Low expression of fatty acid oxidation related gene ACADM indicates poor prognosis of renal clear cell carcinoma and is related to tumor immune infltration

This research aims to identify the key fatty acid beta-oxidation(FAO)genes that are altered in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma(KIRC)and to analyze the role of these genes in KIRC The Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)and FAO datasets were used to identify these key genes.Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to assess the levels of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain(ACADM)between KIRC and non cancer samples.The logistic regression and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to explore the association between ACADM and clinical features.The diagnostic performance of ACADM for KIRC was asessed using a diagnostic receiver operating ch aracteristic(ROC)curve.The co-expressed genes of ACADM were identifed in LinkedOmics database,and their function and pathway enrichment were analyzed.The correlation between ACADM expression level and immune infitration was analyzed by Gene Set Variation Analysis(GSVA)method Additionally,the proliferation,migration,and invasion abilities of KIRC cells were assessed after overexpressing ACADM.Following differential analysis and intersection,we identifed six hub genes,induding ACADM.We found that the expression level of ACADM was decreased in KIRC tissues and had a better diagnostic efect(AUC=0.916).Survival analysis suggested that patients with decreased ACADM expression had a worse prognosis.According to correlation analysis,a variety of dinical features were associated with the expression level of ACADML By analyzing the infiltration level of immune cells,we found that ACADM may be related to the enrichment of immune cells.Finally,ACADM overexpression inhibited proliferation,migration,and invasion of KIRC cells.In conclusion,our findings suggest that reduced ACADM expression in KIRC patients is indicative of poor prognosis.These results imply that ACADM may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for individuals with KIRC,offering a reference for dinicians in diagnosis and treatment.

A Revisit to the Role of Bridge-adsorbed Formate in the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid at Pt Electrodes

The mechanism and kinetics of electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid at Pt electrodes is discussed in detail based on previous electrochemical in-situ ATR-FTIRS data [Langmuir 22, 10399 （2006）and Angewa. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 1159 （2011）]. A kinetic model with formic acid adsorption （and probably the simultaneous C-H bond activation） as the rate determining step, which contributes to the majority of reaction current for formic acid oxi- dation, was proposed for the direct pathway. The model simulates well the IR spectroscopic results obtained under conditions where the poisoning effect of carbon monoxide （CO） is negligible and formic acid concentration is below 0.1 mol/L. The kinetic simulation predicts that in the direct pathway formic acid oxidation probably only needs one Pt atom as active site, formate is the site blocking species instead of being the active intermediate. We review in detail the conclusion that formate pathway （with either 1st or 2nd order reaction kinetics） is the direct pathway, possible origins for the discrepancies are pointed out.

Hydrothermal synthesis of titanium-supported nanoporous palladium-copper electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction

Nanoporous Pd and binary Pd-Cu particles were prepared by a hydrothermal method using ethylene glycol as a reduction agent and they were directly immobilized on Ti substrates named as Ti-supported Pd-based catalysts. Their electrocatalytic activity for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in alkaline media was examined by voltammetric techniques. Among the as-prepared catalysts, nanoPdslCu19/Ti catalyst presents the highest current density of 39.8 mA/cm2 at -0.5 V or 66.4 mA/cm2 at -0.3 V for formic acid oxidation. The onset potential of ORR on the nanoPdslCU19/Ti catalyst presents an about 70 mV positive shift compared to that on the nanoPd/Ti, and the current density of ORR at -0.3 V is 2.12 mA/cm2, which is 3.7 times larger than that on the nanoPd/Ti.

Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus ameliorates renal lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease via activating PPARα

Objective:To investigate the effects of Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus(AOF)on renal lipid deposition in diabetic kidney disease(DKD)and elucidate its molecular mechanisms.Methods:The mechanism of AOF in treating DKD was explored by network pharmacological enrichment analysis,molecular docking,and molecular dynamics simulation.The effects of AOF on renal function and lipid deposition were assessed in a mouse model of DKD and high glucose-stressed HK-2 cells.Cell viability and lipid accumulation were detected by CCK8 and oil red O staining.The expressions of PPARαand fatty acid oxidation-related genes(ACOX1 and CPT1A)were detected by quantitative RT-PCR,Western blot,and immunofluorescence.Furthermore,PPARαknockdown was performed to examine the molecular mechanism of AOF in treating DKD.Results:Network pharmacological enrichment analysis,molecular docking,and molecular dynamics simulation showed that the active compounds in AOF targeted PPARαand thus transcriptionally regulated ACOX1 and CPT1A.AOF lowered blood glucose,improved dyslipidemia,and attenuated renal injury in DKD mice.AOF-containing serum accentuated high glucose-induced decrease in cell viability and ameliorated lipid accumulation.Additionally,it significantly upregulated the expression of PPARα,ACOX1,and CPT1A in both in vivo and in vitro experiments,which was reversed by PPARαknockdown.Conclusions:AOF may promote fatty acid oxidation via PPARαto ameliorate renal lipid deposition in DKD.

Multi-objective Optimization of Industrial Purified Terephthalic Acid Oxidation Process

Multi-objective optimization of a purified terephthalic acid (PTA) oxidation unit is carried out in this paper by using a process modei that has been proved to describe industrial process quite well. The modei is a semi-empirical structured into two series ideal continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) models. The optimal objectives include maximizing the yield or inlet rate and minimizing the concentration of 4-carboxy-benzaldhyde, which is the main undesirable intermediate product in the reaction process. The multi-objective optimization algorithra applied in this study is non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ). The performance of NSGA-Ⅱ is further illustrated by application to the title process.

Betaine affects muscle lipid metabolism via regulating the fatty acid uptake and oxidation in finishing pig

Background： Betaine affects fat metabolism in animals, but the specific mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms of betaine in altering lipid metabolism in muscle tissue in finishing pigs.Methods： A total of 120 crossbred gilts（Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc） with an average initial body weight of 70.1 kg were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments. The treatments included a corn–soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250 or 2500 mg/kg betaine. The feeding experiment lasted 42 d.Results： Betaine addition to the diet significantly increased the concentration of free fatty acids（FFA） in muscle（P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the levels of serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased（P 〈 0.05） and total cholesterol content was increased in muscle（P 〈 0.05） of betaine fed pigs. Experiments on genes involved in fatty acid transport showed that betaine increased expression of lipoprotein lipase（LPL）, fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation（FAT/CD36）, fatty acid binding protein（FABP3） and fatty acid transport protein（FATP1）（P 〈 0.05）. The abundance of fatty acid transport protein and fatty acid binding protein were also increased by betaine（P 〈 0.05）. As for the key factors involved in fatty acid oxidation, although betaine supplementation didn＇t affect the level of carnitine and malonyl-CoA, betaine increased mR NA and protein abundance of carnitine palmitransferase-1（CPT1）and phosphorylated-AMPK（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： The results suggested that betaine may promoted muscle fatty acid uptake via up-regulating the genes related to fatty acid transporter including FAT/CD36, FATP1 and FABP3. On the other hand, betaine activated AMPK and up-regulated genes related to fatty acid oxidation including PPARα and CPT1. The underlying mechanism regulating fatty acid metabolism in pigs supplemented with betaine is associated with the up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport and fatty acid oxidation.

Preparation of Ultrafine and High Dispersion Pd/C Catalyst and Its Electrocatalytic Performance for Formic Acid Oxidation

A carbon supported Pd（Pd/C） catalyst used as the anodic catalyst in the direct formic acid fuel cells（DFAFC） was prepared via the improved complex reduction method with sodium ethylenediamine tetracetate（EDTA） as stabilizer and complexing agent. This method is very simple. The average size of the Pd particles in the Pd/C catalyst prepared with the improved complex reduction method is as small as about 2.1 nm and the Pd particles in the Pd/C catalyst possess an excellent uniformity. The Pd/C catalyst shows a high electrocatalytic activity and stability for the formic acid oxidation.

