基于冠层反射光谱的玉米LAI和地上干物重估测研究

以cropscan多光谱辐射仪测定了玉米品种郑单958和浚单20的冠层光谱反射率,并对其相应的叶面积指数(LAI)和地上干物质量进行了同步测定。将由近红外波段和可见光红波段组成的不同的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI)分别与叶面积指数、地上干物质量进行回归分析,结果表明,NDVI与叶面积指数的相关性优于RVI与叶面积指数的相关性,且以NDVI(R950,R650)和叶面积指数的幂函数回归结果最优;RVI与地上干物质量的二项式回归效果显著,估算模型为:Y=-0.722 4(R800/R650)2+1.631 6(R800/R650)+271.49,R2=0.793 5。

岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛类型地上生物量研究

灌丛是岷江干旱河谷主要的植被类型,也是该区相对稳定的生态系统类型。基于岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛大量的样地调查和实验,研究了其地上生物量及分布规律。结果表明:(1)该地区的9个灌丛的地上生物量存在较大差异,对节刺灌丛的地上生物量最大,达11554.2kg·hm-2,其次是子栎灌丛和绣线菊灌丛,分别为7144.7kg·hm-2和7213.1kg·hm-2,而滇紫草灌丛的平均地上生物量最小,仅为1407.2kg·hm-2,其余类型介于它们之间,导致这一结果的原因很多,如群落的优势种、物种组成、海拔、坡向、土壤水分等等;(2)灌丛地上生物量都随海拔升高而增加,并呈现出良好的相关性。(3)干旱河谷中土壤水分也随着海拔升高而增加。在干旱河谷过渡区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分间呈现很好的相关性;但是,在其核心区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分之间的相关性反而不显著。这主要是由于在干旱河谷的低海拔地区,"焚风"作用相对较强,其土壤水分条件较差,灌丛的生长受到抑制,随着海拔的升高,"焚风"作用不断降低,土壤水分条件逐步得到改善,灌丛的生长状况较好。而在干旱河谷核心区内"焚风"作用较强,其影响的海拔范围更大,因而,导致土壤水分非常低。由此可见,土壤水分是干旱河谷灌丛植被生长的主要限制因素。此外。

辣椒盛果期的冠层反射光谱特征

为了对辣椒品种识别、生产及产量监测提供更加可靠的技术手段,分析了4个辣椒品种盛果期冠层反射光谱数据的差异及其与叶片全氮、叶片SPAD和地上干生物量之间的相关性。结果表明:盛果期的可见光波段和近红外波段冠层光谱反射率能容易地区别4个辣椒品种;叶片全氮含量敏感波段8819线椒为753nm,黔春201为698nm和764nm,日本三樱椒为494nm,遵义朝天椒为767nm;叶片SPAD敏感波段8819线椒为720nm,黔春201为726nm,日本三樱椒为548nm,遵义朝天椒为718nm;地上干生物量的敏感波段8819线椒为728nm和1 345nm,黔春201为727nm和1 145nm,日本三樱椒为690nm,遵义朝天椒为767nm。

半干旱区退耕地紫花苜蓿生长特性与土壤水分生态效应

本文系统研究了黄土高原半干旱地区不同立地条件下,20年生紫花苜蓿(Meducagi sativaL.)生长变化特征与土壤水分的消耗与恢复过程。结果表明:紫花苜蓿不同生长阶段生产力差异较大,年生长的6-8月份,即在水热同步条件下,紫花苜蓿形成较高地上生物量,为年生长的盛期,但土壤水分消耗过度,降至年最低点;紫花苜蓿产草量不同生长年限均达极显著差异,在山地、塬地和川地3种立地条件下均呈规律性变化特征,即在生长的4～8年间,3种立地条件下紫花苜蓿均为旺盛生长阶段,第10年土壤含水量降到最低,土壤干层厚度高达300～720 cm,土壤水分严重亏缺;10年后随紫花苜蓿的基本衰败,土壤水分开始缓慢恢复;第15～20年,3种立地类型500 cm土层以上土壤水分可恢复到接近种植前的土壤含水量,而500 cm以下土壤通体干燥化严重,水分恢复极为缓慢,且恢复难度较大。因而,在黄土高原半干旱区紫花苜蓿适宜生长年限应为8～10年,第4～8年为苜蓿生长的高峰期。

