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Reductive smelting of spent lead–acid battery colloid sludge in a molten Na_2CO_3 salt 被引量:8
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作者 Yu-jie Hu Chao-bo Tang +1 位作者 Mo-tang Tang Yong-ming Chen 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第8期798-803,共6页
Lead extraction from spent lead–acid battery paste in a molten Na2CO3 salt containing Zn O as a sulfur-fixing agent was studied. Some influencing factors, including smelting temperature, reaction time, Zn O and salt ... Lead extraction from spent lead–acid battery paste in a molten Na2CO3 salt containing Zn O as a sulfur-fixing agent was studied. Some influencing factors, including smelting temperature, reaction time, Zn O and salt dosages, were investigated in detail using single-factor experiments. The optimum conditions were determined as follows: T = 880°C; t = 60 min; Na2CO3/paste mass ratio = 2.8:1; and the Zn O dosage is equal to the stoichiometric requirement. Under the optimum conditions, the direct recovery rate of lead reached 98.14%. The results suggested that increases in temperature and salt dosage improved the direct recovery rate of lead. XRD results and thermodynamic calculations indicated that the reaction approaches of lead and sulfur were Pb SO4→Pb and Pb SO4→Zn S, respectively. Sulfur was fixed in the form of Zn S, whereas the molten salt did not react with other components, serving only as a reaction medium. 展开更多
关键词 lead–acid batteries molten salts lead smelting des
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Addition of Ce as additive to Pb-Ca-Sn-Al grid alloy for lead acid battery 被引量:3
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作者 魏杰 王东田 +1 位作者 栾中华 郭强 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2003年第1期28-30,共3页
The study on three Pb Ca Sn Al alloys with 0.08%, 0.4% and 1.0% of Ce indicates that the addition of Ce results in an obvious increase in the tensile strength and hardness of the alloys, an increase in the overpotenti... The study on three Pb Ca Sn Al alloys with 0.08%, 0.4% and 1.0% of Ce indicates that the addition of Ce results in an obvious increase in the tensile strength and hardness of the alloys, an increase in the overpotentials of hydrogen and oxygen evolution and the corrosion resistance as well. The study on the corrosion film formed on the alloys by cyclic voltammetry shows that the addition of Ce slows down the formation of corrosion film. It is therefore concluded from the experimental results that the addition of Ce can increase the tensile strength and HB of Pb Ca alloy and the tensile strength and HB of the alloy increase with the increase of Ce; the addition of Ce also increases the hydrogen and oxygen evolution overpotentials of Pb Ca alloy, and when the content of Ce is 1.0%, the alloy has the highest hydrogen and oxygen evolution overpoteatials; the addition of Ce improves the anticorrosion capability of the alloy, and when the content Ce is 1.0%, the alloy has the best anticorrosion capability; and the addition of Ce also slows down the formation of corrosion film. 展开更多
关键词 lead acid battery grid alloy CE electrochemical performance
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Effect of lead foam grid on performance of lead-acid battery 被引量:1
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作者 戴长松 王殿龙 +2 位作者 胡信国 姜兆华 阎志刚 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2005年第1期95-100,共6页
In order to increase the specific energy and specific power of a lead-acid battery, lead foam grid was prepared by electrodepositing Pb-Sn alloy on a copper foam substrate and used as negative current collector for a ... In order to increase the specific energy and specific power of a lead-acid battery, lead foam grid was prepared by electrodepositing Pb-Sn alloy on a copper foam substrate and used as negative current collector for a lead acid battery whose capacity was limited by the negative plate. Comparing the effect of the cast grid, under the same conditions, the mass of lead foam grid decreases by 35%, and the area of lead foam contacted with active material increases by about 20 times. Under 2 h rate discharge condition, with a high current (3 0 I2) e and low-temperature (-10 ℃, I2) discharge system, the lead foam grid markedly boosts the discharge performance of lead acid battery. It increases not only the negative electrode mass specific capacity by 27%,37% and 29%,but also the utilization efficiency of the negative active material by 5%. Compared with the negative electrode of cast grid, XRD and SEM results show that after 20 cycles at the state of charge, the sponge lead in the negative lead foam electrode has smaller crystals and less PbSO4 on its surface. Meanwhile, at the state of full discharge, the PbSO4 crystals are smaller and occur less on the surface of lead foam electrode. This indicates its active material reacts more uniformly. 展开更多
关键词 lead acid battery negative active material grid material lead foam specific capacity
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Solvothermal Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence Property of a 3D Lead(Ⅱ)Coordination Polymer Based on Terephthalic Acid 被引量:1
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作者 林小英 杨攀 +2 位作者 陈君 刘明华 林诚 《Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第1期61-68,共8页
Solvothermal reaction of Pb(NO3)2·6H2O with rigid linear ligand terephthalic acid(H2pta) in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) produced a new three-dimensional(3D) lead(Ⅱ)coordination polymer[Pb2(pta)1.5(μ... Solvothermal reaction of Pb(NO3)2·6H2O with rigid linear ligand terephthalic acid(H2pta) in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF) produced a new three-dimensional(3D) lead(Ⅱ)coordination polymer[Pb2(pta)1.5(μ4-OH)(DMF)]n 1,and its structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.In polymer 1,the μ4-OH bridges the nearby lead(Ⅱ) ions into an infinite one-dimensional(1D) chain,and then the organic ligand pta^2- joins the neighbored chains into a 3D structure by two similar connection modes in different configurations.The solid-state photoluminescent studies revealed that 1 exhibits a strong greenish emission mainly originating from ligand-to-metal charge transfer between the delocalized π bonds of the aromatic carboxylate ligand pta^2- and the p orbitals of the Pb^2+ centers. 展开更多
关键词 solvothermal synthesis lead(Ⅱ) coordination polymer terephthalic acid photoluminescence property crystal structure
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Effect of Additives on the Performance of Lead Acid Batteries
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作者 Lankipalli Rekha Manne Venkateswarlu Kurivella Suryanarayana Murthy Mandava Jagadish 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2015年第10期866-871,共6页
Effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon additives in the respective positive and negative material properties and the influence on the performance of the battery were investigated. The electrode samples were ch... Effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon additives in the respective positive and negative material properties and the influence on the performance of the battery were investigated. The electrode samples were characterized by BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller), XRD (X-ray diffractometer), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) to understand the surface area, phase, structure, morphology and electrical conductivity of the respective electrode material. The surface area was obtained as 2.312 m2"g"l and 0.892 m2"g"1, respectively for 12% of activated carbon in the expander of negative and 0.70% of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) in the PAM (positive active material). The structural analysis reveals an increase in the tetrabasic lead sulfate and also evidenced by well grown crystals in the PAM with the TiO2, respectively obtained by XRD and SEM techniques. The impedance spectra analysis shows an increase of electrical conductivity of negative active mass with temperature. The battery results showing two fold enhancements in the charge acceptance were attributed to the high surface area activated carbon in the NAM (negative active material). The materials properties of electrodes and their influence on the battery performance were discussed. 展开更多
关键词 Titanium dioxide CARBONS charge acceptance lead acid battery.
