Causes and Prognosis of Cases of Acute Obstructive Renal Failure Managed at the Donka National Hemodialysis Center

Introduction: Acute obstructive renal failure (AORF) is a frequent clinical situation, secondary to obstruction of the urinary excretory tract. Whatever the cause, urinary tract obstruction suddenly opposes glomerular filtration and is responsible for tubulointerstitial lesions. It accounts for 10% of acute renal failure (ARF). The aim of this study was to identify the causes and prognosis of cases of acute obstructive renal failure managed at the Centre National d’hémodialyse Donka. Material and Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study lasting 6 months, from September 1, 2022 to February 29, 2023. All patients undergoing haemodialysis for acute obstructive renal failure who agreed to participate in the study and whose medical records were complete were included. Results: During the course of the study, we registered 97 haemodialysis patients, including 20 cases (20.62%) of acute obstructive renal failure. The mean age of the patients was 57.8 ± 10.54 years, with a male predominance of 11 cases (55%) and a sex ratio of 1.22. The reasons for consultation were dominated by physical asthenia 11 cases (55%), lumbar pain 9 cases (50%), vomiting 6 cases (30%) and acute urine retention 6 cases (30%). Arterial hypertension 16 cases (80%) and urinary tract infection 10 cases (50%) were the most common antecedents. The etiologies of RAOI were dominated by lithiasis 10 cases (50%), neoplasia 6 cases (30%) and benign prostatic hypertrophy 3 cases (15%). mean creatinine was 1267.60 ± 710.76 μmol/l with extremes of 243 μmol/l and 2822 μmol/l, mean urea was 39.56 ± 18.36, hyperkalemia in 14 cases (70%) and hyponatremia in 8 cases (40%). After hemodialysis, 9 cases (45%) recovered renal function, 4 cases (20%) became chronic and 7 cases (35%) died. Conclusion: The frequency of AKI remains non-negligible in our department, and early detection and prompt management would considerably reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this pathology.

Acute Renal Failure in the Elderly in the Nephrology Department of Aristide Le Dantec Hospital in Senegal: About 45 Cases

Introduction: The incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) increases with age. In Senegal, few studies have described the epidemiology of ARF in the elderly. The aim of our study is to establish the epidemiological profile of elderly patients with ARF, identify the causes of ARF in the elderly and assess treatment and prognosis. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study over a five-year period from 2011 to 2015 involving patients aged 60 and over, treated for ARI during the study period. Data entry and analysis were done on Epi info 7.3. Results: We included a total of 45 patients. The prevalence of ARF was 3.34%. The mean age was 70.31 years (60 - 83) and the sex ratio was 3.5. Phytotherapy was found in 68.9%, hypertension was found in 68.9%, and diabetes was found in 31.1%. Prostate hypertrophy was found in 53.4% of patients. Pre-renal ARF was the most common (46.6%). Most of the cases, 66.67%, were at Stage 3 of KDIGO. The most common etiologies were respectively tumor (35.5%) and infection (20%). The most common complications were respectively hyperkalemia (33.3%) and hyponatremia (33.3%). Recovery was complete in 62.6% of cases, partial in 37.8% of patients and 13.3% of patients ended up on chronic hemodialysis. Mortality was 4.4%. Conclusion: Herbal medicine, hypertension and diabetes are frequently associated with ARF in the elderly. This justifies increased monitoring of the elderly subject with these conditions in order to subject him to early and appropriate care.

