Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environ- ment in China, two simulating methods were used： one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300 ℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south- east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test （SSRT） and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of-850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.

Effect of ocean environmental factors on sound absorption by boric acid relaxation in sea water

By using the expressions for the maximum absorption per wavelength (αλ),and the relaxation frequency fr of the boric acid relaxation derived previously by the author and employing the related oceanographic literatures, the effects of pressure, temperature, pH and salinity on (αλ)r and ∫r of the boric acid relaxation in sea water have been estimated. Results show that ( αλ), not only increases with pH but also increases approximately linearly with pressure and temperature, and is nearly proportional to the 1. 35 power of salinity. However, pressure, pH and salinity have negligible effect on ∫r; therefore, ∫r, can be approximately expressed as a function of temperature only. Comparisons of the predicted with the measured ( αλ)r and ∫r in different ocean areas are given.

The effects of the environmental factors on Laminaria disease caused by alginic acid decomposing bacteria

-The rot disease of Laminaria occurs often in nurseries of sporeling and commercial cultivation in the sea and results in economic loss greatly. Usually the disease outbreaks accompanied with massive multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria. From the section of the decaying Lamuutria which resulted from the inoculation of alginic acid decomposing bacteria, it was observed that the bacteria invaded the epiderm of the Laminaria surface at first, then entered the ex-odermis, endodermis and pith. In addition, there were a great amount of bacteria in the intercellular region and a lot of free cells of the algae in the decaying areas. The wall of some free cells was decomposed, which led to soft tissue or disintegration. Alginic acid decomposing bacteria are normal epiphytic microorganisms growing on Lamuutria surface. These bacteria do not cause disease at normal environmental conditions. The experiments showed that the unfavourable conditions, e. g. , wounding, overcrowding, high temperature reduced the ability of antibacterial activity and made the algae more susceptible to the pathogens and favoured the multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria and finally led to the disease outbreak. The unfavourable environmental factors which resulted from a variety of reasons were the main cause of the disease.

Impact of Oil and Gas Activities on Acidity of Rain and Surface Water of Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Environmental and Public Health Review

Acidic aerosols resulting from gas flaring and refinery operations in the Niger Delta are a serious environmental and public health concern. Several thousand tons of flue gas components (dust particles, SOx, CO and NOx) are released into the atmosphere by flaring billions of cubic meters of natural gas, refining and volatilizing the spilt oil. Heat wave is generated by flaring travels several meters away from flare points, destroying crops, farm lands, exotic species that are hunters delight while causing extinction of fragile soil flora and fuana. The occurrence of acid rain in the region implies that the natural receptors of the area are the final recipient of land and atmospheric pollutants. In effect, the water needs and public health of the populace are greatly impeded. Nitric and sulphuric acids are regarded as the sole contributors of nitrate and sulphate in precipitation influenced by combusted hydrocarbons: fine nitrate aerosols that dissolve in rain water are conversion products of NO2 that arise from flaring, power plants and motor vehicles. Scientific evidence has shown that rain water and surface water quality in the Niger Delta can accentuate the poor health burden, and may be perpetuated through generations unborn. Diagnostic health risk assessment has revealed that drinking nitrate contaminated water may be associated with spontaneous miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, adult malignant lymphomas, soft tissues sarcomas, cancers and lesions with added health burden associated with heavy metals and other ions. All these pose public health emergency and may significantly entrench health risk for generations to come. Therefore, this manuscript is intended to close certain gaps that were not covered by toxicological information and available data on environmental and food contamination and human internal exposure: it will serve as a continuous reminder and a useful guide to public health policy makers, workers and community based physicians.