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Pulse Quick Charger of Electric Vehicle 被引量:3
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作者 张承宁 吴兵峰 +1 位作者 孙逢春 张旺 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2002年第3期240-245,共6页
In order to improve the charging efficiency of lead acid battery, shorten the charging time and avoid the battery polarization, a new charging method was put forward. Based on the analyzed results of charging charact... In order to improve the charging efficiency of lead acid battery, shorten the charging time and avoid the battery polarization, a new charging method was put forward. Based on the analyzed results of charging characteristic of lead acid battery, a pulse quick charger is designed to adjust the charging current pulse’s amplitude and pulse width automatically stage by stage according to the measured battery voltage and feedback current. Compared with other kinds of quick chargers, it has such characteristics as shorter charging time, higher charging efficiency and lower temperature increasing during the charging process. As a result, the battery polarization is reduced efficiently. 展开更多
关键词 pulse quick charger lead acid battery electric vehicle
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Development of Management Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Series 被引量:2
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作者 张承宁 孙逢春 +1 位作者 赵宏杰 孙立清 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2000年第1期94-100,共7页
A kind of management system for electric vehicle (EV) battery series was developed. The system can predict residual capacity for EV battery series and mileages. The system can determine if it is necessary for the batt... A kind of management system for electric vehicle (EV) battery series was developed. The system can predict residual capacity for EV battery series and mileages. The system can determine if it is necessary for the battery series to be charged. The system can determine which battery is necessary to be updated for the reason of damage or aging. The system can display the total voltage of battery series, extreme voltage and temperature of every battery in the series. The system can display the accumulative discharge for every battery in the series. The system can alarm when both total or extreme voltage is at low level, or temperature of a battery in the series is at high level. The system provided with a microprocessor as key part can collect and record signal of charging and discharging current, total voltage, extreme voltage and temperature for every battery. The mathematical model of residual capacity for EV lead acid batteries was discussed in details. The system operates well in the laboratory and meets the requirement. 展开更多
关键词 electric vehicle (EV) residual capacity trouble diagnosis lead acid batteries
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Electrochemical behavior and electrolytic preparation of lead in eutectic NaCl−KCl melts 被引量:5
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作者 Zeng-li ZHU Huan LIU +4 位作者 Jie-shuang-yang CHEN Hui KONG Liang XU Zhong-sheng HUA Zhuo ZHAO 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第9期2568-2576,共9页
A novel molten salt extraction process consisting of chlorination roasting and molten salt electrolysis was proposed to develop a more efficient and environmental friendly technology for recovering lead from spent lea... A novel molten salt extraction process consisting of chlorination roasting and molten salt electrolysis was proposed to develop a more efficient and environmental friendly technology for recovering lead from spent lead acid batteries(LABs).The feasibility of this process was firstly assessed based on thermodynamics fundamentals.The electrochemical behavior of Pb(II)on a tungsten electrode in the eutectic NaCl−KCl melts at 700℃ was then investigated in detail by transient electrochemical techniques.The results indicated that the reduction reaction of Pb(II)in NaCl−KCl melts was a one-step process exchanging two electrons,and it was determined to be a quasi-reversible diffusion-controlled process.Finally,potentiostatic electrolysis was carried out at−0.6 V(vs Ag/AgCl)in the NaCl−KCl−PbCl2 melts,and the obtained cathodic product was identified as pure Pb by X-ray diffraction analysis.This investigation demonstrated that it is practically feasible to produce pure Pb metal by electrochemical reduction of PbCl2 in eutectic NaCl−KCl melts,and has provided important fundamental for the further study on lead recovery from spent LABs via molten salt extraction process. 展开更多
关键词 electrochemical behavior PB(II) reduction spent lead acid batteries eutectic NaCl−KCl melt
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Studies on the Behaviors of PbSO_4/Pb and PbO_2/PbSO_4 Electrodes Prepared from Lead Carbonate by Powder Microelectrode Technique 被引量:2
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作者 Dai Zhong-xu, Wang Di-hua, Zou Jin-yun, Zhou Yun-hong College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2000年第4期474-478,共5页
The behaviors ot PbSO4/Pb and PbO4/PbSO4 electrode prepared from PbCO3 have been examined using powder microelectrode(PME) technique and cyclic voltammetry(CV). Firstly, PMEs parked with Pb- CO3 transformed into PtSO4... The behaviors ot PbSO4/Pb and PbO4/PbSO4 electrode prepared from PbCO3 have been examined using powder microelectrode(PME) technique and cyclic voltammetry(CV). Firstly, PMEs parked with Pb- CO3 transformed into PtSO4 PME in 1. 0 mol/L H2SO4 solution at 30 C, and then the PbSO4 in the PMEs were formed to Pb or PbO2 using an unsymmetrical signal(Qa/Qe for PbSO4/Pb electrode and Qe/Qa for PsO2/ PbSO4 electrode being 0. 1-0. 3) in 2. S mol/L H2SO4 solution. The results show that the CV characteristic of either PbSO4/Pb or PsO2/PbSO4 PME prepared from PhCO3 are as good as that of both electrodes made from lead oxide powder produced by ball mill. 展开更多
关键词 lead carbonate powder microelectrode lead/acid battery formation
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Research on Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems with Fault Detection Technology 被引量:3
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作者 Hiba Al-Sheikh Nazih Moubayed 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2013年第12期2256-2262,共7页
Early and accurate fault detection and diagnosis for renewable energy systems can increase their safety and ensure the continuity of their service. This paper presents a comprehensive review of different fault detecti... Early and accurate fault detection and diagnosis for renewable energy systems can increase their safety and ensure the continuity of their service. This paper presents a comprehensive review of different fault detection and diagnosis methods for hybrid renewable energy systems consisting of a wind turbine power generator, a PV (photovoltaic) array, a PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell and a battery storage system. The need of batteries to store the generated power from the solar panel, wind turbine or PEM fuel cell is also emphasized. Finally, an overview of the current methods used in the diagnosing of the lead-acid battery degradation is given. 展开更多
关键词 Fault detection renewable energy systems wind turbines PV arrays PEM fuel cells lead acid batteries.
