Preparedness training programs improved the emergency response and crucial outcomes among nursing students:a scoping review

Objective:The study aims to review and discuss the outcomes of emergency preparedness training programs among nursing students.Methods:A scoping review was conducted based on the guidelines of Arskey and O’Malley.Databases through PubMed,Science Direct,and Google Scholar were used to obtain the relevant articles within the scoping review.Results:The researchers found 1175 articles.After manual review,28 articles were identified and assessed.The review reported that the emergency preparedness training program significantly affects preparedness,knowledge,performance,self-efficacy,learning motivation,self-confidence,satisfaction,critical decision-making,and problem-solving.Conclusions:Emergency training effectively increases knowledge,skills,confidence,satisfaction,and team performance.

Effects of oxygen concentration and flow rate on cognitive ability and physiological responses in the elderly

The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation （%）, and heart rate （beats/min） in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% （1 L/min）, 93% （1 L/min）, and 93% （5 L/min）] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male （75.3 ＋ 4.3 years old） and 10 female （71.1 ＋ 3.9 years old） subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration （3 minutes）, a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task （2 minutes） and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed （2 minutes）. Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases （7 minutes）. Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.

On the hydro－spectrum of deep wells and the response ability of well－aquifer system

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Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function, antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers

Cinnamon essential oil(CEO)and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid(BLF)have been shown to exhibit an additive antibacterial effect in vitro,but their functions in broilers were not clear.An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded levels of CEO and its combination with BLF on the growth performance,immune responses,antioxidative ability,and intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.A total of 576 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broilers were randomly allotted to 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 birds each in a completely randomized design.Birds were fed on a basal corn-soybean meal diet(control,without plant extracts and antibiotics),or the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg of aureomycin kg^-1,50,100,200,400,or 800 mg of CEO kg^-1,a combination of 100 mg of CEO and 16.7 mg of BLF kg^-1,or a combination of 200 mg of CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg of BLF kg^-1 for 42 d.Dietary treatment affected(P<0.05)the serum immune globulin M(IgM)contents on d 42,liver malondialdehyde(MDA)contents on d 21,duodenal crypt depth on d 42,relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents on d 21,and relative abundances of Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents on d 42,but had no effect(P>0.16)on all other measured indices.The addition of 400 mg of CEO kg^-1 or a combination of 200 mg CEO kg^-1 and 33.3 mg BLF kg^-1 increased(P<0.02)serum IgM contents on d 42.Dietary supplementation with 100 or 200 mg CEO kg^-1,or 50 mg aureomycin kg^-1 decreased(P<0.003)liver MDA contents on d 21.In addition,the supplement of 100 mg CEO kg^-1 increased(P<0.002)the Lactobacillus relative abundance in caecum on d 21 and Bifidobacterium relative abundance in caecum on d 42,and decreased(P<0.0001)E.coli relative abundance in caecum on d 42.The results indicated that dietary supplementation with CEO,an alternative to aureomycin,improved the immune status,antioxidantative ability and cecal microbiota of broilers,and dietary supplementation with the combinations of CEO and BLF did not exhibit further effects.Dietary supplementation with 100 mg CEO kg^-1 is beneficial for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: how countries shouldbuild more resilient health systems for preparedness and response

Objective: A resilient health system plays a crucial role in pandemic preparedness and response. Althoughthe World Health Organization (WHO) has required all states parties to strengthen core capacities to respondto public health emergencies under the International Health Regulations (2005), the actions of most countriesto combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has showed that they are not well-prepared. This crosssectionalstudy aimed to examine the health system resilience of selected countries and analyze their strategiesand measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study selected five countries including the Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), the U.K.,and the U.S., based on the severity of the national epidemic, the geographical location, and the developmentlevel. Cumulative number of death cases derived from WHO COVID-19 dashboard was used to measure theseverity of the impact of the pandemic in each country;WHO State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting (SPAR)Scores and Global Health Security (GHS) Index were applied to measure the national health system resilience;and research articles and press materials were summarized to identify the strategies and measures adopted bycountries during response to COVID-19. This study applied the resilient health systems framework to analyzehealth system resilience in the selected countries from five dimensions, including awareness, diversity, selfregulation,integration and adaptation.Results: The SPAR Scores and GHS Index of the four developed countries, Japan, South Korea, the U.K. and theU.S. were above the global and regional averages;the SPAR Scores of Iran were above the global average whilethe GHI Index lain below the global average. In terms of response strategies, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. investedmore health resources in the treatment of severe patients, while South Korea and Iran had adopted a strategyof extensive testing and identification of suspected patients. In terms of specific measures, all the five countriesadopted measures such as restrictions on entry and international travel, closure of schools and industries,lockdown and quarantine. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of implementing these measures varied acrosscountries, based on the response strategies.Conclusion: Although SPAR Scores and GHS Index have evaluated the national core capacities for preparednessand response, the actions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the fact that most countries stilldo not build resilient health systems in response to public health emergencies. Health system strengtheningand health security efforts should be pursued in tandem, as part of the same mutually reinforcing approach todeveloping resilient health systems.

