Ethanol extract of Abelmoschus manihot suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress in contrast-induced nephropathy

Objective:To explore the efficacy and potential mechanisms of the ethanol extract of Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medic in contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN).Methods:CIN rat models and human renal proximal tubular cells(HK-2)with iopromide-induced injury were employed to mimic CIN conditions.The effect of Abelmoschus manihot extract on the rat models and HK-2 cells was evaluated.In rat models,kidney function,histology,oxidative stress and apoptosis were determined.In HK-2 cells,cell viability,apoptosis,mitochondrial membrane potential,and endoplasmic reticulum stress were assessed.Results:Abelmoschus manihot extract significantly improved structural and functional impairments in the kidneys of CIN rats.Additionally,the extract effectively mitigated the decline in cellular viability and reduced iopromide-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.Mechanistic investigations revealed that Abelmoschus manihot extract prominently attenuated acute endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis by downregulating GRP78 and CHOP protein levels.Conclusions:Abelmoschus manihot extract can be used as a promising therapeutic and preventive agent in the treatment of CIN.

Total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition via interfering transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in Crohn's disease intestinal fibrosis

AIM To explore the role and mechanism of total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot(TFA) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) progress of Crohn's disease(CD) intestinal fibrosis.METHODS First,CCK-8 assay was performed to assess TFA on the viability of intestinal epithelial(IEC-6) cells and select the optimal concentrations of TFA for our further studies.Then cell morphology,wound healing and transwell assays were performed to examine the effect of TFA on morphology,migration and invasion of IEC-6 cells treated with TGF-β1.In addition,immunofluorescence,real-time PCR analysis(q RT-PCR) and western blotting assays were carried out to detect the impact of TFA on EMT progress.Moreover,western blotting assay was performed to evaluate the function of TFA on the Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.Further,the role of co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors has been examined by q RTPCR,western blotting,morphology,wound healing andtranswell assays.RESULTS In this study,TFA promoted transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)-induced(IEC-6) morphological change,migration and invasion,and increased the expression of epithelial markers and reduced the levels of mesenchymal markers,along with the inactivation of Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.Moreover,we revealed that si-Smad and MAPK inhibitors effectively attenuated TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells.Importantly,co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors had better inhibitory effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells than either one of them.CONCLUSION These findings could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of TFA on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells and TFA is expected to advance as a new therapy to treat CD intestinal fibrosis.

Research Progress of Bioactive Substances and Processing of Abelmoschus esculentus L.

Okra （Abelmoschus esculentus L. ） is a novel heahhcare vegetable that has been developed rapidly in recent years in China. It contains abundant bioactive substances with significant heahbeare functions. So far, many domestic research institutions have carried out researches about the extraction technology of bioactive substances and their heahhcare functions. At present, tender pods and other organs of A. esculentus are mainly used freshly and directly, but rare products have been processed and developed. In this paper, the research progress of bioactive substances and processing ofA. esculentus was summarized, aiming at providing reference for the deep processing and comprehensive utilization of A. escu/entus in the future in China.

Effect of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil on Germination and Growth Performance of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>L. Moench—A Widely Cultivated Vegetable Crop in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of crude oil-contaminated soil on the germination and growth performance of Abelmoschus esculentus, a widely cultivated vegetable crop in Nigeria. The experiment was conducted in the Screen House, under controlled environmental conditions. The seedling emergence percentage, heights and girths were studied to determine the growth performance of the crop in crude oil-contaminated soil. The result of the investigation revealed that the crude oil-contaminated soil affects the growth performance of Abelmoschus esculentus L. as hindered germination, reduced heights and girths were observed in the crop planted in treated soil and this adversely and severely affects the crop agronomic growth and development and probably its yield. Therefore, contamination of agricultural soils with crude oil should be avoided and public awareness should be created on the detrimental effects of crude oil pollution in our terrestrial ecosystem. Innovative and environmental-friendly remediation strategies should be carried out on our agricultural soils that have been grossly polluted by crude oil exploitation and exploration.

A Review on Ethnomedicinal, Pharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmaceutical Profile of Lady’s Finger (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>L.) Plant

Abelmoschus is a genus of about fifteen species belongs to the family Malvaceae. The herb, popularly known as Lady’s Finger or Okra (in English) is a nutritional source used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. The plant is widely distributed from Africa to Asia, Southern Europe, and America. This comprehensive account provides a botanical description of the plant, its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities focusing anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-adhesive, gastro-protective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulating actions. Most of the pharmacological effects can be explained by the constituents like tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides present in all plant parts. However, future efforts should concentrate more on in vitro and in vivo studies and also on clinical trials in order to confirm traditional wisdom in the light of a rational phytotherapy. The present review is an overview of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological studies that support many of the traditional?ethnomedicinal uses of the plant.