Preparation and Characterization of Environmental Functional Poly(Styrene-<i>Co</i>-2-[(Diethylamino)Methyl]- 4-Formyl-6-Methoxy-Phenyl Acrylate) Copolymers for Amino Acid Post Polymerization

Vanillin was used as renewable resource for preparing new monomer in two stops. The monomer has tertiary amine group which facilitates the pH change and functional aldehyde group that encourages the formation of Schiff base. It was abbreviated by DEAMVA and evaluated using chemical analysis e.g. 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FT IR all data were in logic case. Copolymerization of Styrene with 5 and 15 mol% of DEAMVA has been done by free radical polymerization and AIBN as initiator. The copolymers have been chemically and physically characterized e.g. 1H NMR, FT IR, GPC, and DSC. Post polymerization of poly (styrene-Co-DEAMVA) with 15 mol% (III b) was prepared for immobilization of tryptophan and investigated by the same methods used lately. Moreover, the sensitivity of the posted copolymer to pH has also studied by UV-vis. Spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphological feature of polymer surface after immobilization of tryptophan.

Corrosion behavior and characteristics of the product film of API X100 steel in acidic simulated soil solution

The short-term corrosion behavior of API X100 steel in an acidic simulated soil was investigated by electrochemical measurements and soaking experiments,followed by corrosion morphology observations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.The results show that X100 steel exhibits an obvious pitting susceptibility in an acidic soil environment.Pits nucleate after approximately 10 h of immersion.Along with the nucleation and growth of the pits,the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential first increase sharply,then decrease slowly,and eventually reach a steady state.The maxima of the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential are attained at approximately 10 h.The evolution of the electrochemical process is confirmed by the analysis of the product film.The product film exhibits a porous and loose structure and could not protect the substrate well.The product film is primarily composed of ferrous carbonate and ferrous hydroxide（Fe（OH）2）.The concentration of Fe（OH）2 in the product film increases from the inside to the outside layer.

Corrosion Rate of Hydrogenation to C110 Casing in High H_2S Environment

The corrosion behavior of C110 bushing at high temperature and high pressure with a high H2S / CO2 was studied, and a basis for the materials selection of sour gas well bushing was provided in H2S, CO2 and saline coexisting environment. Under acidic condiction, hydrogen atoms greatly entered into the material and caused the material properties changed. Weight loss method was used to study the corrosion rate of hydrogen charging samples and original untreated samples in simulated oil field environment. PAR2273 electrochemical workstation was used to examine the electrochemical performance of samples untreated, hydrogen charging after reacting in autoclave. The corrosion product film was observed through SEM. The experimental results show that sample with hydrogen charging has a much more obvious partial corrosion and pitting corrosion than the untreated blank sample even the downhole corrosion speed of bushing is increased after being used for a period of time. Polarization curve shows the corrosion tendency is the same between sample with or without hydrogen charging and corrosion tendency is reduced by corrosion product film. A layer of dense product film formed on the surface of samples provides a certain protective effect to the matrix, but cracked holes which will accelerate partial corrosion of the sample were also observed.

Experimental Study on Formation Conditions of Ammoniojarosite and Its Environmental Significance

Formation conditions of ammoniojarosite in system Fe2（SO4）3-（NH4）2SO4-H2O are investigated in this paper. The results show that ammoniojarosite can be formed rapidly under normal temperature and pressure by controlling suitable pH value and Fe2（SO4）3 and （NH4）2SO4 concentrations. The pH value, temperature and concentration of Fe2（SO4）3 medium are key factors influencing the formation of ammoniojarosite. Under normal temperature, precipitation of ammoniojarosite can be seen within 24 hours at pH values between 2.6-3.1, and a great quantity of ammoniojarosite is formed within 48 hours. At about 90℃, the pH value range forming ammoniojarosite extends to 1.2-3.1, and within this range the rise of pH value is advantageous to the formation of ammoniojarosite and high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration is also advantageous. Relative pure ammoniojarosite is synthesized under high Fe2（SO4）3 concentration （≥0.05 M） and ammoniojarosite containing melanterite and colloid amorphous hydroxide vitriol iron is formed at low Fe2（SO4）3 concentration. The deposition process of ammoniojarosite can be used to harness wastewater from mines and other industries and remove S, Fe and other toxic and harmful elements, such as As, Cr, Hg, Pb in water. Rapid formation of ammoniojarosite and other jarosite analogs under normal temperature and pressure has a good potential prospect for harnessing acid wastewater by means of precipitation of jarosite and its analogs.

