Background: The persistence of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the appearance of several variants of SARS-CoV2 with an impact on biological diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. The United State...Background: The persistence of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the appearance of several variants of SARS-CoV2 with an impact on biological diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted several SARS-CoV-2 detection tests Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for diagnosis and better epidemiological surveillance. Thus, multiple RT-PCR tests have been developed and brought to market in order to meet the urgent need for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, comparative data between these tests in clinical laboratories are scarcely available to assess their performance. Objective: To compare two molecular methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2: the RT-PCR, Allplex™2019-nCoV tests on CFX96 Bio-Rad and the Abbott m2000sp/rt RealTime SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from patients to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. For each sample, we searched for the virus with two different RT-PCR tests: 1) first on Abbott m2000 SARS-CoV-2 targeting the N and RdRp genes, 2) then on Allplex™2019-nCoV Assay looking for the E, N and RdRp genes. Results: Percentages of the agreement were calculated. A total of 100 samples that tested negative and 90 positives on Abbott m2000 SARS-CoV-2 were retested on Allplex™2019-nCoV. Overall agreement was 74.74% on all samples. The specific agreement was 84% and 64.4% respectively for negative and positive samples with the RealTime SARS-CoV-2 test. A positive correlation (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.63;p Conclusion: Our results showed good overall agreement between RT-PCR, Allplex™2019-nCoV and Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19. As the concordance is low for small viremias, the RT-PCR Allplex™2019-nCoV Assay would be better indicated during the acute and symptomatic phase of the disease.展开更多
The cerebral cortex is comprised of properly localized cell types that exert their specific functions.In the developing brain,cells migrate from the germinal region to their functional locations(Silva et al.,2019;Coss...The cerebral cortex is comprised of properly localized cell types that exert their specific functions.In the developing brain,cells migrate from the germinal region to their functional locations(Silva et al.,2019;Cossart and Garel,2022).For example,neocortical excitatory neurons are generated in the cerebral ventricular and subventricular zones,move to the developing cortical plate via radial migration,and reside in a radial array of six neuronal layers(Oishi and Nakajima,2018).On the other hand,cortical interneurons are mainly generated in ganglionic eminences,migrate tangentially across the cerebral cortex,and reach their final destinations in the cortex(Lim et al.,2018).The failure of neuronal migration leads to defects in cortical layer formation.While the mechanisms of neuronal distribution have been well examined,how astrocytes are diffusely distributed in the cortex is still unclear.Astrocytes are glial cells in the cerebral cortex with several functions,including metabolic support and synapse formation(Abbott et al.,2006;Bosworth and Allen,2017;Allen and Lyons,2018).For example,astrocytes establish synaptic connectivity in the developing brain while they contact numerous synapses and maintain optimal neuronal activity in the adult brain.In the developing brain,astrocytes are primarily generated from radial glia after the neurogenic period.While a certain type of astrocyte called fibrous astrocytes populates the white matter,protoplasmic astrocytes migrate to the cortical plate during neural network formation.展开更多
Background The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)is a widely used instrument to measure anxiety and depression symptoms.Aims This study aimed to translate,validate and test the applicability of the Urdu versi...Background The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)is a widely used instrument to measure anxiety and depression symptoms.Aims This study aimed to translate,validate and test the applicability of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS/UV)among pregnant women.Methods The original English version of the HADS was translated into Urdu by three bilingual experts and retranslated to English using the forward-backward approach.The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 200 pregnant women availing obstetrics and gynaecology services for routine prenatal checkups of Ayub Teaching Hospital,Abbottabad,Pakistan.Psychometric properties of the instrument,including reliability(internal consistency,test-retest analysis and interitems correlation),were tested.Face and content validity were also assessed.Content Validity Index(CVI)was determined using the average approach and ItemLevel Content Validity Index(I-CVI)and Scale-Level Content Validity Index(S-CVI)were calculated accordingly.Construct validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis.Results Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been found to be 0.82 for the anxiety subscale and 0.64 for the depression subscale,while overall alpha of the HADS/UV is 0.84.The Urdu version is content valid,and the SCVI of anxiety subscale,depression subscale and HADS/UV are 0.947,948 and 0.947,respectively.Test-retest reliability is 0.884 and 0.934 as measured by Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation,respectively.HADS/UV items correlated positively with the whole scale(p<0.001).Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed that two factors explained 42.75%of the variance.Items'distribution was quite similar to the original HADS.Conclusion The HADS/UV is a psychometrically sound instrument with satisfactory measurement,including good internal consistency.The instrument shows promise to be a sound tool to assess anxiety and depression in pregnancy.展开更多