Effects of Differential Item Discriminations between Individual-Level and Cluster-Level under the Multilevel Item Response Theory Model

This study attempted to interpret differential item discriminations between individual and cluster levels by focusing on patterns and magnitudes of item discriminations under 2PL multilevel IRT model through a set of variety simulation conditions. The consistency between the mean of individual-level ability estimates and cluster-level ability estimates was evaluated by the correlations between them. As a result, it was found that they were highly correlated if the patterns of item discriminations were the same for both individual and cluster levels. The magnitudes of item discriminations themselves did not affect much on correlations, as far as the patterns were the same at the two levels. However, it was found that the correlation became lower when the patterns of item discriminations were different between the individual and cluster levels. Also, it was revealed that the mean of the estimated individual-level abilities would not be necessarily a good representation of the cluster-level ability, if the patterns were different at the two levels.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

Validation and evaluation of clinical prediction systems for first and repeated transarterial chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A Chinese multicenter retrospective study

BACKGROUND The treatment outcome of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)varies greatly due to the clinical heterogeneity of the patients.Therefore,several prognostic systems have been proposed for risk stratification and candidate identification for first TACE and repeated TACE(re-TACE).AIM To investigate the correlations between prognostic systems and radiological response,compare the predictive abilities,and integrate them in sequence for outcome prediction.METHODS This nationwide multicenter retrospective cohort consisted of 1107 unresectable HCC patients in 15 Chinese tertiary hospitals from January 2010 to May 2016.The Hepatoma Arterial-embolization Prognostic(HAP)score system and its modified versions(mHAP,mHAP2 and mHAP3),as well as the six-and-twelve criteria were compared in terms of their correlations with radiological response and overall survival(OS)prediction for first TACE.The same analyses were conducted in 912 patients receiving re-TACE to evaluate the ART(assessment for re-treatment with TACE)and ABCR(alpha-fetoprotein,Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer,Child-Pugh and Response)systems for post re-TACE survival(PRTS).RESULTS All the prognostic systems were correlated with radiological response achieved by first TACE,and the six-and-twelve criteria exhibited the highest correlation(Spearman R=0.39,P=0.026)and consistency(Kappa=0.14,P=0.019),with optimal performance by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.71[95%confidence interval(CI):0.68-0.74].With regard to the prediction of OS,the mHAP3 system identified patients with a favorable outcome with the highest concordance(C)-index of 0.60(95%CI:0.57-0.62)and the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve at any time point during follow-up;whereas,PRTS was well-predicted by the ABCR system with a C-index of 0.61(95%CI:0.59-0.63),rather than ART.Finally,combining the mHAP3 and ABCR systems identified candidates suitable for TACE with an improved median PRTS of 36.6 mo,compared with non-candidates with a median PRTS of 20.0 mo(logrank test P<0.001).CONCLUSION Radiological response to TACE is closely associated with tumor burden,but superior prognostic prediction could be achieved with the combination of mHAP3 and ABCR in patients with unresectable liver-confined HCC.