Acute Renal Failure in COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care at the CHU du Point G in Mali

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-virus 2) causes an acute respiratory disease with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia, which can affect several organs including the kidneys [1] [2] [3]. As Mali is no stranger to this pandemic, we report our experience of the management of cases of kidney failure observed in the COVID-19 intensive care unit at the Point G University Hospital Centre (CHU). The aim of this work was to characterise acute renal failure in COVID-19 patients in intensive care, describing the management methods used and determining the vital prognosis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study, covering an 18-month period from April 2020 to September 2021. We included all patients admitted to the COVID-19 intensive care unit on the basis of a positive RT-PCR and/or the presence of ground-glass images on thoracic computed tomography. Results: We selected 232 patients admitted for COVID-19. Acute Renal Failure (ARF) developed in 71 patients (30.6%). The stages of AKI according to KDIGO were Stage 1 in 28.2%, Stage 2 in 18.3% and Stage 3 in 53.5%. The mean age was 63.96 years, with a standard deviation of 16.6, and males accounted for the majority (71.8%). Organic ARF was found in 80.3% of cases. Risk factors and comorbidities for ARF included advanced age (60.6%), male sex (71.8%), hypertension (52.1%), diabetes (21.1%), invasive mechanical ventilation (71.8%) and septic shock (56.3%). Extra renal purification (haemodialysis) was used in 29.6% of patients. Admission to intensive care ranged from 7 days to 14 days in 43.7% of cases. More than half the patients (52.1%) were in critical condition on admission. Death occurred in 76.1% of patients. Conclusion: ARF appears to occur more frequently in patients with severe COVID-19. It is associated with a poor prognosis.

Clinical outcomes of isolated renal failure compared to other forms of organ failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

To assess differences in clinical outcomes of isolated renal failure (RF) compared to other forms of organ failure (OF) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODSUsing a prospectively maintained database of patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to a tertiary medical center between 2003 and 2016, those with evidence of persistent OF were classified to renal, respiratory, cardiovascular, or multi-organ (2 or more organs). Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, etiology of acute pancreatitis, and clinical outcomes were prospectively recorded. Differences in clinical outcomes after development of isolated RF in comparison to other forms of OF were determined using independent t and Mann-Whitney U tests for continues variables, and χ2 test for discrete variables. RESULTSAmong 500 patients with acute pancreatitis, 111 patients developed persistent OF: mean age was 54 years, and 75 (67.6%) were male. Forty-three patients had isolated OF: 17 (15.3%) renal, 25 (21.6%) respiratory, and 1 (0.9%) patient with cardiovascular failure. No differences in demographics, etiology of acute pancreatitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome scores, or development of pancreatic necrosis were seen between patients with isolated RF vs isolated respiratory failure. Patients with isolated RF were less likely to require nutritional support (76.5% vs 96%, P = 0.001), ICU admission (58.8% vs 100%, P = 0.001), and had shorter mean ICU stay (2.4 d vs 15.7 d, P < 0.001), compared to isolated respiratory failure. None of the patients with isolated RF or isolated respiratory failure died. CONCLUSIONAmong patients with SAP per the Revised Atlanta Classification, approximately 15% develop isolated RF. This subgroup seems to have a less protracted clinical course compared to other forms of OF. Isolated RF might be weighed less than isolated respiratory failure in risk predictive modeling of acute pancreatitis.

Clostridium difficile causing acute renal failure: Case presentation and review

AIM: Clostridium difficile infection is primarily a nosocomial infection but asymptomatic carriers of Clostridium difficile can be found in up to 5% of the general population. Ampicillin, cephalosporins and clindamycin are the antibiotics that are most frequently associated with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea or colitis. Little is known about acute renal failure as a consequence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. METHODS: In this case report, we describe the course of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an 82-year-old patient developing acute renal failure. Stopping the offending agent and symptomatic therapy brought a rapid improvement of diarrhea and acute renal failure, full recovery was gained 18 d after admission. In a systematic review we looked for links between the two conditions. RESULTS: The link between Clostridium difficile-assoaated diarrhea and acute renal failure in our patient was most likely volume depletion. However, in experimental studies a direct influence of Clostridium difficile toxins on renal duct cells could be shown. CONCLUSION: Rapid diagnosis, nonspecific supportive treatment and specific antibiotic treatment, especially in the elderly, may lower excess mortality Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and renal failure being possible complications.

An Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Anisodamini Hydrobromidum in Treating Acute Ischemic Renal Failure

In order to explore the mechanism of anisodamini hydrobromidum (654-2) in treating acute ischemic renal failure, the model of acute ischemic renal failure in white New Zealand rabbits was established to dynamically observe and statistically analyze the intracellular concentration changes of free calcium([Ca(2+)]i) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). The results showed that the levels of [Ca(2+)], and IP3 in acute renal failure group were higher than those in control group (P<0. 01). However, the levels of [Ca(2+)]i and IP3 in 654-2 treated group were significantly lower than those in acute renal failure group (P<0. 001). It was concluded that 654-2 could alleviate Ca(2+)-overload in renal histocytes in acute ischemic renal failure. The protective mechanism is associated with intracellular reduction of IP3.

Oral acyclovir induced acute renal failure

BACKGROUND： The study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of acute renal failure（ARF） caused by oral acyclovir.METHODS： A 45-year-old Chinese male patient with acyclovir-induced ARF suffered fromabdominal pain for one day. The pain was extended to the epigastric area from the right lowerquadrant. Transient oliguria was seen in addition to microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. Theserum creatinine concentration was 304 !mol/L. Eight days before the occurrence of ARF, the patienttook oral acyclovir for facial neuritis.RESULTS： His renal function was restored completely following the discontinuation of acyclovir,with continuous renal replacement therapy for 54 hours and some symptomatic treatment.CONCLUSION： The presentation of acute renal failure caused by acyclovir can be diverse, butthe prognosis is good after active treatment.

Fetal kidney stem cells ameliorate cisplatin induced acute renal failure and promote renal angiogenesis

AIM: To investigate whether fetal kidney stem cells(f KSC) ameliorate cisplatin induced acute renal failure(ARF) in rats and promote renal angiogenesis.METHODS: The f KSC were isolated from rat fetuses of gestation day 16 and expanded in vitro up to 3rd passage. They were characterized for the expression of mesenchymal and renal progenitor markers by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, respectively. The in vitro differentiation of f KSC towards epithelial lineage was evaluated by the treatment with specific induction medium and their angiogenic potential by matrigel induced tube formation assay. To study the effect of f KSC in ARF, f KSC labeled with PKH26 were infused in rats with cisplatin induced ARF and, the blood and renal tissues of the rats were collected at different time points. Blood biochemical parameters were studied to evaluate renal function. Renal tissues were evaluated for renal architecture, renal cell proliferation and angiogenesis by immunohistochemistry, renal cell apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nickend labeling assay and early expression of angiogenic molecules viz. vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF)-1α and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eN OS) by western blot.RESULTS: The fK SC expressed mesenchymal markers viz. CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105 as well asrenal progenitor markers viz. Wt1, Pax2 and Six2. They exhibited a potential to form CD31 and Von Willebrand factor expressing capillary-like structures and could be differentiated into cytokeratin(CK)18 and CK19 positive epithelial cells. Administration of fK SC in rats with ARF as compared to administration of saline alone, resulted in a significant improvement in renal function and histology on day 3(2.33 ± 0.33 vs 3.50 ± 0.34, P < 0.05) and on day 7(0.83 ± 0.16 vs 2.00 ± 0.25, P < 0.05). The infused PKH26 labeled fK SC were observed to engraft in damaged renal tubules and showed increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis(P < 0.05) of renal cells. The kidneys of fK SC as compared to saline treated rats had a higher capillary density on day 3 [13.30 ± 1.54 vs 7.10 ± 1.29, capillaries/high-power fields(HPF), P < 0.05], and on day 7(21.10 ± 1.46 vs 15.00 ± 1.30, capillaries/HPF, P < 0.05). In addition, kidneys of fK SC treated rats had an upregulation of angiogenic proteins hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, VEGF and eN OS on day 3(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our study shows that fK SC ameliorate cisplatin induced ARF in rats and promote renal angiogenesis, which may be an important therapeutic mechanism of these stem cells in the disease.

