Analgesic Effects of Tetrodotoxin Combined with Acetylsalicylic Acid on Acetic Acid-induced Abdominal Constriction and Formalin Test in Mice

Aim To study the effects of tetrodotoxin （TTX） combined with acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） on nociceptive stimulus in mice. Methods To assess the antinociceptive effects of TTX, ASA or TTX plus ASA, the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and formalin pain test were used. Results TTX （0.5 - 4.0 μg· kg^-1 ） or ASA （25 - 200 mg· kg^-1 ） im produced a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction. The median inhibitory doses （ID508） were 2.1 μg· kg^-1 for TTX（ and 64 mg· kg^-1 for ASA. TTX and ASA also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model, the ID508, being 2.3μg·kg^-1 and 74.2 mg· kg^-1, respectively. The ihteraction between TTX and ASA was synergistic, as evidenced by the fact that （1） when ASA alone compared with the combination of TTX （0.79 μg · kg^-1 or 0.39μg· kg^-1 ） and ASA, the ID508, of ASA reduced from 64.0 mg· kg^-1 to 5.8 mg· kg^-1 or 12.6 mg· kg^-1, and from 74.2 mg· kg^-1 to 7.4 mg· kg^-1 or 13.0 mg· kg^-1 on tile two models of nociceptive tests, respectively; and that （2） synergism in the analgesic effects was shown by isobiolographic analysis. Conclusion TTX, ASA and the combination of the two drags produce analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and formalin-induced pain test. The interactions between TTX and ASA may be useful in developing novel analgesic agents.

Poly(lactic acid)-aspirin microspheres prepared via the traditional and improved solvent evaporation methods and its application performances

Drug-loaded microspheres are significant for the development of modern pharmaceutical products. It is well known that the taken of aspirin for long-term increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal complications, therefore a controllable delivery of aspirin is of importance to lighten those side effects. In this work, poly(lactic acid)(PLA) was chosen as the carrier to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres by using the traditional and the improved solvent evaporation methods. It was found that no matter which experimental condition was, the encapsulation efficiency of aspirin was higher by using the improved method than that of the traditional method. Specifically, when the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol = 1%(mass),the polymer concentration = 1:20, the oil/water rate = 1:2.5, PLA-aspirin microspheres were obtained via the improved method with a high yield of 82.83%(mass) and an encapsulation efficiency of 44.09%. PLAaspirin microspheres were then prepared continuously using the improved method, which further enhanced the encapsulation efficiency to 54.56%. Approximate 85% aspirin released from microspheres within 7 days. Obvious degradation which was represented by reduction on hardness was observed by soaking microspheres in PBS for 60 days. This work is of interest because it provides a continuous route to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres continuously with a high drug encapsulation efficiency.

Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Photosynthetic Apparatus and Reactive Oxygen-Scavenging Enzymes in Chrysanthemum Under Low Temperature Stress with Low Light

The effects of acetylsalicylic acid （ASA）, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 on the photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated in chrysanthemum Jinba （a cut flower cultivar） under low temperature stress with low light （TL stress） （16/12℃, day/night, PFD 100 μmol m^-2 s-1）. The results showed that under TL stress, the net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, carboxylation efficiency （CE）, apparent quantum yield （AQY）, maximal photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） of PSII, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ФPSII）, and photochemical quenching （qP） of the chrysanthemum leaves in all treatments were significantly decreased, but the decreases were alleviated by ASA, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatments compared with the controls. The alleviating effect of ASA ＋ CaCI2 was better than either ASA or CaCl2 single treatment. Moreover, the ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatment highly improved the chlorophyll content, relatively improved the number and size of chloroplast and starch grain in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants compared with ASA and CaCl2 treatments. It was indicated that ASA and/or CaCI2 could regulate the photosynthetic functions in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants to enhance the resistance against TL stress. On the other hand, reduction in relative conductance rate implied that ASA and/ or CaCl2 could protect from membrane injury in leaves of chrysanthemum plants. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in the treated leaves of chrysanthemum were increased as compared with the controls. It was suggested that ASA and/or CaCl2 had positive regulation effects on the defence enzyme activities in chrysanthemum leaves which could protect the photosynthetic apparatus to a certain degree under the TL stress. In brief, the treatment of ASA together with CaCl2 was better for chrysanthemum plants to adapt TL stress than single ASA or CaCl2 treatments.

Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improves protein utilization efficiency while vitamin E supplementation reduces markers of the inflammatory response in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E.coli

Background： This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E（Vit E） and acetylsalicylic acid（ASA）, a cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2） inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E_2（PGE_2） and hence reduce inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.Methods： The experiment was conducted in a research facility with 192 individually-housed male weaner pigs（Landrace × Large White） weighing 6.6 ± 0.04 kg（mean ± SEM）. The pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli and were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial design with the respective factors being without and with 125 ppm ASA and three levels of Vit E supplementation（50, 100 or 200 IU/kg diet, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate）.Results： Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improved average daily gain（P 〈 0.05） and tended to improve feed：gain ratio（P 〈 0.10） during the first 14 d after weaning. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation also improved（P 〈 0.001） amino acid utilization efficiency（as assessed by plasma urea level） and tended to decrease（P 〈 0.10） PGE2 production in the liver without affecting smal intestinal histology and tight junction protein mR NA expression in the jejunal epithelium. Vitamin E supplementation greater than 100 IU/kg diet sustained both the plasma Vit E concentration（P 〈 0.001） and plasma haptoglobin content（P 〈 0.001） after weaning. However, there was no additive effects of the combined supplementation of ASA and Vit E on performance, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses of weaned pigs.Conclusions： Although ASA and vitamin E improved amino acid utilization efficiency and reduced acute inflammatory responses, ASA and vitamin E did not additively reduce production of PGE2 and inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimental y infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.

Effect of graded doses of acetylsalicylic acid on sperm chromatin integrity and maturity of germinal epithelium in adult male mouse

Objective:To evaluate the effect of graded doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on sperm chromatin integrity and sex hormones in the adult male mouse.Methods:Forty-nine male adult mice were divided into seven groups. Control group received no drug, sham group received ASA solvent (dimethylsulfoxide 0.1%), groups 3 to 7 received different doses of 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 5.00 mg ASA, daily for 14 d, respectively. On day 15, evaluations were made by sperm chromatin dispersion test for the study of DNA sperm integrity, radioimmunoassay for the study of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) level and histopathology of testis for Jhonson's scoring.Results: ASA in groups 0.50, 1.00 and 5.00 mg reduced big halo sperms. DNA fragmentation significantly increased just in 5 mg group. Serum level of testosterone in doses of 0.50, 1.00 and 5.00 mg groups reduced significantly (P<0.01) while LH level was not affected. Johnson's score reduced in all ASA treated groups.Conclusions: Administration of ASA over the 14 days in dose of 5.00 mg increases sperm DNA fragmentation index and therefore reduces DNA integrity and in doses of 0.50, 1.00, 5.00 mg reduces serum testosterone level with no effect on LH. Generally, ASA has deleterious effects on the male reproductive indices even in low doses.

Acetylsalicylic acid for metal stent in malignant distal common bile duct obstruction:A randomized controlled trial

Background:Endoscopic biliary drainage is the treatment of choice for patients with malignant distal common bile duct obstruction.Self-expandable metal stents have clinical advantages including an increased duration of patency that may be prolonged by acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)use.The aim of this study was to investigate whether ASA had a positive effect on the patency of self-expandable metal stents compared with placebo.Methods:This prospective,multicenter,double-blinded,and randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted from October 2017 to May 2020 in Korea.Patients who underwent palliative endoscopic biliary drainage with self-expandable metal stents for malignant distal bile duct obstruction were enrolled,and allocated to ASA treatment or placebo.The study outcomes were the rate of stent dysfunction at 6 months,duration of stent patency,risk factors for stent dysfunction,and any adverse events.Results:Interim analysis included 24 and 28 patients in the ASA and placebo groups,respectively.There was no significant difference between the ASA and placebo groups in stent dysfunction(25.0%vs.20.7%,P=0.761)or the duration of stent patency(150.97±10.55 vs.158.07±8.70 days,P=0.497).Six patients experienced suspected ASA-related adverse events,and there was one lethal case.Conclusions:ASA did not prolong stent patency.This study was terminated early because of the possibility of serious adverse events related to ASA treatment of these patients receiving palliative care.

