Intermittent fasting boosts antitumor immunity by restricting CD11b^(+)Ly6C^(low)Ly6G^(low) cell viability through glucose metabolism in murine breast tumor model

Intermittent fasting can benefit breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy.However,it is still uncertain how to select immunotherapy drugs to combine with intermittent fasting.Herein we observed that two cycles of fasting treatment significantly inhibited breast tumor growth and lung tissue metastasis,as well as prolonged overall survival in mice bearing 4T1 and 4T07 breast cancer.During this process,both the immunosuppressive monocytic-(M-)and granulocytic-(G-)myeloid-derived suppressor cell(MDSC)decreased,accompanied by an increase in interleukin(IL)7R^(+)and granzyme B^(+)T cells in the tumor microenvironment.Interestingly,we observed that Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC sharply decreased after fasting treatment,and the cell surface markers and protein mass spectrometry data showed potential therapeutic targets.Mechanistic investigation revealed that glucose metabolism restriction suppressed the splenic granulocytemonocyte progenitor and the generation of colony-stimulating factors and IL-6,which both contributed to the accumulation of G-MDSC.On the other hand,glucose metabolism restriction can directly induce the apoptosis of Ly6G^(low)G-MDSC,but not Ly6G^(high)subsets.In summary,these results suggest that glucose metabolism restriction induced by fasting treatment attenuates the immune-suppressive milieu and enhances the activation of CD3^(+)T cells,providing potential solutions for enhancing immune-based cancer interventions.

Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on C6 glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis

BACKGROUND： Studies have shown that cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib on proliferation and apoptosis of C6 glioma cells in vitro. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular, molecular, controlled study was performed at the Central Laboratory and Room of Electron Microscope, Medical School, Xi＇an Jiaotong University, China from March 2007 to March 2008. MATERIALS： C6 glioma cells during in vitro log phase were assigned to control and experimental groups. Celecoxib （Pfizer, USA）, dimethyl sulfoxide （Sigma, USA）, and MTT （Sigma, USA） were used for this study. METHODS： The control group was subdivided into blank control and dimethyl sulfoxide control groups. C6 glioma cells in the blank control and dimethyl sulfoxide control groups were incubated in Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium supplemented with 10% calf serum and 0.3% dimethyl sulfoxide respectively. C6 glioma cells in the experimental group were separately treated with 60, 80 and 100 μmol/L celecoxib. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Activity of C6 glioma cells was examined by MTT assay. C6 glioma cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double-staining, followed by flow cytometry. Morphology and ultrastructure of C6 glioma cells were observed with an inverted microscope and a transmission electron microscope, respectively. RESULTS： Compared with the blank control group, cell density was reduced, adherence ability weakened, and irregular nuclei were visible, with the presence of chromatin condensation, margination, and some apoptotic bodies in the experimental group. Activity of C6 glioma cells was significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05）, cell number was reduced during S phase, cell number was significantly increased during G2/M phase （P 〈 0.01 ）, and the apoptotic rate was significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） in the experimental group. These results were displayed in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The outcomes were obvious in the 100 IJmol/L celecoxib group following 72 hours of treatment. CONCLUSION： Celecoxib blocked proliferation and induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion.

Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of C6 glioma cells in vitro by tamoxifen

Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect and mechanism of tamoxifen on rat C6 glioma cells. Methods C6 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 3% fetal calf serum (FCS), and treated with tamoxifen of different concentrations, i.e. group A (1.25μmol/L), group B (2.50 μmol/L), group C (5.00 μmol/L), group D (10.00 μmol/L), group E (20.00 μmol/L) and control group (0.00 μmol/L). Morphological changes, MTT assay and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuriding labeling ratio were assessed. Apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry. Results C6 cells treated with different doses of tamoxifen for 24, 48, and 72 hours became irregular in shape, while cells treated with vehicle grew normally. MTT assay showed that tamoxifen did not suppress C6 cell growth until 72 hours after treatment. Seventy-two hours after treatment, there were significant differences in cell viable rate between group A versus groups C, D and E; so did group B versus group D as well as group E (P<0.05). BrdU incorporation assay indicated significant difference of BrdU labbled index (BrdU LI) among groups A, C, E and control group 48 hours after treatment (P<0.05). And the BrdU LI decreased with the increased concentration of tamoxifen. Flow cytometry (FCM) showed significant difference between treated group and control group at 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion Tamoxifen significantly suppresses the growth of C6 glioma cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of tamoxifen suppressing C6 glioma cells may be inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Therefore, tamoxifen can be a candidate as a chemotherapy agent for glioma.