The Role of Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Roots of <i>Lantana camara</i>(L.) in the Management of Pests of Okra <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>(L.) Moench

The cultivation of many crops in Africa is negatively affected by a number of constraints, the most important of which is the incidence of pests and diseases. In many areas of the world, the most preferred option in the management of pests is the application of synthetic chemical pesticides. Due to the negative effects of pesticides on humans and the environment as a whole, efforts are being made to find alternatives for pest management. Ethanolic extracts of the leaves and roots of Lantana camara were tested against the major pests of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus. The plant extracts were compared with a standard chemical insecticide, Mektin (a.i 18 g/L abamectin) in a randomly complete block design with four treatments and three replications. Parameters studied included the major pests of the plant and the damage caused, leaf area, plant height as well as yield of okra. Cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the cotton flea beetle, Podagrica puncticollis were the major pests encountered on okra plants. Aphis gossypii and B. tabaci populations were significantly lower on the L. camara-sprayed plots compared with the control plots. Similarly, P. puncticollis numbers were significantly smaller on the L. camara-sprayed plots than the control plots. There were no significant differences between the treatments and the control for plant height, leaf area and yield. The significant reduction in pests numbers on the L. camara-sprayed plots indicates its potential as an alternative to chemical insecticides, thereby reducing the reliance on chemical insecticides in the management of insect pests.

Advances in Studies on Total Flavone of Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medic.

Flos Abelmoschus manihot has a long history of application.Recent studies show that total flavone of A.manihot(L.)Medic(TFA)has a wide range of pharmacological activity.This article is a review mainly on chemical composition,method of determination and pharmacologic action of TFA,and it raises research and development direction.

Compounds from the flowers and fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

The Abelmoschus esculentus(L.)Moench was previously reported to have various phytochemicals.Chemical fractionation yielded from the ethanolic extract of the A.esculentus ten compounds,including four alkaloids(4-6,8)and six phenolic acids(1-3,7,9-10).The structures of the compounds were elucidated through extensive spectra analyses and comparison of the experimental data with reported data.It is worth mentioning that compounds 1,2 and 5-10 were isolated from Abelmoschus esculentus(L.)for the first time.

Insect Pests Control of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by Using Plant Aqueous Extracts in Korhogo Area (Northern Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/l.Foliar applications by these extracts were done using manual sprayers.After treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four plots.The plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most frequents.The chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(p<0.05)but,the insect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(p<0.05).This study showed that the aqueous extract of Solanum lycopercicum was more effective on the abundance of pests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to Coleoptera.The chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.

Agro Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Three Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] Varieties from Zinder (Niger) for Yield and Other Variability Components

Okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), is grown as a sole crop and as a field crop in Niger. In the present study, three okra varieties from Zinder region in Niger Republic have been assessed for their agronomic performance traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the dry season 2018-2019. The following characters were evaluated: emergence;germination;boutonization flowering;fructificaion;height at flowering;height at maturity;length of the petiole;diameter of leaves;diameter of plants;number of fruits;number of fruit per branch;total number of fruits;number of branch, number of leaves;length of fruits;diameter of fruits;number of arrets;weight of fruits;weight of seed, number of seeds. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using XlStat version 7.1 and the means separated by using Turkey’s Method. Analysis of Principal components (PCA) using R software was also performed on the variables. There were significant differences for all characters except emergence, germination, diameter of plants, number of fruits, total number of fruits and diameter of fruits. The multivariate analysis by the ACP showed a grouping of the varieties in three groups. The three okra varieties have revealed good performances and could be useful for a breeding program. The study of the water needs of the varieties will be very interesting to make a better selection of the collection.

Abelmoschus manihot polysaccharide fortifies intestinal mucus barrier to alleviate intestinal inflammation by modulating Akkermansia muciniphila abundance

The intestinal mucus barrier is an important line of defense against gut pathogens.Damage to this barrier brings bacteria into close contact with the epithelium,leading to intestinal inflammation.Therefore,its restoration is a promising strategy for alleviating intestinal inflammation.This study showed that Abelmoschus manihot polysaccharide(AMP)fortifies the intestinal mucus barrier by increasing mucus production,which plays a crucial role in the AMP-mediated amelioration of colitis.IL-10-deficient mouse models demonstrated that the effect of AMP on mucus production is dependent on IL-10.Moreover,bacterial depletion and replenishment confirmed that the effects of AMP on IL-10 secretion and mucus production were mediated by Akkermansia muciniphila.These findings suggest that plant polysaccharides fortify the intestinal mucus barrier by maintaining homeostasis in the gut microbiota.This demonstrates that targeting mucus barrier is a promising strategy for treating intestinal inflammation.