Acetylsalicylic Acid Administered in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effect on the Antioxidant Enzyme System

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications are associated with oxidative stress and the depletion of antioxidant defenses. The influence of acetylsalicylic acid on reversing the decrease in antioxidants, insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory cascade can help prevent diabetes complications. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the antioxidant enzymatic system in patients with diabetes. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 21 patients of both sexes with Type 2 diabetes for less than five years at the time of diagnosis, without pharmacological treatment, and randomly selected. Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg) was administered orally for three months to the study group (n = 11) compared to the placebo control group (n = 10). Before and after the intervention, anthropometric and metabolic measurements were taken, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile panel, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and antioxidant capacity/activity were determined;values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Intra- and intergroup differences were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively;p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The acetylsalicylic acid group showed a decrease in weight (85.6 ± 19.3 vs. 84.1 ± 19.0 kg p = 0.01), cholesterol (205.9 ± 16.6 vs. 186.0 ± 23.2 mg/dL p = 0.02), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (7.8% ± 0.9% vs. 7.0% ± 0.7% p = 0.02). The placebo group exhibited reduction in weight (76.1 ± 14.9 vs. 74.9 ± 15.0 kg p = 0.04), glycated hemoglobin A1c (6.9% ± 0.6% vs. 6.2% ± 0.4% p = 0.004), and total antioxidant capacity (4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.3 mmol/L p = 0.002). Conclusion: The administration of acetylsalicylic acid did not modify the antioxidant enzyme system.

Banana Peel for Acetylsalicylic Acid Retention

A method for adsorption involving banana peel (BP) was studied to remove the pollutant acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in aqueous medium. The results show that bioadsorbent has satisfactory maximum adsorption capacity (2.29 mg/g) for removing this analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug in aqueous solution (pH 7.0) using the Langmuir mathematical model. The tested concentrations of this pollutant were higher than the levels commonly found in the aquatic environment. This and other results suggest the BP as an alternative to ASA removal in water contaminated with pharmaceuticals pollutants.

Using o-Acetylsalicylic Acid Grafted by 3-Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane to Assemble Strong Covalently Bonded Luminescent Terbium Hybrids

The modification of o-acetylsalicylic acid by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) was achieved and the assembly of their corresponding organic-inorganic molecular-based hybrid material with the two moieties bridged by covalent bonds was obtained. It is utilized to coordinate to terbium ions and further happened hydrolysis and polycondensation processes by chemical active triethoxysilyl groups. The photophysical properties show that the triplet energy of modified o-acetylsalicylic acid is efficiently responsible for the antenna effect and matches with the emissive energy level of metal ions. Consequently, the intramolecular energy transfer process completed within these molecular-based hybrids and strong green emission of Tb 3+ was achieved.

Acetylsalicylic acid interferes with embryonic kidney growth and development by a prostaglandin-independent mechanism