In Vitro Evaluation of Effects of Mg-6Zn Alloy Extracts on Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

We assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity of Mg-6Zn alloy and analyzed the cell apoptosis rate and the expression of caspase-3 to evaluate the effects of Mg-6Zn alloy extracts on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells（IEC）-6. IEC-6 cells were cultured in different concentrations of Mg-6Zn alloy extracts（40%, 20%） and in the control group. The indirect effects of Mg-6Zn alloy on IEC-6 cells were studied by calculating the cell relative growth rate（RGR）, measuring the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells through flow cytometry, and investigating the expression of caspase-3 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The experimental results show that the cytotoxicity of these extracts is Grade 0-1. The level of apoptosis in IEC-6 cells cultured in 40% Mg-6Zn alloy extracts is significantly higher than that in cells treated with 20% extract and the control group. The expression of caspase-3 is found to be up-regulated in the 40% extract as compared to 20% extract and the control group. Taken together, the data show that the Mg-6Zn alloy in 40% and 20% concentration extracts proves noncytotoxicity. But the 40% concentration of Mg-6Zn alloy extract can induce the apoptosis and the related caspase-3 expression in vitro.

TRAF6 Affects RAC1 Expression and Apoptosis in SK-Hep1 Cells

RAC1 is a small-molecule G protein that regulates multiple cell cycle, cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, and apoptosis. FADD-dependent TRAIL can promote tumor metastasis through RAC1 and PI3K, and down-regulating RAC1 expression can reduce FasL-induced apoptosis. In addition, RIP1 bound to GTP acts as an activating protein for RAC1 and is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. TRAF6 promotes migration and metastasis by regulating the RAS pathway in tumors. Thus, it is necessary to understand the interaction between RAC1 and TRAF6 as well as FADD and RIP1. In this study, we cultured hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells in vitro, specifically blocked the necroptosis pathway with Nec-1, and silenced FADD, RIP1 and TRAF6 gene expression using RNAi technology. At the same time, the expression of RAC1 was evaluated separately using RT-PCR and Western blot. The hepatoma SK-Hep1 cells survival rate was highest when the concentration of Nec-1 was 60 μM and the concentration of Z-vad-fmk was 20 μM. And the apoptosis rate of the transfected RAC1 siRNA cells was 3.59% compared with transfected siRNA cells 10.01% which was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). RAC1 could promote the occurrence of apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells. RAC1 expression was suppressed in both protein and gene level in SK-Hep1 cells when the TRAF6 gene was silenced, but there was no significant change in RAC1 gene and protein expression when FADD and RIP1 genes were silenced. TRAF6 affects RAC1 expression and apoptosis in SK-Hep1 cells, while the FADD and RIP1 genes do not affect the role of RAC1. The TRAF6 gene is an important target in liver cancer cells.

Chromatin and DNA chain fragmentation studies on apoptosis in immune cells induced by ^(235)U and radioprotection of IL-2 or IL-6

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黑灵芝多糖对脂多糖诱导的IEC-6肠上皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探究黑灵芝多糖(PSG-1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的IEC-6肠上皮细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:采用LPS构建肠上皮细胞IEC-6损伤模型,研究PSG-1对IEC-6细胞的干预效果。采用细胞计数盒(cck-8)法测定PSG-1干预对细胞活力的影响。运用western-blot技术探究细胞中肠道紧密连接蛋白和环氧化酶cox-2表达的变化,基于转录组测序技术分析PSG-1潜在的保护机制并对其进行验证。结果:PSG-1干预可以显著提升LPS造成的细胞活力降低和肠道紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、Claudin-1和Occludin的表达,而且PSG-1对LPS引起的cox-2异常高表达具有抑制效果。转录组测序及划痕试验和蛋白免疫印迹试验结果表明:PSG-1能显著增强细胞的迁移能力并抑制促凋亡蛋白Bax、Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达。结论:PSG-1对LPS诱导的肠上皮细胞IEC-6具有显著的保护作用,细胞迁移和凋亡可能是PSG-1发挥其保护效应的关键途径。

