抑制剂通过模仿逆转录底物,阻断HIV的逆转录过程,整合酶抑制剂通过靶向整合酶活性中心—锌指结构影响整合酶活性。本文总结了针对HIV Gag-Pol蛋白的抑制剂及其作用机制,并对已批准上市成药的用法用量进行综述,为今后临床联合用药和针对HIV Gag-pol蛋白的新型抑制剂开发提供参考。

肉源性芽孢杆菌致腐性能异质性研究

为评估芽孢杆菌的致腐潜能异质性,本研究以从腐败低温香肠中分离出来的6株芽孢杆菌为研究对象,探究其在20℃(常温)和37℃(最适生长温度)条件下的致腐性能。试验分别测定了6株芽孢杆菌的生长曲线、产酸能力、产气能力、蛋白酶活力、脂肪酶活力和淀粉酶活力。结果表明,蜡样芽孢杆菌(C)的产酸能力较强,在37℃条件下培养48 h,pH较空白组下降0.71;解淀粉芽孢杆菌(G)的产蛋白酶和淀粉酶的能力更强,其蛋白酶活力高达7.17 U/mL,37℃条件下培养至5 d的淀粉分解圈面积为16.53 cm^(2);蜡样芽孢杆菌(C)的综合腐败能力最弱,具体表现为其蛋白酶活力为2.63 U/mL,37℃条件下培养5 d的淀粉分解圈面积为7.55 cm^(2)。同时发现生长温度对菌株致腐性能有较大影响。研究结果说明芽孢杆菌菌株的致腐性能存在显著的异质性,在探究其腐败特性时,应充分考虑菌株的异质性。

UBR5对肝细胞癌临床病理特征和预后的影响及靶向治疗的潜在价值分析

目的:探讨肝细胞癌组织中泛素蛋白连接酶E3成分N-识别蛋白5(UBR5)的表达对患者临床病理特征和预后的影响及临床价值。方法:收集肝细胞癌患者的肿瘤组织和癌旁组织,免疫组织化学检测组织中UBR5的表达并将患者分为UBR5阴性组和阳性组。比较UBR5阳性表达对患者临床病理特征及对术后3年生存率的影响。Cox回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。利用转染技术敲低HepG2细胞中UBR5的表达,分析敲低UBR5后对细胞周期和凋亡率的影响。结果:UBR5阴性表达组62例,阳性组105例,UBR5阳性表达对肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤长径和肿瘤分期有影响(均P<0.05)。UBR5阳性表达组术后3年存活率为70.5%,低于UBR5阴性表达组的85.5%(χ^(2)=4.441,P=0.035)。Cox多因素回归分析显示,肿瘤低分化程度、肿瘤长径>5 cm、肿瘤分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、UBR5阳性表达为影响患者预后的危险因素(均P<0.05)。敲低HepG2细胞中UBR5的表达后G1期细胞增加、G2期细胞减少,细胞凋亡率显著增加(均P<0.05)。结论:UBR5阳性表达影响患者的预后,敲低肝细胞癌细胞中UBR5的表达可能是有效的靶向治疗方法。

血清Clusterin、ADAMTS-13与老年急性心力衰竭患者病情及预后的关系

目的 探讨簇集蛋白(Clusterin)、血管性血友病因子裂解蛋白酶(ADAMTS-13)在老年急性心力衰竭(AHF)患者血清中的表达以及与预后的关系。方法 选取2020年1月至2021年12月在我院接受治疗的80例老年AHF患者进行研究,根据病情的严重程度分为轻度AHF组(n=34)和重度AHF组(n=46),根据1年内是否发生终点事件分为无终点事件组(n=58)和终点事件组(n=22),另选取同期门诊健康体检者80例为对照组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析老年AHF预后的影响因素;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清Clusterin、ADAMTS-13水平对老年AHF预后的预测价值。结果 AHF组血肌酐、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、脑钠肽(BNP)、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、Clusterin显著高于对照组(P<0.05);左心室射血分数(LVEF)、ADAMTS-13显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。重度AHF组Clusterin显著高于轻度AHF组(P<0.05);ADAMTS-13显著低于轻度AHF组(P<0.05)。与无终点事件组相比,终点事件组血肌酐、CK-MB、BNP、NT-proBNP、cTnI、LVEDD、Clusterin显著升高(P<0.05);LVEF、ADAMTS-13显著降低(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,血清ADAMTS-13是老年AHF预后的保护因素(P<0.05);Clusterin是危险因素(P<0.05)。血清Clusterin、ADAMTS-13二者联合预测老年AHF患者预后的AUC为0.980,灵敏度为90.91%,特异性为96.55%,优于Clusterin、ADAMTS-13各自单独预测(Z二者联合-Clusterin=2.219、Z二者联合-ADAMTS-13=2.269,P=0.027、0.023)。结论 老年AHF患者血清Clusterin表达显著上调,ADAMTS-13表达显著下调,二者联合检测对老年AHF患者预后有较好预测价值。

酶解法制备禾虫多肽液的工艺优化及其脱腥工艺探究

目的应用单因素和响应面实验优化禾虫的酶解工艺,结合模糊数学法探究一种有效的脱腥方法。方法以中性蛋白酶为酶解剂,禾虫为主要原料,研究液料比、酶用量、时间、温度、pH对酶解效果的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,以液料比、酶解温度、酶用量为自变量,禾虫多肽液的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率为响应值,通过Box-Behnken响应面法分析不同因素对酶解效果的影响,确定酶解的最优组合,并应用美拉德反应、硅藻土和酵母粉对禾虫多肽液进行脱腥实验,模糊数学法评价3种脱腥处理的效果。结果根据响应面实验得出禾虫的最佳酶解组合为:液料比1:1(g/mL)、酶解温度60℃、中性蛋白酶用量2450 U/g,得到酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率47.25%±0.11%;禾虫多肽液脱腥的最佳处理为:酵母粉添加量0.7%,反应温度35℃,反应时间30 min。结论中性蛋白酶酶解禾虫制备禾虫多肽液并采用酵母粉脱腥效果最佳,为禾虫的精深加工提供借鉴,促进禾虫产业的发展。

紫草素(shikonin)抗奥密克戎毒株的实验研究及机制分析

目的探讨右旋体紫草素(shikonin)抗奥密克戎毒株的药理作用和对新型冠状病毒主蛋白酶的抑制活性。方法使用奥密克戎毒株BA.2.2转染的Vero细胞模型检测shikonin的抗病毒活性;利用体外主蛋白酶荧光偏振模型测试shikonin对于新型冠状病毒主蛋白酶的抑制活性,实验以奈玛特韦为阳性对照化合物。结果Vero细胞模型药理活性测试发现shikonin具有抑制奥密克戎毒株核酸复制的作用;而在体外荧光偏振模型活性测试实验中,shikonin在20、50μM药物浓度并未表现出对主蛋白酶的显著抑制活性。结论紫草素(shikonin)在细胞水平的实验中表现出抗奥密克戎毒株的药理活性,但其可能是主蛋白酶的非特异性抑制剂,抗病毒的作用机理极可能为抑制新型冠状病毒RNA聚合酶。