AIM To evaluate the effects of the non-selective, non-steroidal anti-infammatory drug （NSAID） acetylsalicylic acid （ASA）, on ex vivo embryonic kidney growth and development.METHODS Pairs of fetal mouse kidneys at embryonic day 12.5 were cultured ex vivo in increasing concentrations of ASA （0.04-0.4 mg/mL） for up to 7 d. One organ from each pair was grown in control media and was used as the internal control for the experimental contralateral organ. In some experiments, organs were treated with ASA for 48 h and then transferred either to control media alone or control media containing 10 μmol/L prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） for a further 5 d. Fetal kidneys were additionally obtained from prostaglandin synthase 2 homozygous null or heterozygous （PTGS2-/- and PTGS2-/＋） embryos and grown in culture. Kidney cross-sectional area was used to determine treatment effects on kidney growth. Whole-mount labelling to fluorescently detect laminin enabled crude determination of epithelial branching using confocal microscopy.RESULTSIncreasing ASA concentration （0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL） significantly inhibited metanephric growth （P 〈 0.05）. After 7 d of culture, exposure to 0.2 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL reduced organ size to 53% and 23% of control organ size respectively （ P 〈 0.01）. Addition of 10 μmol/L PGE2 to culture media after exposure to 0.2 mg/mL ASA for 48 h resulted in a return of growth area to control levels. Application of control media alone after cessation of ASA exposure showed no benefit on kidney growth. Despite the apparent recovery of growth area with 10 μmol/L PGE2, no obvious renal tubular structures were formed. The number of epithelial tips generated after 48 h exposure to ASA was reduced by 40% （0.2 mg/mL; P 〈 0.05） and 47% （0.4 mg/mL; P 〈 0.01）. Finally, growth of PTGS2-/- and PTGS2＋/- kidneys in organ culture showed no differences, indicating that PTGS2 derived PGE2 may at best have a minor role.CONCLUSIONASA reduces early renal growth and development but the role of prostaglandins in this may be minor.

Trend Analysis of Combined Drugs Creation （for Example Acetylsalicylic Acid）

The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in January 2015 was registered 71 drug based acetylsalicylic acid （ASA）, for which 52% combined. The most common combinations of ASA with acetaminophen and caffeine （45.9%）, magnesium hydroxide （18.9%）, bisoprolol （10.8%）, ascorbic acid （8.1%）, clopidogrel （5.4%）. Comparing markets combined drugs ASA of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, 28 EU countries, Norway, Switzerland, India, Syria, Australia and the USA identified the active pharmaceutical ingredients, combined with ASA in a single dosage form. The analysis of questionnaires 40 pharmacists pharmacies Temopil, Khmelnytsky and Kyiv regions of Ukraine noted that the biggest demand is mono-drugs ASA, Citramon, Askofen and Cardiomagnyl Methods of pharmacoeconomic studies proved efficient use Upsaryn UPSA with vitamin C tabl. spike, tuba in box number 20 BMS （France）, Citramon tablets number 6 PJSC ＂Monfarm＂ （Ukraine） and Cardiomagnyl tabl. film-coated shell 75 mg in bottle number 100 Nycomed Austria （Austria）. On the basis of six State Forms of drugs in Ukraine （2009-2014） was found that the combination of drugs based on ASA is recommended to use of ascorbic acid （Aspiryn C, Asprovit C, Upsarin UPSA with vitamin C）, dipyridamole （Agrenox）, magnesium hydroxide （Cardiomagnyl, Cardiomagnyl Forte）. Some of the standard combination of ASA （combination of paracetamol and caffeine） are not in form. For optimize State Form of drugs by improving health system in Ukraine can be useful pharmacoeconomic analysis of combination therapies with the current official system to note the combination of ASA with statins, esomeprazole, isosorbide.

Psychotropic effects of aspirin, acetylsalicylate cobalt and acetylsalicylate zinc at various doses

For the first time it is shown that psychotropic action of acetylsalicylates at various doses is manifested as a nonmonotonic dependence having its peaks at therapeutic and ultra-low dose zones. It is discovered that development of effects of aspirin resembles that of acetylsalicylate zinc. Acetylsalicylate cobalt at extremely low doses zone showed the highest antidepressant activity, demonstrating toxicity at high doses. Generally, it is revealed that the use of aspirin and its salts at high doses range causes maximum psychotropic effects development, usually accompanied by side-effects. Therefore, aspirin, acetylsalicylate cobalt and zinc at extremely low doses are recommended for further study as psychotropic medications.