敲低PRDX6对利福平诱导HepG2细胞胆汁酸转运体适应性表达的影响

目的探讨敲低过氧化物还原酶-6(PRDX6)在利福平(RFP)诱导人肝癌细胞(HepG2)损伤及胆汁酸转运体适应性表达中的作用。方法将处于对数生长期的细胞均匀接种于6孔板中,使用特异PRDX6-siRNA、control-siRNA分别转染HepG2细胞构建敲低组及对照组。给予细胞100μmol/L RFP诱导24 h后,Western blot和qRT-PCR检测各组细胞PRDX6、多药耐药蛋白1(MDR1)、多药耐药相关蛋白2、3、4(MRP2、MRP3、MRP4)、Na+/牛磺胆酸协同转运蛋白(NTCP)的蛋白及基因表达水平;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测各组细胞凋亡率;CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖变化;试剂盒检测各组细胞培养上清液中细胞损伤标志物丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)相对含量变化。结果RFP可诱导HepG2细胞MRP2、MRP3、MRP4、MDR1、NTCP及PRDX6的蛋白和基因表达水平升高(P<0.05),而敲低PRDX6后,MRP2、MRP3、MRP4、MDR1、NTCP的蛋白和基因表达水平均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05)。此外,PRDX6敲低后HepG2细胞凋亡率升高(P<0.05),细胞增殖能力下降(P<0.05),细胞培养上清液中细胞损伤标志物(ALT、AST、TBIL、DBIL、TBA)水平升高(P<0.05)。结论RFP可增加HepG2细胞胆汁酸转运体及PRDX6的蛋白和基因表达量,敲低PRDX6并用RFP诱导后胆汁酸转运体的蛋白及基因表达量降低,同时细胞损伤加重,表明PRDX6在RFP诱导的HepG2细胞适应性反应中发挥保护作用。

Apoptosis in inner ear sensory hair cells

Apoptosis, or controlled cell death, is a normal part of cellular lifespan. Cell death of cochlear hair cells causes deafness; an apoptotic process that is not well understood. Worldwide, 1.3 billion humans suffer some form of hearing loss, while 360 million suffer debilitating hearing loss as a direct result of the absence of these cochlear hair cells(Worldwide Hearing, 2014). Much is known about apoptosis in other systems and in other cell types thanks to studies done since the mid-20 th century. Here we review current literature on apoptosis in general, and causes of deafness and cochlear hair cells loss as a result of apoptosis. The family of B-cell lymphoma(Bcl) proteins are among the most studied and characterized. We will review current literature on the Bcl2 and Bcl6 protein interactions in relation to apoptosis and their possible roles in vulnerability and survival of cochlear hair cells.

Apoptosis in glioma-bearing rats after neural stem cell transplantation

Abnormal activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling cascade plays an important role in glioma. Inhibition of this aberrant activity could effectively hinder glioma cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism of gJioblastoma treatment by neural stem ceiJ trans- plantation with respect to the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, C6 glioma cells were prepared in sus- pension and then infused into the rat brain to establish a glioblastoma model. Neural stem cells isolated from fetal rats were then injected into the brain of this glioblastoma model. Results showed that Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly increased, while Caspase-3 protein expression decreased. After transplantation of neural stem cells, Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly decreased, while Caspase-3 protein expression significantly in-creased. Our findings indicate that transplantation of neural stem cells may promote apoptosis of glioma cells by inhibiting Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling, and thus may represent a novel treatment approach for glioblastoma.