Porous palladium phosphide nanotubes for formic acid electrooxidation

The development of an efficient catalyst for formic acid electrocatalytic oxidation reaction(FAEOR)is of great significance to accelerate the commercial application of direct formic acid fuel cells(DFAFC).Herein,palladium phosphide(PdxPy)porous nanotubes(PNTs)with different phosphide content(i.e.,Pd3P and Pd5P2)are prepared by combining the self-template reduction method of dimethylglyoxime-Pd(II)complex nanorods and succedent phosphating treatment.During the reduction process,the self-removal of the template and the continual inside-outside Ostwald ripening phenomenon are responsible for the generation of the one-dimensional hollow and porous architecture.On the basis of the unique synthetic procedure and structural advantages,Pd3P PNTs with optimized phos phide content show outstanding electroactivity and stability for FAEOR.Im portantly,the strong electronic effect between Pd and P promotes the direct pathway of FAEOR and inhibits the occurrence of the formic acid decomposition reaction,which effectively enhances the FAEOR electroactivity of Pd3P PNTs.In view of the facial synthesis,excellent electroactivity,high stability,and unordinary selectivity,Pd3P PNTs have the potential to be an efficient anode electrocatalyst for DFAFC.

Separation and recovery of copper in Cu-As-bearing copper electrorefining black slime by oxidation acid leaching and sulfide precipitation

A new hydrometallurgical route for separation and recovery of Cu from Cu-As-bearing copper electrorefining black slime was developed. The proposed process comprised oxidation acid leaching of Cu-As-bearing slime and selective sulfide precipitation of Cu from the leachate. The effects of various process parameters on the leaching and precipitation of Cu and As were investigated. At the first stage, Cu extraction of 95.2% and As extraction of 97.6% were obtained at 80 ℃ after 4 h with initial H2 SO4 concentration of 1.0 mol/L and liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g. In addition, the leaching kinetics of Cu and As was successfully reproduced by the Avrami model, and the apparent activation energies were found to be 33.6 and 35.1 kJ/mol for the Cu and As leaching reaction, respectively, suggesting a combination of chemical reaction and diffusion control. During the selective sulfide precipitation, about 99.4% Cu was recovered as CuS, while only 0.1% As was precipitated under the optimal conditions using sulfide-to-copper ratio of 2.4:1, time of 1.5 h and temperature of 25 ℃.

Enhancement of the formic acid electrooxidation activity of palladium using graphene/carbon black binary carbon supports

Combinations of graphene(Gr)and carbon black(C)were employed as binary carbon supports to fabricate Pd‐based electrocatalysts via one‐pot co‐reduction with Pd2+.The electrocatalytic performance of the resulting Pd/Gr‐C catalysts during the electrooxidation of formic acid was assessed.A Pd/Gr0.3C0.7(Gr oxide:C=3:7,based on the precursor mass ratio)electrocatalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than both Pd/C and Pd/Gr catalysts.The current density generated by the Pd/Gr0.3C0.7catalyst was as high as102.14mA mgPd?1,a value that is approximately3times that obtained from the Pd/C(34.40mA mgPd?1)and2.6times that of the Pd/Gr material(38.50mA mgPd?1).The anodic peak potential of the Pd/Gr0.3C0.7was120mV more negative than that of the Pd/C and70mV more negative than that of the Pd/Gr.Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the spherical C particles accumulated on the wrinkled graphene surfaces to form C cluster/Gr hybrids having three‐dimensional nanostructures.X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed the interaction between the Pd metal and the binary Gr‐C support.The Pd/Gr0.3C0.7also exhibited high stability,and so is a promising candidate for the fabrication of anodes for direct formic acid fuel cells.This work demonstrates a simple and cost‐effective method for improving the performance of Pd‐based electrocatalysts,which should have potential industrial applications.