Leveraging the Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC)for pandemic response: opportunities and challenges

Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) was conceptualized and established for coordinatinginformation and resources towards goal-oriented response in large scale public health emergency. Yet, theactivities undertaken by PHEOCs and their intended goals have not been fully optimized in current scenario.This paper revisited the collective efforts invested in PHEOC conceptualization and development, identified theopportunities and challenges in compliance with standards and framework, demonstrated the accountabilityof PHEOC network, thereby promoted best practice guidance for global public health emergency preparednessand response. This review will help navigate emergency response complexities leveraging PHEOC partnershipsand advance the ability to detect and respond to public health emergencies in low resource settings. The reviewshows that the information on how to adapt best practice guidance to local circumstances could incentivizethe full implementation of prevention, early detection and response to outbreaks. Identifying and correctingdeficiencies in effectiveness evaluation will provide the basis for continuous PHEOC improvement. With thegradually reopening economies and public services in some countries, there is an urgent need to emphasize andvalidate the collective efforts undertaken by PHEOCs for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Optical Property of LiNbO_3 Crystal Codoped with In, Mg and Fe

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State fragility and the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:an ecologic analysis of data from 146 countries

Background:Global spread and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic are determined to a large extent,by resistance to the pandemic and public response of all countries in the world;while a country's resistance and response are in turn determined by its political and socio economic conditions.To inform future disease prevention and control,we analyzed global data to exam the relationship between state vulnerabilities and COVID-19 incidences and deaths.Methods:Vulnerability was measured using the Fragile States Index(FSI).FSI is created by the Fund for Peace to assess levels of fragility for individual countries.Total FSI score and scores for 12 specific indicators were used as the predictor variables.Outcome variables were national cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths up to September 16,2020,derived from the World Health Organization.Cumulative incidence rates were computed using 2019 National population derived from the World Bank,and case fatality rates were computed as the ratio of deaths/COVID-19 cases.Countries with incomplete data were excluded,yielding a final sample of 146 countries.Multivariate regression was used to examine the association between the predictor and the outcome measures.Results:There were dramatic cross-country variations in both FSI and COVID-19 epidemiological measurements.FSI total scores were negatively associated with both COVID-19 cumulative incidence rates(β=-0.0135,P<0.001)and case fatality rates(β=-0.0147,P<0.05).Of the 12 FSI indicators,three negatively associated with COVID-19 incidences were E1(Economic Decline and Poverty),E3(Human Flight and Brain Drain),and S2(Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons);two positively associated were P1(State Legitimacy)and X1(External Intervention).With regard to association with case fatality rates,C1(Security Apparatus)was positive,and P3(Human Rights and Rule of Law)and X1 was negative.Conclusion:With FSI measures by the Fund of Peace,overall,more fragile countries are less likely to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,and even if affected,death rates were lower.However,poor in state legitimacy and lack of external intervention are risk for COVID-19 infection and lack of security apparatus is risky for COVID-19 death.Implications of the study findings are discussed and additional studies are needed to examine the mechanisms underpinning these relationships.

湖南省农村老年人应急准备现状及影响因素

目的:调查农村老年人应急准备、灾难素养和应急能力现状及影响因素。方法:采用方便抽样法,使用公众应急准备现状评价量表、灾难素养评价量表、家庭应急准备能力问卷对湖南省岳阳市坪头村、坪上村及源冲村3个村的357名老年人进行调查。结果:农村老年人的应急准备现状、灾难素养、家庭应急准备能力总分分别为48.11(43.00,54.00)分、(66.08±20.67)分、51.01(49.00,53.00)分。农村老年人灾难素养、应急能力与应急准备现状均呈正相关。多元线性回归分析结果显示,灾难素养、对应急准备的态度、是否接受过应急教育或培训、关心本地区传染病发生情况的程度、原来从事的职业及对灾难事件的预期是农村老年人应急准备现状的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:农村老年人应急准备现状处于中等偏低水平,应加强农村老年人灾难素养和应急能力教育培训,从而提高其应急准备水平。

儿科医务人员传染病突发事件应急能力评价指标体系构建

目的 构建儿科医务人员应对传染病突发事件的应急能力评价指标体系。方法 以PPRR(预防、准备、反应、恢复)风险管理模型为基础,采用文献研究法和半结构式访谈法初步构建儿科医务人员传染病突发事件应急能力评价体系;采用专家函询法、层次分析法,确定儿科医务人员传染病突发事件应急能力评价体系内容和各指标权重。结果 最终获得一级指标4个、二级指标13个、三级指标37个,并确定相应指标的权重系数。2轮专家函询的问卷回收率分别为100%和94.44%,专家判断系数(Ca)均为0.922,熟悉程度(Cs)均为0.811,权威系数(Cr)均为0.866 5。结论 基于PPRR风险管理模型构建的儿科医务人员传染病突发事件应急能力评价指标具有较高的科学性和实用性,后续仍需在实践中继续优化和完善。