Induction of SiHa Cells Apoptosis by Nanometer Realgar Suspension and Its Mechanism

The effects of nanometer realgar uterine cervix cancer cell line SiHa cells and suspension on proliferation and apoptosis of human oncogenic genes HPV16E6/E7 were investigated. A ＂micro-jet effiux＂ strategy was used for the preparation of nanometer realgar suspension. SiHa cells were treated with nanometer Realgar suspension in various concentrations （6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/L） for different durations （12, 24, 48 and 72 h）. The inhibitive effect of nanometer realgar suspension on growth of SiHa cells was detected by MTT method. Special morphological changes of apoptosis were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and DNA fragments electrophoresis. The apoptotic rate was quantified by flow cytometry （FCM）. The expression of HPV 16E6/E7 mRNA and protein was assayed by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The results showed after being treated with 25--50 mg/L nanometer realgar suspension for 48 h, the survival rate of SiHa cells was decreased, and apoptotic rate markedly increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. TEM and DNA electrophoresis revealed the special morphological changes of apoptosis. The apoptotic rate of SiHa cells treated with nanometer realgar suspension was significantly higher than in the control group （P〈0.01）, and G0/G1 phase arrest appeared following treatment with nanometer realgar suspension in 25 and 50 mg/L for 48 h. RT-PCR and Western blot assay indicated that nanometer realgar suspension reduced the HPV16E6/E7 gene expression. Nanometer realgar suspension could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of SiHa cells. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the HPV16E6/E7 gene expression.

基于IL-6/STAT3信号通路探讨山楂酸对小鼠结肠癌CT26细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

目的从IL-6/STAT3信号通路探讨山楂酸(MA)对小鼠结肠癌CT26细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。方法体外培养CT26细胞,设置空白组、10、20、30、35、40μmoL·L^(-1)MA组。干预24 h后,采用CCK-8法检测山楂酸对细胞活力的影响,采用RT-PCR检测IL-6 mRNA表达水平,采用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡率,采用Western blotting检测各组细胞中STAT3通路相关蛋白的表达水平。设置空白组、IL-6(20 ng·μL^(-1))刺激组、不同浓度MA与IL-6共刺激组,采用Western blotting检测各组细胞p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白的表达水平。设置空白组、MA组、磷酸酶抑制剂(正钒酸钠)组和MA+正钒酸钠组,采用Western blotting检测各组细胞p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白的表达水平。结果与空白组相比,CCK-8结果显示20、30、35、40、45、50μmoL·L^(-1)浓度的山楂酸均能降低CT26细胞活力(P<0.05),IC50=37.32μmoL·L^(-1);RT-PCR结果显示30、35、40μmoL·L^(-1)给药组细胞中IL-6 mRNA水平下降(P<0.05);流式细胞术结果显示30、35、40μmoL·L^(-1)给药组细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.05);Western blotting结果显示35、40μmoL·L^(-1)给药组细胞中STAT3通路相关蛋白p-STAT3、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05),MA+正钒酸钠组能恢复MA单独给药组中被降低的p-STAT3蛋白水平(P<0.05)。结论MA可能通过降低IL-6的表达水平,抑制STAT3的磷酸化,从而降低抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制其增殖。