Acute Renal Failure during Pregnancy

Acute renal failure during pregnancy is a very rare and dangerous medical complication. Here, we report a primigravida at 31 weeks gestation who complained of oliguria, high fever, flank pain, nausea, and vomiting for 3 days. The patient’s history was unremarkable. Her laboratory findings and ultrasonography revealed acute renal failure. After delivery, the patient had no complications and normal laboratory findings. Thus, if the gestational age is appropriate to deliver the baby, prompt delivery is important to prevent acute renal failure during pregnancy.

Hepatitis A complicated with acute renal failure and high hepatocyte growth factor: A case report

A 58-year-old man was admitted to our hospital. Laboratory data showed severe liver injury and that the patient was positive for immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis A virus(HAV) antibodies. He was also complicated with severe renal dysfunction and had an extremely high level of serum hepatocyte growth factor(HGF). Therefore, he was diagnosed with severe acute liver failure with acute renal failure(ARF) caused by HAV infection. Prognosis was expected to be poor because of complications by ARF and high serum HGF. However, liver and renal functions both improved rapidly without intensive treatment, and he was subsequently discharged from our hospital on the 21 st hospital day. Although complication with ARF and high levels of serum HGF are both important factors predicting poor prognosis in acute liver failure patients, the present case achieved a favorable outcome. Endogenous HGF might play an important role as a regenerative effector in injured livers and kidneys.

Acute renal failure associated with acute non-fulminant hepatitis B

A 38-year-old female presenting with a high fever of 39 ℃ developed severe liver dysfunction and acute renal failure(ARF).In tests for a hepatitis associated virus,an Immunoglobulin M-anti-hepatitis B virus core antibody was the only positive finding.Moreover,the progression of ARF coincided with the pole period of liver damage and all the other assumed causes for the ARF were unlikely.Therefore,this case was diagnosed as ARF caused by acute hepatitis B.ARF associated with non-fulminant hepatitis has been infrequently reported,usually in association with acute hepatitis A.This case is considered to be an extremely rare and interesting case.

A rare case of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma presenting as acute renal failure

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma （EATCL） is a high grade, pleomorphic peripheral T-cell lymphoma usually with cytotoxic phenotypes. We describe a first case of patient with EATCL that is remarkable for its fulminant course and invasion of both kidneys manifested as acute renal failure. The patient was a 23 year old woman with a long history of celiac disease. She was presented with acute renal failure and enlarged mononuclear infiltrated kidneys. Diagnosis of tubuloi-nterstitial nephritis and polyserositis was confirmed with consecutive pulse doses of steroid therapy. After reco-very, she had disseminated disease two months later. Magnetic resonance imaging showed thickened intestine wall, extremely augmented kidneys, enlarged intra-abdominal lymph nodes with extra-luminal compression of common bile duct. Laparotomy with mesenterial adipous tissue and lymph glands biopsy was done. Consecutive pathophysiological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the diagnosis of EATCL： CD45RO＋, CD43＋, CD3＋. The revision of renal pathophysiology sub-stantiated the diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy, but unfortunately she died manifesting signs of pulmonary embolism caused by tumor cells.

Fish borne acute renal failure

Acute renal failure is an important acute renal disease.It is the totally acute impairment of the renal function and can be fatal if there is no proper and timely treatment.There are various causes of acute renal failure.The acute renal failure might be due to contact with nephrotoxic substance.The food borne acute renal failure is an important problem that is sporadically seen worldwide.Of several food borne acute renal failure disorders,the fish borne acute renal failure is an important problem.In this specific short review,the authors summauize and discuss the cases on important fish borne acute renal failure disorders.