急性缺氧暴露对人体生理反应及认知能力的影响研究

在低压环境舱开展高海拔环境中人体急性缺氧暴露实验,研究环境压力和温度对人体生理参数和认知能力的影响规律。实验结果表明,随大气压力的降低,人体平均皮肤温度、口腔温度、舒张压、心率和心率变异性均呈增加,而血氧饱和度和收缩压呈降低趋势。其中,平均皮肤温度、心率和血氧饱和度具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。随温度的增加,只有血氧饱和度降低,其他生理参数均升高。其中,平均皮肤温度、心率具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。感知能力、记忆能力和反应能力随大气压力的降低而降低,思辨能力反而提高。其中,记忆能力受压力影响具有显著性(p<0.05)。感知能力和记忆能力随温度的增加有所提高,思辨能力在不同压力下随温度的变化规律不同,反应能力随温度的降低而提高。其中反应能力受温度影响具有显著性(p<0.05)。该研究为保障平原地区人员急进高海拔地区生命健康安全提供有力支撑。

尽责式治理:党建引领乡村精细化治理的实践机制——以陕西省镇安县为例

是否尽责是善治的重要衡量标准。充分发挥党建势能要注重以治理责任为纽带,根据乡村治理责任属性和治理条件推进尽责式治理,更好地创新组织载体、整合要素资源和优化治理责任,从而推动乡村精细化治理。基于党建引领基层社会治理镇安探索的研究发现,为克服条块关系不优和治理悬浮化困境,需要以融合共生的理念和方式推动治理责任落实和治理范式革新;通过强化人民至上的责任观,优化“人人有责”的治理结构,达成“人人尽责”的预期治理行为。从“大治理观”和高效能治理视野审视党建引领乡村精细化治理的实现路径,要更加重视治理责任重构和优化、治理方式更新和完善以及治理机制改进和创新,进而推动基层党领共治型的尽责式治理,提升乡村基层治理善治能力。

容错动态性如何提升员工适应性绩效?——一个有调节的中介模型

员工适应性绩效是企业应对环境变化的重要基础,而容错动态性为解释员工适应性绩效提供了新视角。文章基于情绪事件理论、自我调节理论和资源保存理论,以306名科技型企业在职员工为调研对象,明晰了容错动态性对员工适应性绩效影响的路径和边界条件。结果表明:容错动态性对员工适应性绩效具有显著的正向影响;元认知能力在容错动态性与员工适应性绩效之间发挥中介作用;任务责任心调节容错动态性与元认知能力之间的关系,并进一步调节了容错动态性通过元认知能力对员工适应性绩效起的间接作用。研究从组织情绪视角提出了容错动态性是员工适应性绩效的另一影响因素,为企业提升员工适应性绩效提供新方法。

本科护生社会责任感对亲社会行为的影响:关怀能力的中介作用

了解本科护生社会责任感、亲社会行为与关怀能力的现状并探讨三者之间的关系机制,采用大学生社会责任感调查问卷、亲社会行为量表及关怀能力量表调查内蒙古呼和浩特市某高校637名本科护生,采用层次回归模型和Bootstrap法进行结果统计描述与分析。研究结果显示,新时代“健康中国”战略背景下应加强本科护生社会责任感认知、行为的培养,并继续注重护生关怀能力的提升,关怀能力是社会责任感与亲社会行为的中介变量,可通过培养本科护生社会责任感和关怀能力促进其亲社会行为的形成与发展。

基于PPRR理论的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系构建

目的构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标,为提升精神专科医院传染病防控能力建设提供参考依据。方法基于PPRR危机管理理论,综合运用文献法、半结构式访谈法、德尔菲法、层次分析法构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系。结果经过2轮专家函询,专家咨询积极系数均为100%,专家平均权威系数为0.88,协调系数较好,构建了一套包括4个一级指标,20个二级指标,85个三级指标的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系,经层次法分析各级评价指标均符合一致性检验要求。结论该评价指标体系有一定的科学性和可靠性,为精神专科医院传染病防控提供了可行性标准。