Reflections on the Acquisition-learning Hypothesis and the Input Hypothesis

The Acquisition-learning hypothesis and the Input hypothesis are two of the five basic hypotheses in the Monitor model,first described by Krashion in the 1970s.The writer put forward her own assesmemt of the two hypothesises,which is of significance for SLA.

Definite Answer for Riemann Hypothesis Zeta 3/2 Function Provided by New Material Yb2Si2O7 in Quantum Mechanics

This paper indicates the problem of the famous Riemann hypothesis (RH), which has been well-verified by a definite answering method using a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) phase. We adopt mathematical induction, mappings, and laser photons governed by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to examine the existence of the RH. In considering the well-developed as Riemann zeta function, we find that the existence of RH has a corrected and self-consistent solution. Specifically, there is the only one pole at s = 1 on the complex plane for Riemann’s functions, which generalizes to all non-trivial zeros while s > 1. The essential solution is based on the BEC phases and on the nature of the laser photon(s). This work also incorporates Heisenberg commutators [ x^,p^]=1/2in the field of quantum mechanics. We found that a satisfactory solution for the RH would be incomplete without the formalism of Heisenberg commutators, BEC phases, and EIT effects. Ultimately, we propose the application of qubits in connection with the RH.

The Proof Dilemma of Porter’s Hypothesis:Analysis of Its Verification Difficulties

The Porter Hypothesis,proposed by Michael E.Porter,suggests that stringent environmental regulations can enhance corporate innovation and competitiveness,challenging the traditional view that regulations increase business costs.It argues that regulations motivate firms to innovate,leading to improved productivity,cost reductions,and new market opportunities.However,there are proponents and critics in academia regarding the hypothesis.Supporters claim regulations change corporate behavior,reducing agency costs and boosting research and development.Critics argue that if win-win situations exist,businesses would naturally pursue them without regulatory incentives.Key challenges in proving or refuting the hypothesis include its various versions,the difficulty in quantifying innovation and competitiveness,the complex interplay between regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,and the varying impacts across industries and regions.Additionally,the effects may require a long time to manifest,and the hypothesis’s applicability is influenced by evolving environmental policies and market environments.Despite mixed empirical findings,the Porter Hypothesis provides a valuable framework for understanding the relationships among environmental regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,but its validation requires a more comprehensive assessment.

人类“绿色基因”假说(Human"Green-Gene"Hypothesis):核心内容、科学佐证与实践意义

首先,对人类“绿色基因”的形成进行探讨,包括人类(动物)与植物共同维持大气中碳氧平衡、人类(动物)与植物互为食物链关系、人体功能中存在植物性功能、绿色是人类眼睛最易看到的颜色、人类血红蛋白的结构相似于叶绿素结构、作为人体呼吸器官的肺部相似于树木地上部形状(树形)、人类肠道绒毛相似于植物根系毛细根等方面。进而对支持早期人类生活的植物类型与栽培植物诞生进行研究。在此基础上,提出人类“绿色基因”假说及其核心内容,归纳该假说的科学佐证。人类“绿色基因”假说从整体的、发展的思维解释人类与植物关系,奠定了园艺疗法、园林康养、森林康养的坚实基础,并指出接触植物、进行园艺操作与田园劳作是人们实现接地、激发触觉潜在功能的途径。

Alzheimer’s disease risk after COVID-19:a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration

In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration,we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration.We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-βcascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease.We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine,which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.

Comparison of Vs and SPT Soil Liquefaction Assessments of NCEER: Including Hypothesis Testing

Soil liquefaction is one of the complex research topics in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Especially after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japan) induced many soil liquefaction incidents, a variety of soil liquefaction studies were conducted and reported, including the liquefaction potential assessment methods utilizing the shear wave velocity (Vs) or SPT-N profiles (SPT: standard penetration test). This study used the Vs and SPT methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) to examine which is more conservative according to the assessment results on 41 liquefiable soil layers at sites in two major cities in Taiwan. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to make the analysis more quantitative and objective. Based on three sets of hypothesis tests, it shows that the hypothesis—the SPT method is more conservative than the Vs method—was not rejected on a 5% level of significance.

科学工作假说(Working Hypothesis)是科学创新的基础

中国第四纪研究委员会成立50年来,第四纪科学已进于一个新的后第四纪研究时代了。显著的特点是研究工作由描述性向理念性,由区域性向全球性,由学科性向系统科学性迈进。在此过程中“科学工作假说”的不断出现,是促进其生长的动力。在1950年代对中国黄土成因的许多不同的假说促进了后来中国黄土研究的发展。当前中国第四纪研究的许多关于全球变化问题的科学假说,将开辟一个第四纪研究的新时代。

The Enlightment on Task-based Teaching Derived from Input Hypothesis

Aiming at gradually developing and perfecting the task-based teaching method, the essay, with enlightment from the Krashen＇s Input Hypothesis, discusses some issues about input, output, activities and teacher＇s role in this method.