葡萄地上干物质量确定研究

葡萄地上干物质量包括地上部枝条干物质量和地上部果实生长量,地上部果实生长量可通过实测产量得到,而地上部枝条干物质量则较难测得。本研究用模型模拟来获得葡萄枝条干物质量,通过使用Logistic修正模型、Richards模型、Hoerl模型、蒸汽压模型和高斯模型来模拟葡萄地上枝条干物质量累积过程,并利用实测资料对各模型模拟结果进行验证,优选出Logistic修正模型来描述葡萄地上枝条干物质量生长过程。在此基础上,以地上干物质生长量最大为目标,在不包含埋墩水的情况下,得到葡萄的适宜灌溉定额为430-490 m3·667m-2。

岷江干旱河谷三种主要灌丛地上生物量的分布规律

灌丛是岷江干旱河谷主要的植被类型之一,也是该地区相对稳定的生态系统类型。在岷江干旱河谷的水土保持中发挥着重要的作用。本文通过野外样地调查和实验,研究了岷江干旱河谷分布最为广泛的莸灌丛、小花滇紫草灌丛和川甘亚菊灌丛3种灌丛类型的地上生物量,并探讨了其分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)在3种灌丛类型中,川甘亚菊灌丛的平均地上生物量最大,达4819 8kg·hm-2,其次是莸灌丛,为1652 9kg·hm-2,而滇紫草灌丛的平均地上生物量最小,仅为1407 2kg·hm-2;(2)在同一灌丛类型中,不同样地的灌丛地上生物量存在着差异,其中莸灌丛的地上生物量的变化幅度最大,为304 2～5804 7kg·hm-2;滇紫草灌丛地上生物量的变化幅度为241 1～3889 2kg·hm-2;川甘亚菊灌丛地上生物量的变化幅度相对较小,为2089 8～6457 5kg·hm-2;说明川甘亚菊灌丛的群落结构相对稳定。(3)莸灌丛的地上生物量随海拔的上升而减少,而小花滇紫草灌丛和川甘亚菊灌丛的地上生物量则随海拔梯度的升高而增加,但三者都呈现出较好的相关性。(4)在3种灌丛类型中,莸灌丛的土壤水分条件相对较好,其次为小花滇紫草灌丛,川甘亚菊灌丛的土壤水分条件最差。3种灌丛中,小花滇紫草灌丛和川甘亚菊灌丛的地上生物量受土壤水分条件的影响较大。

基于HJ-CCD遥感数据和DK-SVR算法的小麦生物量估算研究

基于2010～2013年江苏地区小麦环境减灾卫星(HJ-CCD)的影像数据,提取拔节、孕穗和开花3个生育期的卫星植被指数并作为模型的输入参数,分别利用双核支持向量回归算法(DK-SVR)、MLR和PLS方法构建各生育期小麦生物量估测模型,比较各模型的预测性能。结果表明:可以使用DK-SVR算法遥感估算小麦生物量,基于该算法构建的模型预测性能在3个生育期均优于MLR模型和PLS模型,各期实测值与模型预测值之间决定系数R^2分别为0.50、0.67和0.65,相应的均方根误差RMSE为506、1 389和2 058kg·hm^(-2)。

基于冬小麦冠层高光谱的干生物量监测

冬小麦地上干生物量(AGB)能够表征麦田生态系统生产力的大小,提取AGB光谱特征信息和实现其准确估算,对于掌握冬小麦长势情况具有重要的作用。基于连续2 a的氮运筹试验,利用连续投影算法(SPA)提取原始光谱和一阶微分光谱的重要波段,并基于所提取的光谱特征利用多元线性回归(MLR)方法构建AGB的光谱监测模型。结果表明,利用SPA算法可有效降低光谱维度,基于原始光谱所筛选的重要波段分别为528,671,734,910,1 235 nm,而基于一阶微分光谱所筛选的波段为530,669,740,817,1 209 nm;基于一阶微分处理所建立的模型校正集与验证集模型均达到了较高的精度,Y=-5.01+2 043.86R530-7 772.11R669+348.54R740+14 462.04R817+14 196.13R1209,其R2,RMSE和RPD分别为0.72,1.92 t/hm2和2.53;验证集R2和RMSE分别为0.67,2.25 t/hm2。研究表明,结合SPA和MLR可以实现冬小麦AGB的实时估算,研究结果对冬小麦生长状况监测具有一定的参考价值。