雷帕霉素对高糖诱导的人肾小球足细胞增殖、凋亡和IL-6表达的影响及其机制

目的观察雷帕霉素对高糖诱导的人肾小球足细胞增殖、凋亡和IL-6表达的影响,并基于磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(AKT)信号通路探讨相关机制。方法体外培养人肾小球足细胞系HGPC,分为对照组、高糖组、实验组,对照组不做干预,高糖组、实验组加入30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖,实验组在此基础上分别加入2.5、5、10μmol/L雷帕霉素,检测各组细胞活力,筛选雷帕霉素最适浓度。将HGPC细胞分为对照组、高糖组、实验组、抑制剂组、雷帕霉素+抑制剂组、雷帕霉素+激动剂组;对照组不加药物,高糖组加入30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖,抑制剂组加入30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖+10μmol/L PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂LY294002,实验组、雷帕霉素+抑制剂组、雷帕霉素+激动剂组加入30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖+10μmol/L雷帕霉素,雷帕霉素+抑制剂组再加入10μmol/L LY294002,雷帕霉素+激动剂组再加入10μmol/L PI3K/AKT信号通路激动剂SC79;各组给药后培养24 h。采用5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷法检测细胞增殖能力,Hoechst 33258染色检测凋亡细胞;采用ELISA法检测细胞培养液上清中的白细胞介素6(IL-6);Western blotting法检测细胞中的细胞周期素D1(Cyclin D1)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)及PI3K/AKT通路相关蛋白。结果高糖组细胞增殖率、Cyclin D1表达低于对照组,实验组和抑制剂组细胞增殖率、Cyclin D1表达高于高糖组;与实验组相比,雷帕霉素+抑制剂组细胞增殖率、Cyclin D1表达增高,雷帕霉素+激动剂组细胞增殖率、Cyclin D1表达降低(P均<0.05)。高糖组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3表达及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、IL-6水平高于对照组,实验组和抑制剂组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3表达及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、IL-6水平低于高糖组;与实验组相比,雷帕霉素+抑制剂组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3表达及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、IL-6水平下降,雷帕霉素+激动剂组凋亡率、Caspase-3表达及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、IL-6水平上升(P均<0.05)。结论雷帕霉素可促进高糖诱导的人肾小球足细胞增殖,减少细胞凋亡,减轻炎症损伤,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT通路有关。

Apoptosis of HeLa Cells Induced by Cisplatin and Its Mechanism

To study the apoptosis induced by cisplatin in cervical cancer cell line HeLa and its mechanism, cell growth inhibition of cisplatin on HeLa cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was examined by cytometry and Hoechst33258 staining after treatment with cisplatin. The effects of cisplatin on transcription of E6 were analyzed by RT-PCR. The protein expressions of E6, p53, p21, Bax and Bcl-2 were studied by Western blotting. Cisplatin inhibited proliferation in a time- and dose-dependant manner. Cytometically, sub-G1 peak showed higher apoptosis rates in the experimental group than those in the control. Hoechst33258staining exhibited apoptosis induced by cisplatin. RT-PCR revealed that cisplatin decreased transcription of E6. Western blotting showed that cisplatin decreased protein expression of E6 and increased protein expression of p53, p21and Bax. It had no effect on protein expression of Bcl-2. It is concluded that cisplatin can induce apoptosis in HeLa cells by suppressing HPV E6 and thereby restoring the function of p53.

N^(6)-甲基腺苷修饰在肿瘤程序性细胞死亡中的作用

非突变表观遗传重编程是肿瘤的关键特征之一,抵抗程序性细胞死亡是肿瘤的另一关键特征。作为体内最丰富的转录后表观遗传修饰方式,N^(6)-甲基腺苷(N^(6)-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)通过靶向调节程序性细胞死亡关键因子在肿瘤细胞凋亡、自噬、焦亡、铁死亡、坏死性凋亡、铜死亡中发挥重要作用。现已有靶向异常DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰的表观遗传调节剂应用于临床,靶向m^(6)A修饰调控药物仍待探索。本文阐述了m^(6)A修饰调控肿瘤细胞程序性死亡的机制,旨在为通过调节m^(6)A修饰水平介导肿瘤细胞死亡这一潜在肿瘤治疗策略提供理论基础。

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对氟诱导雄性大鼠海马细胞凋亡及ATF-6蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对氟诱导雄性大鼠海马细胞凋亡及ATF-6蛋白表达的影响。方法:选用4~5周龄雄性健康SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、Na F组、Na F+NAC组和NAC组,每组12只,灌胃染毒7周后处死动物,进行海马体质量和海马组织氟含量的测定,采用TUNEL法检测大鼠海马细胞凋亡情况,采用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马组织中ATF-6蛋白的表达情况。结果:Na F可减少海马体质量;NAC可增加海马体质量(P<0.001)。Na F可升高海马组织氟含量、海马细胞凋亡指数和ATF-6蛋白相对表达量(P<0.001);NAC可降低海马组织氟含量、海马细胞凋亡指数和ATF-6蛋白相对表达量(P<0.001)。Na F和NAC对海马体质量、海马组织氟含量、海马细胞凋亡指数和海马组织中ATF-6蛋白相对表达量的交互作用差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:NAC能够保护海马细胞避免Na F引起的凋亡,也能拮抗Na F诱导的ATF-6蛋白表达上调。