Rules Governing Pressure Distribution for a Traveling Charge Under the Condition of Lagrange Hypothesis

Aim To study the rules governing pressure distribution of traveling charge under the condition of Lagrange hypothesis. Methods\ The study is based on the laws of conservation of momentum and energy. Results\ The gas flow velocity distribution formula at the back of a projectile and the momentum equation of a traveling charge are deduced, and rules governing their pressure distribution under the Lagrange hypothesis conditions are established. The pressure distribution of a traveling charge is compared with that of a conventional charge. Conclusion\ The pressure distribution in the bore of a traveling charge can be accurately predicted. A parabolic pressure distribution type is revealed.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Translation

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has its implication in translation studies. Each language is a peculiar whole. It is a product, even an expression, of the spiritual personality and the cultural particularity. Translation is a kind of interlingual and intercultural communication. It involves not only the transference from one language into another, but a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria. In translating we are always crossing a greater or lesser barrier or divide.

Multi-Angle Exploration on the Inner Relationship among Language,Thought and Culture with “Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis”

“Sapir-Whorf hypothesis"holds that human thoughts are shaped by their native languages,and speakers of different languages think differently relevantly.The hypothesis is controversial partly because it seems to deny the possibility of a general principle for human cognition,and partly because some findings taken to support it have not reliably replicated.The author argued that considering this hypothesis through the lens of probabilistic inference has the potential to figure out both issues,at least with respect to certain prominent findings in the two languages—Chinese and English.After exploring on the inner relationship among language,thought and culture with the comparison between English and Chinese based on a series of examples including“numbers,Wuhan dialect and some different understandings of idioms”,the author made an inference that language can somewhat affect human thought under the different culture contexts.Besides,it also provides some reference for educators to take in-depth studies on the relationship among language,thought and culture,which is vitally significant for ESL educators and learners.

A Critical Review of Critical Period Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition

The researches on Critical Period Hypothesis(CPH) aims to explain the importance of the age factor in the process of learning a second language.In this essay,a critical review of the theoretical issues and empirical research on the CPH will spread out.Meanwhile,the discussion of implication and limitation of the CPH research will be concerned as well.

A Brief Analysis of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

This paper makes a brief analysis on the contrastive analysis hypothesis, and it is hoped to be helpful for the English teachers.

分析族群冲突问题的新模式——试评Ethnic Conflict:Commerce,Culture,and Contact Hypothesis

加拿大多伦多大学政治学系福布斯(H.D.Forbes)教授的著作《族群冲突:贸易、文化及接触理论》在分析、借鉴其它社会科学研究成果的基础上,向人们展示了一种理解和诠释族群冲突问题的新视角。该著作通过评析"接触理论"的利弊,提出了一个替代性的"语言模型"。以"语言模型"为基础的研究表明接触怎样能够同时改善和恶化族群关系:在个人层面上,接触能使族群关系更加和谐;但在群体层面上,接触可能会激发人们保留各自的群体认同,从而避免他们在同化中付出沉重代价。福布斯认为,接触是一个过程,而不是一个结果,它能打破社会分层,减少文化差异,但同化威胁到一个群体的存在,因此增加了彼此间的紧张关系。毋庸置疑,族群间的差异是冲突合理存在且不可避免的重要原因。

The Comparison of the Input Hypothesis and the Interaction Hypothesis

This paper present and compare the similarities and differences of the Input Hypothesis and and give guidence in English Teaching practice.

Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Its Pedagogical Implications on Second Language Teaching

Krashen has developed the Input Hypothesis, which has deep influence on teaching method of second language. This thesis focuses on the Krashen's Input Hypothesis, which includes the following five hypotheses: the acquisition- learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the input hypothesis and the effective filter hypothesis. The thesis tries to explore the pedagogical implications of Krashen's Input Hypothesis on second language teaching in the aspects of the input quantity and input quality. The thesis tries to explore the most effective methods of second language teaching, in the hope that it will help to improve the efficiency of second language teaching.

Pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese syndrome and recipe:a hypothesis and its verification(Ⅰ)

AIM To propose a hypothesis defining theabsorption,distribution,metabolism andelimination of traditional Chinese recipe（TCR）-component in blood of healthy subjects andpatients,and estimate its correctness.METHODS The pharmacokinetics（PK）of samedose of drug was studied in the animal model oftraditional Chinese syndrome（S）and healthyanimals.The classification,terminology,concept and significance of the hypothesis wereset forth with evidence provided in the presentstudy.The hypotheses consisted of traditionalChinese syndrome PK（S-PK）and traditionalChinese recipe PK（R-PK）.Firstly,the observedtetramethylpyrazine（TMP）PK in healthy,chronically reserpinized rats（rat model ofspleen deficiency syndrome,RMSDS）andRMSDS treated with Sijunzi decoction（SJZD）forconfirmation were used to verify S-PK; secondly,the ferulic acid（FA）PK in healthy andhigh molecular weight dextran（HMWD）-inducedrabbit model with blood stasis syndrome（RDBSS）was also used to verify S-PK;andlastly,TMP PK parameters in serum of healthyrats after orally taken Ligusticum wallichii（LW）,LW and Salvia miltiorrhiza（LW&SM）decoctions were compared to verify R-PK.RESULTS The apparent first-order absorption[Ka,（13.61±2.56）h-1,area under the blooddrug concentration-time curve[AUC,（24.88±9.76）μg.h-1mL-1],maximum drug concentration[Cmax,（4.82±1.23）μg·mL-1]of serum TMP inRMSDS were increased markedly（P【0.05）compared with those[Ka=（5.41±1.91）h-1,AUC=（5.20±2.57）μg·h-1·mL-1,Cmax=（2.33±1.77）μg·mL-1]of healthy rats（HR）.Theapparent first-order rate constant for α and βdistribution phase[α=（0.38±0.09）h-1,β=（0.06±0.03）h-1,the apparent first-orderintercompartmental transfer rate constants[K10=（0.24±0.07）h-1,K12=（0.11±0.02）h-1,K21=（0.11±0.02）h-1]of serum TMP in RMSDS weredecreased significantly（P【0.01）comparedwith those[K10=（0.88±0.20）h-1,K12=（1.45±0.47）h-1,K21=（0.72±0.22）h-1]of HR.However,no apparent differences occurredbetween HR and RMSDS treated with SJZD.Theserum FA concentration and its AUC[（5.6690±2.3541）μg·h-1·mL-1] in RMBSS were also higherthan those[AUC=（2.7566±0.8232）μg·h-1·mL-1]of healthy rabbits（P【0.05）.The Ka（11.51±2.82）h-1,AUC（0.84±0.17）μg·h-1·mL-1of LW & SM-derived TMP in serum weremuch lower（P【0.05）than those[Ka=（19.58±4.14）h-1,AUC=（1.27±0.26）μg·h-1·mL-1]ofLW-derived TMP in serum after oral decoctions.CONCLUSION The SDS and blood stasissyndrome state could affect significantly thepharmacokinetic parameters of drugs and theabnormal SDS pharmacokinetic parameters couldbe normalized by SJZD.The combination ofChinese medicine in TCR could reciprocallyaffect the pharmacokinetic parameters of othercomponents absorbed into the systemiccirculation.These results support the S-and R-PK hypothesis.

从Sapir-whorf Hypothesis到文化强势论——汉英对比看文化的制约性

Sapir-Whorf的语言决定论假说曾在很长一段时间居于学术界主导地位。但笔者却以为此理论存在一些不足之处,如夸大了语言的功能,解释力有限,忽略了语言的历时变化,以及无法解释语言变异等。而从语言与文化的关系来看,作者更倾向于文化影响语言,即语言差异源于文化差异。

Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: A criticalreview of the literature

The hygiene hypothesis is thought to be a significant contributor to the growing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) around the world, although the evidence for specific factors that underlie the hygiene hypothesis in IBD is unclear. We aimed to systematically review the literature to determine which hygiene-related factors are associated with the development of IBD. Publications identified from a broad based MEDLINE and Current Contents search between 1966 and 2007 on key terms relevant to the 'hygiene hypothesis' and IBD including H pylori exposure, helminths, cold chain hypothesis, measles infection and vaccination, antibiotic use, breastfeeding, family size, sibship, urban upbringing, day care attendance and domestic hygiene were reviewed. The literature suggests that the hygiene hypothesis and its association with decreased microbial exposure in childhood probably plays an important role in the development of IBD, although the strength of the supporting data for each of the factors varies considerably. The most promising factors that may potentially be associated with development of IBD include H pylori exposure, helminths, breastfeeding and sibship. However, the vast majority of studies in this area are plagued by serious methodological shortcomings, particularly the reliance on retrospective recall of information making it difficult to truly ascertain the importance of a 'hygiene hypothesis' in IBD. The 'hygiene hypothesis' in IBD is an important area of research that may give clues to the aetiology of this disease. Directions for future research are recommended.