铁酸镍催化可见光还原缓解Cr(Ⅵ)对水稻幼苗的毒害

为明确铁酸镍可见光下催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)对水稻幼苗生长的影响,采用水培(Yoshida溶液)试验,设置对照、Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫和光催化3个处理,研究不同处理下水稻(7优88和7优370)幼苗苗长、根长、叶绿素、铬含量、干物质量及铬积累量的差异。结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫显著抑制两个水稻品种的苗长和根长,降低叶绿素含量,破坏活性氧清除系统,引起丙二醛积累,阻碍水稻幼苗正常生长。与对照处理相比,Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫处理苗长降低10.4%~14.6%,根长降低57.8%~59.5%,叶绿素含量减少38.4%~42.6%,丙二醛含量增加82.9%~86.6%,地上部Cr(Ⅵ)含量增加66~130倍,植株干物质量降低10.4%~13.1%。光催化处理显著缓解了水稻受到的Cr(Ⅵ)毒害,与Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫处理相比,光催化处理后苗长和根长平均增加17.6%和73.8%,Cr(Ⅵ)含量降低50.4%~50.7%,干物质量增加4.9%~5.9%,总铬积累量减少25.9%~27.8%,丙二醛含量降低28.9%~30.6%,植株生长状况明显改善。然而,与对照相比,光催化处理干物质减少5.1%~8.9%。研究表明,Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫显著抑制了水稻生长,铁酸镍可见光催化还原可有效缓解植株Cr(Ⅵ)毒害。

青藏高寒牧区天然草地地上生物量和营养品质的变化规律

本试验以甘肃省玛曲县欧拉乡2个项目户的天然草地为试验对象,研究了青藏高寒牧区高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸地上生物量、主要营养成分及干物质消化率间的差异以及年际和月际变化规律。结果表明:高寒草甸的平均地上生物量(3.27t·hm^(-2))和粗蛋白含量(9.22%)显著高于沼泽化草甸,酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著低于沼泽化草甸,中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于沼泽化草甸,其营养成分优于沼泽化草甸;高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸4月份的平均地上生物量最低(1.32 t·hm^(-2)),4—8月份显著增加,8月份最高(4.41 t·hm^(-2));同一月份高寒草甸的中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量均低于沼泽化草甸。本试验通过研究青藏高寒牧区天然草地生物量和营养成分的变化,有助于理解该区的草畜关系,可以为家畜补饲提供理论基础。

Effects of urea enhanced with different weathered coal-derived humic acid components on maize yield and fate of fertilizer nitrogen

Humic acid(HA) is a readily available and low-cost material that is used to enhance crop production and reduce nitrogen(N) loss. However, there is little consensus on the efficacy of different HA components. In the current study, a soil column experiment was conducted using the ^(15)N tracer technique in Dezhou City, Shandong Province, China, to compare the effects of urea with and without the addition of weathered coal-derived HA components on maize yield and the fate of fertilizerderived N(fertilizer N). The HA components were incorporated into urea by blending different HA components into molten urea to obtain the three different types of HA-enhanced urea(HAU). At harvest, the aboveground dry biomass of plants grown with HAU was enhanced by 11.50–21.33% when compared to that of plants grown with U. More significantly, the grain yields under the HAU treatments were 5.58–18.67% higher than the yield under the urea treatment. These higher yields were due to an increase in the number of kernels per plant rather than the weight of individual kernels. The uptake of fertilizer N under the HAU treatments was also higher than that under the urea treatment by 11.49–29.46%, while the unaccounted N loss decreased by 12.37–30.05%. More fertilizer-derived N was retained in the 0–30 cm soil layer under the HAU treatments than that under the urea treatment, while less N was retained in the 30–90 cm soil layer. The total residual amount of fertilizer N in the soil column, however, did not differ significantly between the treatments. Of the three HAU treatments investigated, the one with an HA fraction derived from extraction with pH values ranging from 6 to 7, resulted in the best improvement in all assessment targets. This is likely due to the abundance of the COO/C–N=O group in this HA component.