文摘Background: The persistence of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the appearance of several variants of SARS-CoV2 with an impact on biological diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted several SARS-CoV-2 detection tests Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for diagnosis and better epidemiological surveillance. Thus, multiple RT-PCR tests have been developed and brought to market in order to meet the urgent need for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, comparative data between these tests in clinical laboratories are scarcely available to assess their performance. Objective: To compare two molecular methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2: the RT-PCR, Allplex™2019-nCoV tests on CFX96 Bio-Rad and the Abbott m2000sp/rt RealTime SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken from patients to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. For each sample, we searched for the virus with two different RT-PCR tests: 1) first on Abbott m2000 SARS-CoV-2 targeting the N and RdRp genes, 2) then on Allplex™2019-nCoV Assay looking for the E, N and RdRp genes. Results: Percentages of the agreement were calculated. A total of 100 samples that tested negative and 90 positives on Abbott m2000 SARS-CoV-2 were retested on Allplex™2019-nCoV. Overall agreement was 74.74% on all samples. The specific agreement was 84% and 64.4% respectively for negative and positive samples with the RealTime SARS-CoV-2 test. A positive correlation (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.63;p Conclusion: Our results showed good overall agreement between RT-PCR, Allplex™2019-nCoV and Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19. As the concordance is low for small viremias, the RT-PCR Allplex™2019-nCoV Assay would be better indicated during the acute and symptomatic phase of the disease.
基金supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency-Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (JPMJPR22SA to MM)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KA KENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(JP21K07309 to HT,JP20H05688 and JP22K19365 to KN)+2 种基金Takeda Science Foundation (to KN)Keio Gijuku Academic Development Funds (to KN)Keio Gijuku Fukuzawa Memorial Fund (to KN)
文摘The cerebral cortex is comprised of properly localized cell types that exert their specific functions.In the developing brain,cells migrate from the germinal region to their functional locations(Silva et al.,2019;Cossart and Garel,2022).For example,neocortical excitatory neurons are generated in the cerebral ventricular and subventricular zones,move to the developing cortical plate via radial migration,and reside in a radial array of six neuronal layers(Oishi and Nakajima,2018).On the other hand,cortical interneurons are mainly generated in ganglionic eminences,migrate tangentially across the cerebral cortex,and reach their final destinations in the cortex(Lim et al.,2018).The failure of neuronal migration leads to defects in cortical layer formation.While the mechanisms of neuronal distribution have been well examined,how astrocytes are diffusely distributed in the cortex is still unclear.Astrocytes are glial cells in the cerebral cortex with several functions,including metabolic support and synapse formation(Abbott et al.,2006;Bosworth and Allen,2017;Allen and Lyons,2018).For example,astrocytes establish synaptic connectivity in the developing brain while they contact numerous synapses and maintain optimal neuronal activity in the adult brain.In the developing brain,astrocytes are primarily generated from radial glia after the neurogenic period.While a certain type of astrocyte called fibrous astrocytes populates the white matter,protoplasmic astrocytes migrate to the cortical plate during neural network formation.
文摘Background The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)is a widely used instrument to measure anxiety and depression symptoms.Aims This study aimed to translate,validate and test the applicability of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS/UV)among pregnant women.Methods The original English version of the HADS was translated into Urdu by three bilingual experts and retranslated to English using the forward-backward approach.The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 200 pregnant women availing obstetrics and gynaecology services for routine prenatal checkups of Ayub Teaching Hospital,Abbottabad,Pakistan.Psychometric properties of the instrument,including reliability(internal consistency,test-retest analysis and interitems correlation),were tested.Face and content validity were also assessed.Content Validity Index(CVI)was determined using the average approach and ItemLevel Content Validity Index(I-CVI)and Scale-Level Content Validity Index(S-CVI)were calculated accordingly.Construct validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis.Results Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been found to be 0.82 for the anxiety subscale and 0.64 for the depression subscale,while overall alpha of the HADS/UV is 0.84.The Urdu version is content valid,and the SCVI of anxiety subscale,depression subscale and HADS/UV are 0.947,948 and 0.947,respectively.Test-retest reliability is 0.884 and 0.934 as measured by Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation,respectively.HADS/UV items correlated positively with the whole scale(p<0.001).Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed that two factors explained 42.75%of the variance.Items'distribution was quite similar to the original HADS.Conclusion The HADS/UV is a psychometrically sound instrument with satisfactory measurement,including good internal consistency.The instrument shows promise to be a sound tool to assess anxiety and depression in pregnancy.