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Effect of Properties of Carbon Materials on Performance of VRLA Batteries 被引量:1
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作者 Ellappa Lakshmanan Nethaji Kosaraju Srinivas Kurivella Suryanarayana Murthy Mandava Jagadish 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2015年第11期1029-1035,共7页
In the present study, the relationship between properties of different carbon materials and their impact on performance of VRLA (valve regulated lead acid) battery was studied. The material properties undertaken for... In the present study, the relationship between properties of different carbon materials and their impact on performance of VRLA (valve regulated lead acid) battery was studied. The material properties undertaken for the study are: surface area, conductivity and water absorption of the carbon. The electrode morphology revealed the uniform distribution of active material when high surface area carbon was added to NAM (negative active material). The porosity of the plate also exhibited changes with respect to type of carbon materials added. The study further revealed that, the addition of high surface area carbon (-1,400 m^2/g) improves the charge acceptance of the battery with higher loading. Further improvement in charge acceptance was observed with addition of graphite to higher surface area carbon. Nevertheless, the float current of the battery got affected due to graphite loading and found there was no impact on shelf life of the battery in all the cases. The study demonstrates the need for customized "carbon formulation" to obtain the maximum performance out of the battery. 展开更多
关键词 Valve regulated lead acid battery carbon black GRAPHITE charge acceptance float current self discharge.
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Preparation and Performance Study of a New Type Lead Paste
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作者 高军 史鹏飞 杨涛 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 2006年第4期488-491,共4页
A new type lead paste mixed with binders used in thin-plate, spirally wound lead acid batteries is introduced. The utility of positive active material can obtain 54.17% and 37.71% at discharge currents of 0.5C and 5.0... A new type lead paste mixed with binders used in thin-plate, spirally wound lead acid batteries is introduced. The utility of positive active material can obtain 54.17% and 37.71% at discharge currents of 0.5C and 5.0C. The investigation was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scaning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), cylic voltammetry (CV), the results revealed more details on the reaction mechanism of paste-mixing. Further conclusion can be obtained that the reaction of paste-mixin is a physical process, and the chemical reactions is local reaction, which is different from traditional mixing process, the binders has some effect on the formation of battery process. The binders can dissolve in elec trolyte, which have no disadvantageous effect on the charge-discharge performance. 展开更多
关键词 lead acid battery PASTE SLURRY binders positive active material(PAM)
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Application of Power Electronics and Control for Dual Battery Packs Management with Voltage Balancing and State of Charge Estimation
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作者 Stuart Brown Tsafack Pierre +2 位作者 Fendji Marie Danielle Emmanuel Tanyi Musong L. Katche 《Energy and Power Engineering》 CAS 2022年第12期762-780,共19页
Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources’ autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy sources to reduce o... Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources’ autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy sources to reduce operating costs. The battery storage system has to be monitored and managed to prevent serious problems such as battery overcharging, over-discharging, overheating, battery unbalancing, thermal runaway, and fire dangers. For voltage balancing between batteries in the pack throughout the charging period and the SOC estimate, a modified lossless switching mechanism is used in this research’s suggested battery management system. The OCV state of charge calculation, in the beginning, was used in conjunction with the coulomb counting approach to estimate the SOC. The results reveal that correlation factor K has an average value of 0.3 volts when VM ≥ 12 V and an average value of 0.825 when VM ≤ 12 V. The battery monitoring system revealed that voltage balancing was accomplished during the charging process in park one after 80 seconds with a SOC difference of 1.4% between Batteries 1 and 2. On the other hand, the system estimates the state of charge during the discharging process in two packs, with a maximum DOD of 10.8 V for all batteries. The project’s objectives were met since the BMS estimated SOC and achieved voltage balance. 展开更多