比较教学法在仪器分析实验教学中的应用

仪器分析实验是医学预防及医学检验等专业的重要实验课程之一。为提升本科生的创新实践能力,设计了分别利用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)和超高效合相色谱仪(UPC2)测定复方阿司匹林片中乙酰水杨酸和咖啡因含量的实验,并将思政元素有机地融入其中。教学实践表明,通过对不同仪器原理、功能特点的比较学习,可以激发学生的实验兴趣和探索精神,增强学生解决问题的能力,进而提升学生的科学素养。

阿司匹林肠溶片在健康成年受试者中的生物等效性

目的评价阿司匹林肠溶片在中国健康成年受试者中的生物等效性及安全性。方法采用单中心、随机、开放、两制剂、两顺序、四周期、完全重复试验设计。受试者每周期空腹或餐后单次口服1片受试制剂(test preparation,T)或参比制剂(reference preparation,R)。采用LC-MS/MS法测定不同时间点血浆中乙酰水杨酸(acetylsalicylic acid,ASA)的血药浓度,并进行两制剂的生物等效性及安全性评价。结果餐后试验组口服T和R后ASA的主要药代动力学参数为:C max分别为(690.97±196.91)ng·ml^(-1)和(669.28±337.40)ng·ml^(-1),AUC 0-t分别为(867.37±228.64)ng·h·ml^(-1)和(821.16±349.85)ng·h·ml^(-1),AUC 0-∞分别为(883.48±233.72)ng·h·ml^(-1)和(923.59±287.95)ng·h·ml^(-1);T max分别为(8.98±2.47)h和(10.69±3.75)h。经对数转换后C max、AUC 0-t和AUC 0-∞的几何均值比均在80.00%~125.00%范围之内,两制剂生物等效。空腹试验组口服T和R后ASA的主要药代动力学参数:C max分别为(466.83±222.89)ng·ml^(-1)和(441.42±211.99)ng·ml^(-1),AUC 0-t分别为(753.24±269.49)ng·h·ml^(-1)和(678.50±278.85)ng·h·ml^(-1),AUC 0-∞分别为(809.11±309.27)ng·h·ml^(-1)和(726.51±267.00)ng·h·ml^(-1);T max分别为(5.81±2.53)h和(6.41±2.47)h。经对数转换后C max、AUC 0-t和AUC 0-∞的几何均值比不在80.00%~125.00%范围之内,两制剂生物不等效。试验过程中,空腹组无不良事件发生,餐后组共报告2例次不良事件,均无严重不良事件。结论两种阿司匹林肠溶片在餐后条件下人体内生物等效,空腹条件下人体内生物不等效,制剂安全。

氨甲环酸分别联合阿司匹林、低分子肝素钙在全膝关节置换术血液管理中的效果分析

目的探讨氨甲环酸分别联合阿司匹林、低分子肝素钙调控炎症介质、血栓弹力图(TEG)在全膝关节置换术(TKA)血液管理中的价值。方法2020年1月~2022年10我院拟行TKA老年病人120例,电脑随机数字法分为A组(60例)和B组(60例),分别给予氨甲环酸+阿司匹林、氨甲环酸+低分子肝素钙,均治疗2周。比较两组围术期指标、并发症[下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)、肌间静脉血栓(MCVT)、切口感染]、输血率、不良反应(胃肠不适、皮下瘀斑)及TEG参数[凝血反应时间(R)、血液凝固时间(K)、最大振幅(MA)、凝固角(α角)]、炎症介质[可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α]、血管内皮损伤因子[可溶性血栓调节蛋白(sTM)、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、E-选择素]。结果两组术后24小时引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量、术中出血量、术后72小时Hb及HCT水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组组间、不同时间点及组间·不同时间点交互TEG参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后2周A组血清TLR4、sCD40L、TNF-α水平较B组降低,血浆sTM及血清VEGF、E-选择素水平较B组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组DVT、MCVT、切口感染发生率、输血率与B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组不良反应总发生率与B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与联合低分子肝素钙比较,氨甲环酸联合阿司匹林能保护血管内皮,抑制炎症反应,但两者均可维持病人凝血功能,避免大量失血或血栓形成,在安全性与有效性方面无显著差异。