Erosion–corrosion behavior of austenitic cast iron in an acidic slurry medium

A series of austenitic cast iron samples with different compositions were cast and a part of nickel in the samples was replaced by manganese for economic reason. Erosion–corrosion tests were conducted under 2wt% sulfuric acid and 15wt% quartz sand. The results show that the matrix of cast irons remains austenite after a portion of nickel is replaced with manganese.（Fe,Cr）3C is a common phase in the cast irons, and nickel is the main alloying element in high-nickel cast iron; whereas,（Fe,Mn）3C is observed with the increased manganese content in low-nickel cast iron. Under erosion–corrosion tests, the weight-loss rates of the cast irons increase with increasing time. Wear plays a more important role than corrosion in determining the weight loss. It is indicated that the processes of weight loss for the cast irons with high and low nickel contents are different. The erosion resistance of the cast iron containing 7.29wt% nickel and 6.94wt% manganese is equivalent to that of the cast iron containing 13.29wt% nickel.

Temperature effect on the corrosion and passivation characterization of Ni_(82.3)Cr_7Fe_3Si_(4.5)B_(3.2) alloy in acidic media

The effects of temperature on corrosion and the electrochemical behavior of Ni82.3Cr7Fe3Si4.5B3.2 glassy alloy in HC1,H2SO4,and H3PO4 acids were studied using AC and DC techniques.Impedance data reveal that the susceptibility to localized corrosion increases with increasing temperature.Potentiodynamic polarization curves reveal that the bulk glassy alloy is spontaneously passivated at all the investigated temperature in H2SO4 and H3PO4 solutions.A localized corrosion effect in HCl solution is clearly observed.The apparent activation energies in the regions of Tafel,active,and passive,as well as the enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution process were determined and discussed.The high apparent activation energy（Ea） value for H3PO4 solution in Tafel region is explained by the low aggressivity of PO4^3- ions.

Study on Decoloration of Acidic Scarlet GR by Pyrolusite Oxidation under an Acid Condition

Decoloration of acidic scarlet GR by pyrolusite is studied in this paper. The effects of pH in solution, dosage and granularity of pyrolusite, reaction temperature, and vibration speed on decoloration efficiency are discussed. According to experiment results, the decoloration efficiency may exceed 95% for 40 mg/L GR solution by pyrolusite, pH is most important among all factors which impact the decoloration of acidic scarlet GR. Dosage and granularity of pyrolusite, reaction temperature, and vibration speed have a little benitfit on decoloration. The high decoloration efficiency and low removal efficiency of COD as well as FT-IR spectra of products between pyrolusite and acidic scarlet GR indicate that acidic scarlet GR undergoes the redox reaction on the interface of mineral and its chromophore is oxidated and decolored, but it is not removed thoroughly by oxidation.

Analyses of concrete microcosmic structure in multi-media environment

The structure of concrete generally serves in multi-media environments; various environments act differently on concrete. The compound action of some severe environments will threaten the duration of concrete and decrease the service life of a concrete structure if improperly handled. In this paper the microstructure of concrete is observed by using Scanned Electric Microscope (SEM) through contrasting experiments in media of acid, alkali and salt with that of freezing-thawing in the same medium environment. This study is to supply a certain basis for changing traditional thinking of mechanical design and to combine construction reliability design with durability of concrete design.

Uncatalyzed Condensation Reactions between Aromatic Aldehydes and Thiobarbituric Acid in Water

A series of 5-arylidene thiobarbituric acids were prepared from aromatic aldehydes and thiobarbituric acid in water without catalyst conditions in good yields. The structures were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectra.

Unsaturated transport properties of water molecules and ions in graphene oxide/hydrated calcium silicate nanochannels:from basic principles to complex environmental performance effects

The problems of traditional concrete such as brittleness,poor toughness and short service life of concrete engineering under acid rain or marine environment need to be solved urgently.Hydrated calcium silicate(C-S-H)is a key component to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete.However,the traditional method of concrete material design based on empirical models or comparative tests has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of concrete.The synthesis method,molecular structure and properties of C-S-H were systematically described in this paper;The interface structure and interaction of graphene oxide/calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H/GO)were discussed.On this basis,the saturated and unsaturated transport characteristics of ions and water molecules in C-S-H/GO nanochannels under the environment of ocean and acid rain were introduced.The contents of this review provide the basis for improving the multi-scale transmission theory and microstructure design of concrete.It has important guiding significance for analyzing and improving the service life of concrete in complex environment.