Efficacy and Safety of Flos Abelmoschus Manihot(Malvaceae) on Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy:A Systematic Review

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Flos Abelmoschus manihot （Malvaceae） on type 2 diabetic nephropathy （DN）. Methods： The Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, Excerpta Medical Database, Chinese electronic literature databases, and the references of relevant articles were searched in March 2012 for randomized controlled trials （RCTs） that reported the effects of Flos A. manihot on type 2 DN patients with overt but subnephrotic-range proteinuria （500-3,500 mg/24 h）. The quality of trials was evaluated using the Cochrane-recommended method. The results were summarized as risk ratios （RRs） for dichotomous outcomes or mean differences （MDs） for continuous outcomes. Results： Seven trials （531 patients） were included. F/os A. manihot significantly decreased proteinuria [MD -317.32 mg/24 h, 95% confidence interval （CI） [-470.48, -164.17], P〈0.01]. After excluding a trial that only included patients with well-preserved renal function, F/os A. manihot was associated with a significant decrease in serum creatinine （MD -11.99 i~ mol/L, 95% CI [-16.95, -7.04], P〈0.01）. Serious adverse events were not observed. The most common adverse event was mild to moderate gastrointestinal discomfort; however, patients receiving this herb did not have an increased risk for tolerated gastrointestinal discomfort （RR 1.48, 95% CI [0.39, 5.68], P=0.57）. Conclusions： F/os A. manihot may be considered as an important adjunctive therapy with the first-line and indispensable therapeutic strategies for type 2 DN. High-quality RCTs are urgently needed to confirm the effect of Flos A. manihot on definite endpoints such as end-stage renal disease.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medik.on LPS-induced cystitis in mice:potential candidate for cystitis treatment based on classic use

Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medik.(A.manihot)is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological properties.It was first recorded in Jiayou Materia Medica dating back to the Song dynasty to eliminate urinary tract irritation by clearing away heat and diuretic effect.However,its pharmacological action on urinary tract infections has not been investigated.The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of A.manihot on a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced cystitis.The results showed that A.manihot decreased white blood cell(WBC)count in urine sediments of the cystitis mice,alleviated bladder congestion,edema,as well as histopathological damage,reduced the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βsimultaneously.Moreover,A.manihot administration significantly downregulated the expression levels of TLR4,MYD88,IκBα,p-IκBα,NF-κB p65,and p-NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced cystitis mice.These findings demonstrated the protective effect of A.manihot against LPS-induced cystitis,which is attributed to its anti-inflammatory profile by suppressing TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathways.Our results suggest that A.manihot could be a potential candidate for cystitis treatment.

Total Flavonoids from Flowers of Abelmoschus manihot for Amelioration of α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced Cholestasis by Regulating Expression of Transporters

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms of the total flavonoids extracted from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot（TFA） against α-naphthylisothiocyanate（ANIT）-induced cholestasis. Methods The hepatoprotective activities of TFA（125, 250 and 500 mg/kg） were investigated on ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury in rats. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase（ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase（AST）, total bilirubin（TBIL）, total bile acid（TBA）, and bile flow were measured to evaluate the protective effect of TFA. Furthermore, the hepatic m RNA and protein levels of transports, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2（MRP2）, bile salt export pump（BSEP）, and Na＋-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide（NTCP） were investigated to elucidate the protective mechanisms of TFA against ANIT-induced cholestasis. Results Pretreatment of TFA significantly and dose-dependently decreased the ANIT-induced elevation of serum ALT, AST, TBIL, and TBA levels and increased the ANIT-induced suppression of bile flow. Moreover, TFA was found to increase the expression of liver MRP2, BSEP, and NTCP in both protein and m RNA levels in ANIT-induced liver injury in rats with cholestasis. Conclusion TFA exerts a therapeutic effect on ANIT-induced liver injury in rats with cholestasis, possibly through regulating the expressions of hepatic transporters.

Clinical Observation on Diabetic Nephropathy Treated with Alcohol Extraction of Flos Abelmoschus Manihot

Sixty-eight cases of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus complicated with Nephropathywere randomly divided into two groups : the treated group, 35 cases treated with alcohol extraction of Flos A-belmoschus manihot, Gliclazide and Captopril Tablets; and the control group, 33 cases treated with Gli-clazide and Captopril Tablets, over a period of 8 weeks. The total effective rate in the treated and controlgroup were 83.87% and 31.03% respectively (P< 0 . 01 ) , urinary micro-albumin were 31 . 7 and 76.3mg/L(P < 0. 05) , proteinuria were 0. 41 and 0 . 77g/24hr ( P < 0. 01 ) , blood 2-microglobulin were 3317. 8 and3473. 1 hg/ml ( P < 0. 05) , urinary 2-microglobulin were 367. 2 and 641 . 5ng/ml ( P < 0. 01 ) , urinary N-acetyl- -glucosaminidase (NAG) were 26. 3 and 66. 7u/L ( P < 0. 01 ) , plasma lipid peroxide (LPO) were6. 13 and 8. 78 nmol/L ( P<0. 05) , and plasma superoxide anion were 8. 36 and 10. 42 kcpm respectively( P< 0. 05) . It was suggested that alcohol extraction of Abelmoschus manihot could eliminate oxygen freeradicals, alleviate renal tubular-interstitial diseases, improve renal function, and reduce proteinuria.