PdNi/N-doped graphene aerogel with over wide potential activity for formic acid electrooxidation

Anti-CO poisoning ability is significant in formic acid oxidation in the fuel cell technique.Herein,Pd Ni alloy supported on N-doped graphene aerogel(Pd Ni/GA-N)was found to have catalytic ability toward formic acid electrooxidation over a wide potential range because of the improved anti-CO poisoning ability.This catalyst was fabricated by simple freeze-drying of mixture solution of graphene aerogel,polyvinylpyrrolidone,Pd^(2+)and Ni^(2+)and the subsequent thermal annealing reduction approach in the N2/H2 atmosphere.Pd-Ni alloy particles anchored over the folding N-doped graphene surface with a porous hierarchical architecture structure in the 3 D directions.It showed the catalytic performance of its maximum mass activity of 836 m A mg^(-1)in a broad potential range(0.2-0.6 V)for formic acid oxidation.The CO stripping experiment demonstrated its largely improved anti-CO poisoning ability with the peak potential of 0.67 V,approximately 60 and 40 m V less compared to those of Pd/GA-N and Pd/C samples.The high anti-CO poisoning ability and strong electronic effect resulting from the interaction between the3 D GA-N support and the Pd-Ni alloy makes it a promising catalyst for application in direct formic acid fuel cells.

Synthesis of bis(indolyl) methanes using aluminiumoxide(acidic) in dry media

Heterogeneous catalyst aluminium oxide(acidic) is found to be an effective catalyst for the solvent-free condensation reaction of indole with aldehydes in microwave irradiation with shorter reaction time and higher yields.

Mathematical Modeling of the Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Emulsions with Stirring and Limited Oxygen Compensation

The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） in emulsion with stirring and limited oxygen compensation was studied. A mathematical model of diffusion-oxidation was developed considering the mass transfer resistance of a gas-liquid boundary, the resistance of the boundary layer from the emulsifier membrane, and the autocatalytic-type autoxidation reaction of PUFA. The dynamic mass transfer coefficient of the emulsifier membrane, k0, was introduced. The model was verified by comparing the predictions of the model with the experi- mental data. The results indicated that the model was in good agreement with the oxygen diffusion and linoleic acid oxidation in the emulsion, and showed good applicability in the prediction of the effect of the emulsifier type on the oxidation of PUFA in the emulsion. It indicated that the oxidation of PUFA in emulsions, with stirring and limited oxygen compensation from the atmosphere, was controlled mostly by mass transfer resistance from the emulsifier membrane.

Highly dispersed 1 nm Pt Pd bimetallic clusters for formic acid electrooxidation through a CO-free mechanism

Direct formic acid fuel cell(DFAFC) is an important research project in clean energy field.However,commercialization of DFAFC is still largely limited by the available catalysts with unsatisfied activity,durability and cost for formic acid electrooxidation(FAEO).Using Pt-and Pd-based nanoclusters as electrocatalysts is a particularly promising strategy to solve the above problem,but two attendant problems need to be solved firstly.(Ⅰ) The controllable synthesis of practicable and stable sub-2 nm clusters remains challenging.(Ⅱ) The catalyzing mechanism of sub-2 nm metal clusters for FAEO has not yet completely understood.Herein,different from traditional solution synthesis,by designing a novel supporting material containing electron-rich and electron-deficient functional groups,size-and dispersioncontrollable synthesis of ~1 nm PtPd nanoclusters is realized by an electrochemical process.The electrocatalytic properties and reaction mechanism of the PtPd nanoclusters for the FAEO were studied by different electrochemical techniques,in-situ fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectra and density functional theory(DFT) calculations.The tiny PtPd nanoclusters have much higher catalytic activity and durability than commercial Pt/C,Pd/C and 3.5 nm PtPd nanoparticles.The present study shows that the metalreactant interaction plays a decisive role in determining the catalytic activity and cluster-support interaction plays a decisive role in enhancing the durability of electrocatalyst.The ratio and arrangement of Pt and Pd atoms on the surface of 1 nm PtPd cluster as well as the overall valence state,d-band center and specific surface area make them exhibit different catalytic performance and reaction mechanism from nanoparticle catalysts.In addition,in situ FTIR and DFT calculations showed that on the surface of PtPd clusters,the generation of CO_(2)through trans-COOH intermediate is the most optimal reaction pathway for the FAEO.