Effect of Halosulfuron Rate and Application Timing on Volunteer Azuki Bean Control in White Bean

Three field experiments were carried out during 2017-2019 at the University of Guelph Huron Research Station near Exeter, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of halosulfuron rate (25, 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1) and application timing (POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3) on volunteer azuki bean control in white bean. At POST 1, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 controlled volunteer azuki bean 46% - 50% at 1 week after application (WAA), controlled decreased to 16% - 25% at 8 WAA. At POST 2, volunteer azuki bean controlled decreased from 34% - 39% at 1 WAA to 17% - 27% at 8 WAA. A similar trend was observed at POST 3. Halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 reduced biomass 49%, 64% and 69%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST 2 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 51% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 49% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. Similarly, halosulfuron applied POST 3 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 40% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 44% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. There was as much as 19%, 22% and 25% dockage with halosulfuron applied POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3, respectively. Volunteer azuki bean interference reduced white bean yield 40%. Reduced volunteer azuki bean interference with halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 resulted in an increase in white bean yield relative to the weedy control;however white yield was less than the weed-free control. This study concludes that halosulfuron at rates and application timings evaluated does not provide adequate control of volunteer azuki bean in white bean.

微生物菌肥拌种配合追施不同施用量化肥对张家口燕麦生长与产量的影响

选用张家口地区生产上常用的燕麦品种坝莜一号为试材,以当地尿素追施量300 kg/hm2为基准(100%全量化肥处理),采用微生物菌肥拌种(菌肥施用量15 kg/hm2)然后减少化肥施用量(即试验设化肥施用量100%、75%、50%和0)的方法,研究了菌肥拌种+化肥不同追施量处理对燕麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明:播种前用微生物菌肥15 kg/hm2进行拌种,而后配合追施尿素150 kg/hm2(三叶期追施60%、拔节期追施40%)效果最好。该处理能够促进燕麦籽粒灌浆,株高、穗长、穗粒重和千粒重最大,产量最高(5681.25 kg/hm2),较传统的全量化肥处理增产显著(增产率10.18%)。

Estimating Ecological Characteristics and Carbon Stock in Uneven-Aged Plantations of Acacia senegal L. in the Savannah Woodlands of Sudan

The aim of this study was to assess Acacia senegal trees’ characteristics as well as evaluate the carbon stock under a variety of ages in the El Demokeya forest in Sudan, where the Gum Arabic belt is located. 12 sample plots, in 2021 were randomly distributed to represent the entire area of the forest prior to the required measurements. The sample was designed as squire plots with one hectare. In each sample plot, all trees were counted, their height (m), and Diameters Breast Height (DBH in cm), respectively. The results showed the highest number of trees per ha at age 20 years old and the lowest number at age 47 years, while the highest values of DBH and volume were found at age 47 years old. As a result, the maximum and minimum values of the aboveground biomass were found in the age 47 years old and 16 years, accounting for 19.87 tons and 1.9 tons respectively. Thus, the amount of carbon stock was 11.92 tons/ha in the 35-years-old and 1.19 tons/ha in the 21-year stands. Furthermore, the average carbon stock in all plots was estimated as 18.70 tons/ha and hence the total carbon stock in the El Demokeya forest is equal to 620.11 tons. Conclusively, the characteristics of trees, amount of aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the El Demokeya forest varied among the uneven-aged plantation groups. The study recommends and encourages the protection of A. senegal in order to increase the carbon sink as well as protect the environment in the era of climatic changes.

基于多植被指数组合的冬小麦地上干生物量高光谱估测

为了探究多种植被指数组合与偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)结合对于提高冬小麦地上干生物量估测精度的影响,本研究以氮运筹试验为基础,比较分析了18种植被指数与冬小麦地上干生物量的相关性,筛选出相关性较好的植被指数,建立多种植被指数组合的PLSR模型,并对模型进行评价比较。结果表明:除叶绿素归一化植被指数(NPCI)外各植被指数均与冬小麦地上干生物量有良好的相关性,中分辨率陆地叶绿素成像指数(MTCI)、绿色归一化植被指数(GNDVI)、改进红边比值植被指数(MSR705)和特征色素简单比值指数c(PSSRc)4个植被指数相关系数绝对值均达到0.800以上;多植被指数组合构建的PLSR模型中,以PSSRc、MSR705和MTCI 3个植被指数建立的复合式模型建模集(R2=0.719,RMSE=0.316)和验证集(R2=0.696,RMSE=0.346)表现最佳。因此,多种植被指数组合与偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)结合能有效提高冬小麦地上干生物量的估测精度,为更好地实现冬小麦地上干生物量高光谱遥感估测提供有效技术途径。