How United States Agricultural Herbicides Became Military and Environmental Chemical Weapons: Historical and Residual Effects

Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops as a strategy to win battles and wars. The primary objective of this research study is to describe how agricultural herbicides became tactical chemical weapons. A current assessment will address the environmental impacts of military and environmental chemical weapons on the United States and Vietnam ecosystems and need for additional dioxin TCDD hotspot clean-up efforts.

DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION——A Comparative Study Between Huizhou City and Zhaoqing City

Compared the total agricultural production (TAP) of the 5 counties in Huizhou City with that of the corresponding 5 counties in Zhaoqing City during the period from 1980 to 1996, it can be seen that the TAP growth rate of the 5 counties in Huizhou City had been a little higher than that of the 5 corresponding counties in Zhaoqing City before 1983, but has been becoming lower than the latter since 1984, and the agricultural production in Huizhou City has been gradually becoming lag behind that in Zhaoqing City since then. The TAP loss in Huizhou City kept above 3×10 8 yuan every year since 1986. Detailed investigation shows that the acid rain caused by the atmospheric pollution may be the main cause for the lower productivity of the land in Huizhou City. The atmospheric pollution arisen from rapid and extensive development of the economy in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region has already greatly reduced the load capacity of the natural resources in Huizhou City and severely affected the sustainable development of the region.

不同产地及品种牡丹籽油脂肪酸和角鲨烯含量的比较分析

旨在为油用牡丹的品种选育、牡丹籽油的营养评价和产地溯源提供参考信息,采用气相色谱-质谱法对4个油用牡丹主产地(河南洛阳、山东菏泽、安徽亳州和甘肃兰州)的凤丹牡丹籽油和紫斑牡丹籽油的脂肪酸组成和角鲨烯含量进行检测,并对牡丹籽油的脂肪酸及角鲨烯含量与环境因子的相关性进行分析。结果表明:牡丹籽油中含有11种脂肪酸,以α-亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸为主;8个牡丹籽油样品中的脂肪酸相对含量及角鲨烯含量存在差异,其中相同产地的凤丹牡丹籽油中的油酸相对含量均显著低于紫斑牡丹籽油的(p<0.05),亚油酸相对含量除河南洛阳产地外均显著高于紫斑牡丹籽油的(p<0.05);甘肃兰州牡丹籽油的亚油酸相对含量显著低于其他产地的(p<0.05),可作为对兰州牡丹籽油进行鉴别的指标之一;牡丹籽油中角鲨烯含量、油酸和α-亚麻酸相对含量,均随着年降雨量的增加、年平均气温的升高而减少,随着海拔的增加而增加,且牡丹籽油中的角鲨烯含量随着油酸、α-亚麻酸相对含量的增加而增加,随着亚油酸相对含量的增加而减少。综上,品种、产地及环境因子的不同均会造成牡丹籽油脂肪酸及角鲨烯含量的差异。

磁改性生物质炭渣对酸性矿山废水中Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的吸附研究

针对酸性矿山废水(Acid Mine Drainage, AMD)中Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)含量过高,生物质炭渣吸附能力有限等问题,以工业固体废弃物生物质炭渣为原材料,采用高锰酸钾和硫酸亚铁对生物质炭渣进行磁改性,制备生物质炭渣负载MnFe_(2)O_(4)的复合磁性材料(BC-MF),并将BC-MF作为去除酸性矿山废水环境中Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的吸附剂。基于单因素试验方法,探究pH值、温度、初始质量浓度、吸附时间、共存金属离子等因素对BC-MF吸附Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)性能的影响,并将吸附动力学、吸附热力学、吸附等温线与扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR)、磁滞回线测试(Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, VSM)、Zeta电位(Zeta potential)等表征方法结合,研究MnFe_(2)O_(4)磁改性生物质炭渣吸附Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的机理。结果显示,改性后的BC-MF对Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的去除率均提升20百分点以上,且吸附饱和质量比分别为18.04 mg/g和24.98 mg/g。表征结果显示:MnFe_(2)O_(4)磁性颗粒成功负载到BC-MF上,并使之具有磁性;BC-MF对Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学模型,吸附过程是为化学吸附为主的单层均相吸附;热力学结果表明该吸附过程属于自发进行的熵增过程。