Cell viability and dopamine secretion of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated PC12 cells co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

In the present study, PC12 cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine as a model of Parkinson＇s Disease, were used to investigate the protective effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity and to verify whether the mechanism of action relates to abnormal a-synuclein accumulation in cells Results showed that co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhanced PC12 cell viability and dopamine secretion in a cell dose-dependent manner. MitoLight staining was used to confirm that PC12 cells co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate reduced levels of cell apoptosis. Immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis found the quantity of α-synuclein accumulation was significantly reduced in PC12 cell and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell co-cultures. These results indicate that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can attenuate 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity by reducing abnormal α-synuclein accumulation in PC12 cells.

6-gingerol protects nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative injury by activating autophagy

BACKGROUND To date,there has been no effective treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD).Nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells(NPMSCs)showed encouraging results in IDD treatment,but the overexpression of reactive oxygen species(ROS)impaired the endogenous repair abilities of NPMSCs.6-gingerol(6-GIN)is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory reagent that might protect NPMSCs from injury.AIM To investigate the effect of 6-GIN on NPMSCs under oxidative conditions and the potential mechanism.METHODS The cholecystokinin-8 assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and the protective effects of 6-GIN.ROS levels were measured by 2´7´-dichlorofluorescin diacetate analysis.Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)was detected by the tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide assay.TUNEL assay and Annexin V/PI double-staining were used to determine the apoptosis rate.Additionally,autophagy-related proteins(Beclin-1,LC-3,and p62),apoptosisassociated proteins(Bcl-2,Bax,and caspase-3),and PI3K/Akt signaling pathwayrelated proteins(PI3K and Akt)were evaluated by Western blot analysis.Autophagosomes were detected by transmission electron microscopy in NPMSCs.LC-3 was also detected by immunofluorescence.The mRNA expression of collagen II and aggrecan was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and the changes in collagen II and MMP-13 expression were verified through an immunofluorescence assay.RESULTS 6-GIN exhibited protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in NPMSCs,decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced intracellular ROS levels,and inhibited cell apoptosis.6-GIN could increase Bcl-2 expression and decrease Bax and caspase-3 expression.The MMP,Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry and TUNEL assay results further confirmed that 6-GIN treatment significantly inhibited NPMSC apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide.6-GIN treatment promoted extracellular matrix(ECM)expression by reducing the oxidative stress injury-induced increase in MMP-13 expression.6-GIN activated autophagy by increasing the expression of autophagy-related markers(Beclin-1 and LC-3)and decreasing the expression of p62.Autophagosomes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy.Pretreatment with 3-MA and BAF further confirmed that 6-GIN-mediated stimulation of autophagy did not reduce autophagosome turnover but increased autophagic flux.The PI3K/Akt pathway was also found to be activated by 6-GIN.6-GIN inhibited NPMSC apoptosis and ECM degeneration,in which autophagy and the PI3K/Akt pathway were involved.CONCLUSION 6-GIN efficiently decreases ROS levels,attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced NPMSCs apoptosis,and protects the ECM from degeneration.6-GIN is a promising candidate for treating IDD.

HDAC-selective Inhibitor Cay10603 Has Single Anti-tumour Effect in Burkitfs Lymphoma Cells by Impeding the Cell Cycle

Histone deacetylases(HDACs)inhibitors are novel in cancer therapy nowadays.HDAC6-selective inhibitors exert advantageous effects due to higher selectivity and less toxicity.We explored the anti-tumor effect and the molecular mechanism of cay 10603,a potent HDAC6 inhibitor in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.Our study revealed cay 10603 inhibited the proliferation of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines,and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis.Cayl0603 inhibited the expression of CDKs and cyciins to impede cell cycle progression in both Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines.Cay 10603 also showed the additive effect with vpl 6 notably.Our data presented the promising anti-tumor effect of cay 10603 in the Burkitt's lymphoma therapy.