Evaluation of the Protein Requirement in Chinese Young Adults Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique

Objective To accurately calculate the protein requirements in Chinese young adults using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Methods Nine women and ten men received a restricted daily level of protein intake （0.75, 0.82, 0.89, 0.97, and 1.05 g/kg）, along with L-[1-13C]-Ieucine. Subjects＇ protein requirement was determined by a biphasic linear regression crossover analysis of F13C02 data. In doing so, a breakpoint at the minimal rate of appearance of 13C02 expiration specific to each level of dietary protein was identified. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-ONC-11001407. Results The Estimated Average Requirement （EAR） and the Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI） of protein for healthy Chinese young adults were determined to be 0.87 and 0.98 g/（kg.d）, respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Conclusion The EAR and RNI of mixed protein are 5% and 16% that are lower than the current proposed EAR and RNI {0.92 and 1.16 g/（kg.d）, respectively）, as determined by the nitrogen balance method. The respective EAR and RNI recommendations of 0.87 and 0.98 g/（kg.d） of mixed protein are estimated to be reasonable and suitable for Chinese young adults.

A general strategy to the synthesis of carbon-supported PdM(M=Co,Fe and Ni)nanodendrites as high-performance electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation

Rational synthesis of a new class of electrocatalysts with high-performance and low-cost is of great significance for future fuel cell devices. Herein, we demonstrate a general one-step simultaneous reduction method to prepare carbon-supported Pd M（M = Co, Fe, Ni） alloyed nanodendrites with the assistance of oleylamine and octadecylene. The morphology, structure and composition of the obtained Pd M nanodendrites/C catalysts have been fully characterized. The combination of the dendritic structural feature and alloyed synergy offer higher atomic utilization efficiency, excellent catalytic activity and enhanced stability for the formic acid oxidation reaction（FAOR）. Strikingly, the as-synthesized Pd Co nanodendrites/C catalyst could afford a mass current density of 2467.7 A g, which is almost 3.53 and 10.4 times higher than those of lab-made Pd/C sample(698.3 A g) and commercial Pd/C catalyst(237.6 A g), respectively. Furthermore, the PdC o nanodendrites/C catalyst also exhibit superior stability relative to the Pd/C catalysts, make it a promising anodic electrocatalyst in practical fuel cells in the future. Additionally, the present feasible synthetic approach is anticipated to provide a versatile strategy toward the preparation of other metal alloy nanodendrites/carbon nanohybrids.

Pt-Containing Ag_2S-Noble Metal Nanocomposites as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for the Oxidation of Formic Acid

Nanocomposites with synergistic effect are of great interest for their enhanced properties in a given application. Herein, we reported the high catalytic activity of Pt-containing Ag2S-noble metal nanocomposites in formic acid oxidation, which is a key reaction in direct formic acid fuel cell. The electrochemical measurements including voltammograms and chronoamperograms are used to characterize the catalytic property of Pt-containing nanocomposites for the oxidation of formic acid. In view of the limited literatures on using nanocomposites consisting of semiconductor and noble metals for catalyzing the reactions of polymer electrolyte membrane-based fuel cells, this study provides a helpful exploration for expanding the application of semiconductor-noble metal nanocomposites.