基于科研素养和创新能力培养的有机化学实验教学改革与探索

为培养学生的科研素养和创新能力,我们在乙酰水杨酸的合成实验教学中,将常规实验教学和开放实验教学相融合,构建了以常规实验基本技能训练为基础,以开放性实验综合素质培养为目的实验教学模式,并对教学效果进行评价。教学实践表明,该模式的实施在强化学生的实验技能,激发学生对科研的兴趣,加强对学生科研素养和创新能力的培养等方面收到较好的效果。

阿司匹林中水杨酸的检测方法综述

水杨酸是阿司匹林生产过程中由于不完全乙酰化或酸、碱、热等条件的影响,导致分子中的酯基水解而产生的对人体有毒的物质,水杨酸的产生严重制约了阿司匹林制剂在临床中的应用,因此原料药及制剂过程中水杨酸的含量测定和杂质控制至关重要。目前常见的阿司匹林中水杨酸杂质的鉴别法主要有比色法、高效液相色谱、气相色谱法、液相色谱法、高效毛细管电泳法、分光光度法、拉曼光谱法、流动注射分析法。

HPLC-DAD波长切换法测定阿司匹林双嘧达莫片的含量及游离水杨酸

目的:建立HPLC-DAD波长切换法测定阿司匹林双嘧达莫片的含量及游离水杨酸的方法。方法:采用Agilent ZORBAX SB C 18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-四氢呋喃-冰醋酸-水(20∶5∶5∶70)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^(-1),柱温30℃,检测波长276 nm(阿司匹林)、284 nm(双嘧达莫)和303 nm(水杨酸)。结果:阿司匹林、双嘧达莫和游离水杨酸分别在38.37~383.71、9.60~96.05和1.02~10.21μg·mL^(-1)范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为99.88%(RSD=0.23%)、99.01%(RSD=0.46%)和100.99%(RSD=0.75%)。本法与标准方法含量测定结果无明显差异。含量均匀度A+2.2S在4.7~6.4。结论:建立的含量测定方法,操作简单,更适用于阿司匹林双嘧达莫片的质量控制。

Morphological characterization of metal porphyrin tailed with aspirin interacting with bovine serum albumin congeries

The porphyrins tailed with acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and Zn （or Cu） complexes were prepared. Meanwhile, morphological images, such as shape and size of porphyrins-BSA congeries were observed by using atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The result showed the interaction of BSA and prepared porphyrins led to obvious change of shape and size of BSA congeries.

The effects of EPA + DHA and aspirin on inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis factors

Objective: In a recent study, we showed that the combination of aspirin plus the ω3 fatty acids eicosapen-taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) synergistically inhibited platelet function. As aspirin, EPA, and DHA have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, we hypothesized that the ingestion of EPA and DHA, with and without aspirin, would reduce plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis factors more than aspirin alone and before aspirin was ingested. Methods: Using multiplex technology, we investigated the effects of aspirin (single-dose 650 mg on day 1), EPA + DHA (3.4 g/d for days 2 - 29), and aspirin with EPA + DHA (day 30) on plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis factors in healthy adults. Results: Aspirin alone had no effect on any factor versus baseline, but EPA + DHA, with and without aspirin, significantly reduced concentrations of 8 of 9 factors. Although EPA + DHA plus aspirin reduced concentrations of a subset of the factors compared to baseline, neither aspirin alone nor the combination significantly reduced the level of any analyte more robustly than EPA + DHA alone. Conclusions: These data suggest that EPA + DHA has more pronounced down-regulatory effects on inflammation and angiogenesis than aspirin. The implications of these findings for the use of combined therapy for cardiovascular disease remain to be clarified.