关键词 State of Charge Battery Management System Lead acid Battery
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密封铅酸蓄电池的现状与发展(Ⅰ)
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作者 水启昌 《电池》 CAS CSCD 1991年第6期25-29,共5页
1 前言 自1859年法国普兰德发明了实用的铅酸蓄电池以来,铅酸蓄电池虽历经变革,电池性能不断得到改进,但电解液呈流动型,仍万变不离其宗。由之决定了铅酸蓄电池容易漏酸、过充时大量析气并须不时地添液加水、调整电解液比重等固有的弊端... 1 前言 自1859年法国普兰德发明了实用的铅酸蓄电池以来,铅酸蓄电池虽历经变革,电池性能不断得到改进,但电解液呈流动型,仍万变不离其宗。由之决定了铅酸蓄电池容易漏酸、过充时大量析气并须不时地添液加水、调整电解液比重等固有的弊端,给电池使用上带来很大的不便,亦限制了电池的应用范围。1957年德国阳光公司和1971年美国的盖茨公司分别推出电解液不流动的、不溢液、不冒酸雾,不须添液加水。 展开更多
关键词 Lead acid Battery Sealed Battery
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Lead‑Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage:From Mechanism and Materials to Applications 被引量:5
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作者 Jian Yin Haibo Lin +7 位作者 Jun Shi Zheqi Lin Jinpeng Bao Yue Wang Xuliang Lin Yanlin Qin Xueqing Qiu Wenli Zhang 《Electrochemical Energy Reviews》 SCIE EI 2022年第3期259-290,共32页
The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever sinc... The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since.In addition,this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society.Nevertheless,lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention.Over the past two decades,engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage;these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge.Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery(i.e.,lead-carbon battery)technologies.Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes.Additionally,there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products.Therefore,exploring a durable,long-life,corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance.In this review,the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed.Moreover,a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism,additive manufacturing,electrode fabrication,and full cell evaluation to practical applications. 展开更多
关键词 Lead acid battery Lead-carbon battery Partial state of charge PbO_(2) Pb
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An Advanced Prediction Mechanism to Analyse Pore Geometry Shapes and Identification of Blocking Effect in VRLA Battery System
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作者 Alessandro Mariani Kary Thanapalan +1 位作者 Peter Stevenson Jonathan Williams 《International Journal of Automation and computing》 EI CSCD 2017年第1期21-32,共12页
The aim of this investigation is to define a model of an alternating current impedance response that can identify the state of health of a porous electrode due to the blocked diffusion effect. To identify and simulate... The aim of this investigation is to define a model of an alternating current impedance response that can identify the state of health of a porous electrode due to the blocked diffusion effect. To identify and simulate different pore geometries, an analytical differential equations system was studied. Standard and low performance battery products were simulated by the model and validated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimental data. The correlation between pore structure geometries and the related battery efficiency is also addressed. This investigation may clarify the possible reasons for low performance batteries. Identifying the benchmark pore geometry, parameters may be useful for the battery producers to improve the efficiency of their products. Various recovery methods are also included in this investigation to disperse the build-up of lead sulphate crystal that limits the electrolysis process in the low performance batteries. 展开更多
关键词 Positive active material crystal structure valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries MODELLING estimation and recoverytechniques.
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