Effects of Cs-substitution and partial reduction on catalytic performance of Keggin-type phosphomolybdic polyoxometalates for selective oxidation of isobutane

The catalytic performance of Cs-substituted phosphomolybdic salts was studied for selective oxidation of isobutane. The results of activity tests revealed that 360 °C was the optimal reaction temperature. It was demonstrated that oxidizing sites not only took dominating part in the activation of isobutane, but also influenced the product distribution. Besides, appropriate Cs addition led to moderate acidity of catalysts, favoring the selectivity to desired products. Furthermore, to obtain partially reduced catalysts, different calcination atmospheres were investigated and certain proportion of Mo^（5＋） produced during calcination was crucial for the redox reaction. The catalyst calcined in N2 showed the highest yield of MAA（7.0%）. Fe-substitution enhanced the activity of catalysts by rapid reoxidation of Mo^（5＋）.

Transplacental induction of fatty acid oxidation in term fetal pigs by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate

Background： To induce peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α（PPARα） expression and increase milk fat utilization in pigs at birth, the effect of maternal feeding of the PPARα agonist, clofibrate（2-（4-chlorophenoxy）-2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester）, on fatty acid oxidation was examined at ful-term delivery（0 h） and 24 h after delivery in this study.Each group of pigs（n = 10） was delivered from pregnant sows fed a commercial diet with or without 0.8% clofibrate for the last 7 d of gestation. Blood samples were col ected from the utero-ovarian artery of the sows and the umbilical cords of the pigs as they were removed from the sows by C-section on day 113 of gestation.Results： HPLC analysis identified that clofibric acid was present in the plasma of the clofibrate-fed sow（~4.2 μg/m L）and its offspring（~1.5 μg/m L）. Furthermore, the maternal-fed clofibrate had no impact on the liver weight of the pigs at 0 h and 24 h, but hepatic fatty acid oxidation examined in fresh homogenates showed that clofibrate increased（P 〈 0.01）^14C-accumulation in CO2 and acid soluble products 2.9-fold from [1-^14C]-oleic acid and 1.6-fold from[1-^14C]-lignoceric acid respectively. Correspondingly, clofibrate increased fetal hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase（CPT）and acyl-Co A oxidase（ACO） activities by 36% and 42% over controls（P 〈 0.036）. The m RNA abundance of CPT I was 20-fold higher in pigs exposed to clofibrate（P 〈 0.0001） but no differences were detected for ACO and PPARα m RNA between the two groups.Conclusion： These data demonstrate that dietary clofibrate is absorbed by the sow, crosses the placental membrane, and enters fetal circulation to induce hepatic fatty acid oxidation by increasing the CPT and ACO activities of the newborn.

Interfacial engineering of holey platinum nanotubes for formic acid electrooxidation boosted water splitting

Both structure and interface engineering are highly effective strategies for enhancing the catalytic activity and selectivity of precious metal nanostructures.In this work,we develop a facile pyrolysis strategy to synthesize the high-quality holey platinum nanotubes(Pt-H-NTs)using nanorods-like Pt^(Ⅱ)-phenanthroline(PT)coordination compound as self-template and self-reduction precursor.Then,an up-bottom strategy is used to further synthesize polyallylamine(PA)modified Pt-H-NTs(Pt-HNTs@PA).PA modification sharply promotes the catalytic activity of Pt-H-NTs for the formic acid electrooxidation reaction(FAEOR)by the direct reaction pathway.Meanwhile,PA modification also elevates the catalytic activity of Pt-H-NTs for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)by the proton enrichment at electrolyte/electrode interface.Benefiting from the high catalytic activity of Pt-H-NTs@PA for both FAEOR and HER,a two-electrode FAEOR boosted water electrolysis system is fabricated by using Pt-H-NTs@PA as bifunctio nal electrocatalysts.Such FAEOR boosted water electrolysis system only requires the operational voltage of 0.47 V to achieve the high-purity hydrogen production,showing an energy-saving hydrogen production strategy compared to traditional water electrolysis system.