基于随机森林模型与SHAP算法的渝东北烟区土壤交换酸含量影响因素分析研究

【背景和目的】土壤交换酸含量在农业生产中对于指导施肥和调节土壤pH具有重要作用,研究环境因子(气候、地形、成土母岩)和种植年限对土壤交换酸(Exchangeable Acidity, EA)含量的影响。【方法】以重庆市东北烟区为研究区,对该区中483个采样点的土壤交换酸数据进行统计分析,构建随机森林(Random Forest, RF)模型并结合Shapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)算法,探讨影响土壤交换酸含量的主控因素。【结果】(1)研究区土壤交换酸含量在1.56~27.50 cmol/kg之间,与降水、日照时数、坡向、种植年限呈极显著负相关性。二叠系石灰岩发育的土壤交换酸含量显著高于三叠系石灰岩发育的土壤。(2)RF模型可解释土壤交换酸含量空间变异的64%,影响因子对土壤交换酸含量的重要性为气候>成土母岩>种植年限>地形。(3)SHAP算法揭示了土壤交换酸含量在不同气候条件下存在明显的阈值效应。当年均降水量、日照时数和均温分别超过1250 mm、1290 h和12℃时,会导致土壤交换酸含量的减少,反之则会促使其增加。【结论】气候是影响土壤交换酸含量变异最重要的环境因素,其中降水和日照时数是最重要的气候因子,研究结果可为烟田土壤酸化管理调控提供参考。

青海省五脉绿绒蒿中氨基酸成分及其与环境因子的关系

为建立五脉绿绒蒿(Meconopsis quintuplinervia Regel)中氨基酸的快速检测方法,阐释环境因子对氨基酸成分及含量的影响,本研究以10-乙基吖啶酮-2-磺酰氯为衍生化试剂,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术对青海省16个居群五脉绿绒蒿中氨基酸成分及含量进行了分析,并采用主成分分析和相关性分析研究了环境因子对氨基酸含量的影响。结果显示:氨基酸衍生物线性回归方程的相关系数为0.9987~0.9997,检出限为0.06~1.71 nmoL·L^(-1),定量限为0.21~5.43 nmoL·L^(-1),峰面积的相对标准偏差为0.11%~1.89%,表明构建的检测方法较优。在16个居群的五脉绿绒蒿中共检测出17种氨基酸,其中,Phe含量最高;各氨基酸含量的变异系数为28.23%~384.75%。基于氨基酸含量,16个五脉绿绒蒿居群可分为4组,其中,海北藏族自治州祁连县油葫芦沟(P8)居群单独为一组。主成分分析结果显示Orn、Cys、His、Ala为五脉绿绒蒿的特征氨基酸成分。土壤理化特征分析结果显示:P8居群的土壤全盐、有机质、有效氮、有效磷和全氮含量均最高,土壤全钾含量则最低;基于土壤理化性质,海北藏族自治州祁连县扁都口(P7)、P8、果洛藏族自治州班玛县X710(莫林段)(P12)居群分别单独为一组,其余居群聚为一组;主成分分析结果显示:第1主成分中土壤全氮、有机质、全盐含量的载荷较高,第2主成分中土壤全磷和有效钾含量及pH值的载荷较高。相关性分析结果显示:大多数氨基酸含量与土壤有机质、有效氮、全氮和全钾含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关,经度、纬度和海拔对氨基酸含量影响较小。综合分析认为,青海省五脉绿绒蒿中必需氨基酸含量较高,具有较高的研究和应用价值;P8居群的土壤营养较丰富,该居群五脉绿绒蒿中氨基酸种类丰富且含量高;在五脉绿绒蒿的开发利用过程中,需要关注其生长地的土壤微环境。