菜芙蓉醇提物金丝桃苷含量测定及对肿瘤细胞生长抑制作用

[目的]建立测定菜芙蓉（Abelmoschus manihot（L.）Medic）醇提物金丝桃苷含量的方法以及研究菜芙蓉醇提物对Hela肿瘤细胞生长的抑制效果。[方法]采用体积分数为80%的乙醇提取总黄酮,HPLC法测定菜芙蓉不同植株部位中金丝桃苷含量。色谱柱为伊利特C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液（V/V,60∶40）,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为25℃,检测波长为360 nm和进样量为10μl。另外,MTT法测定菜芙蓉提取物体外抗Hela肿瘤细胞活性。[结果]金丝桃苷在0.040.4 mg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 8。菜芙蓉不同部位金丝桃苷含量分布为：花〉叶〉茎〉根〉籽,花中平均含量最高达4.002%。平均回收率和RSD值分别为99.23%和1.08%（n=6）。菜芙蓉黄酮提取物能够有效地抑制Hela细胞的生长,IC50约为228μg/ml。[结论]该方法准确、简便、重复性好,可作为菜芙蓉金丝桃苷定量分析方法;菜芙蓉总黄酮具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用。

电子束辐照对金花葵花粉萌发率的影响

为研究电子束辐照对金花葵花粉萌发率的影响和对Cu2+注入的M1代的金花葵花粉萌发率的影响,通过300Gy、400Gy、500Gy、600Gy、800Gy和1 000Gy剂量的BF-5直线加速器对金花葵(Abelmoschus manihot)的离体花粉进行辐照处理。对处理花粉萌发培养研究表明,在电子束辐照实验剂量范围内,金花葵花粉的萌发率都受到抑制,但对经过Cu2+注入的M1代的金花葵花粉萌发率的影响则不同,其中较低剂量对4MeV 1×1011Cu2+/cm2M1代花粉萌发率影响不大;而对4MeV1×1012Cu2+/cm2M1代花粉萌发率则有提高和促进作用,说明Cu2+注入提高了M1代花粉对电子束的抗性。这对金花葵优良品种选育具有积极意义。

黄秋葵种子的挥发油和脂肪酸GC-MS分析

采用溶剂提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取黄秋葵(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)种子中的脂肪酸和挥发油,运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪进行分析。结果表明,从黄秋葵种子挥发油中共鉴定出11种化合物,其中正癸烷含量最高,达21.180%;从黄秋葵种子脂肪酸中鉴定出13种脂肪酸,主要是不饱和脂肪酸,含量最高的为亚油酸,占总量的40.225%。黄秋葵种子中的挥发油和脂肪酸成分值得进一步研究。

黄秋葵新品种引种比较试验初报

黄秋葵(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)是一种具有较高营养价值的新型蔬菜,其花、果、茎、叶、种子均具有不同应用价值,经济价值较高。为丰富黑龙江省蔬菜种植品种类型,引进18个黄秋葵新品种,从品质、产量、熟期、抗病性等方面筛选出3个品种适合在黑龙江省推广种植,分别为Ok12、Ok13、Ok15。

不同秋葵品种的生育特性和营养品质比较研究

以秋葵[Abelmoschus esculentus(L.)Moench]品种五福(A.esculentus cv.Wufu)、五星(A.esculentus cv.Gosei)、南洋(A.esculentus cv.Nanyang)、红娇1号(A.esculentus cv.Akaokura beni)为试材,测定了4个秋葵品种的生育特性、形态特征、营养品质,并用隶属函数法对营养品质进行了综合分析。结果表明,红娇1号含水量最高(91.5%),黄酮类似物含量最高(3.0%),果胶含量和蛋白质含量均较高[21.5%、2.0 mg/100 g(FW)],因此推荐为市场首选;其次,五福和五星的果胶含量类似(22.5%、22.6%),含水量也一致(90.4%),但低于红娇1号,因此应该成为市场的第二选择;而南洋品种的含水量、黄酮类似物含量、蛋白质和果胶含量均最低,因此应该逐渐被市场淘汰。