A population-based case-crossover study of polyethylene glycol use and acute renal failure risk in the elderly

AIM:To evaluate the possibility of an association between polyethylene glycol(PEG) and acute renal failure(ARF) in elderly patients using a health insurance claims database.METHODS:We conducted a population-based casecrossover study using information obtained from Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service(HIRA) claims from January 1,2005 to December 31,2005(Seoul,Korea).The study population consisted of elderly patients who received PEG prior to experiencing their first ARF-related hospitalization from April 1,2005 to December 31,2005.For each patient,one case and two control periods were matched.PEG use in a 2-or 4-wk window period prior to hospitalization for ARF was compared with PEG use in two earlier 2-or 4-wk control window periods.Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios(ORs) and 95% CI,adjusting for concomitant uses of diuretics,angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,antibiotics,anti-cancer drugs,and contrast media.RESULTS:Within the HIRA database which contained 1 093 262 elderly patients,1156 hospitalized ARF cases were identified.Among these cases,PEG was prescribed to 17(1.5%) patients before hospitalization.The adjusted ORs when applying the 2-and 4-wk window periods were 0.4(95% CI:0.03-5.24) and 2.1(95% CI:0.16-27.78),respectively.CONCLUSION:No increased risk of ARF was found in elderly PEG users.However,based on the limited number of study subjects,further analysis should be performed to confirm these results.

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE AFTER OPEN-HEART OPERATION

Eight Patients with acute renal failure who received open-heart operation were compared with other eight patients without renal failure.A method or early diagnosis or acute renal failure was developed.When kidney function deteriorated, the urinary output decreased dramatically,meanwhile the blood urea nitrogen began to rise,two lines crossed and formed a valuable point.But they never crossed in patients without renal failure.Then we used perito-dialysis to treat these patients and got good result.

Vancomycin dosing in an obese patient with acute renal failure:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Vancomycin is the most commonly used drug for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The empirical clinical doses of vancomycin based on non-obese patients may not be optimal for obese ones.CASE SUMMARY This study reports a case of vancomycin dosing adjustment in an obese patient(body mass index 78.4 kg/m2)with necrotizing fasciitis of the scrotum and left lower extremity accompanied with acute renal failure.Dosing adjustment was performed based on literature review and factors that influence pharmacokinetic parameters are analyzed.The results of the blood drug concentration monitoring confirmed the successful application of our dosing adjustment strategy in this obese patient.Total body weight is an important consideration for vancomycin administration in obese patients,which affects the volume of distribution and clearance of vancomycin.The alterations of pharmacokinetic parameters dictate that vancomycin should be dose-adjusted when applied to obese patients.At the same time,the pathophysiological status of patients,such as renal function,which also affects the dose adjustment of the patient,should be considered.CONCLUSION Monitoring vancomycin blood levels in obese patients is critical to help adjust the dosing regimen to ensure that vancomycin concentrations are within the effective therapeutic range and to reduce the incidence of renal injury.

Short Term Prognostic Utility of Tc-99m DMSA Renal Imaging in Sepsis Induced Acute Renal Failure;Provisional Data

Background: Sound prognostic data in sepsis induced acute renal failure (SARF) are lacking especially on the short term outcome [STO] in the intensive care unit [ICU]. We addressed the use of Tc-99m DMSA [2,3-dimercaptosuccinicacid] renal cortical imaging as a prognostic tool in SARF. Methods: Forty patients with acute renal failure due to sepsis [age range 15-74 years;median 44.5] were subjected for full history taking complete physical examination, routine ICU monitoring, routine laboratory investigations, APACHE II [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation] and SOFA [Sequential Organ Failure Assessment] together with Tc-99m DMSA cortical renal scintigraphy. Patients’ death in the ICU or discharge was considered as the end point of the study representing the so-called short term outcome [STO]. Results: 25% mortality rate [10/40] was found along the admission period in the ICU. All non-survivors were abnormal with DMSA imaging [NPV & PPV 100% & 66.7% respectively]. Abnormal DMSA cases showed significant positive associations with serum creatinine at admission [r = 0.5;P 0.02];admission duration [r = 0.4;P 0.002];APACHE II score [r = 0.5;P 0.004] and STO [r = 0.4;P 0.03]. Statistically significant difference was elicited between subjects with normal and abnormal DMSA regarding the same parameters. Conclusion: This preliminary data could raise Tc-99m DMSA renal imaging as a prognostic tool in SARF that could allow influential interference to prohibit dramatic outcomes as mortality.

Adult Acute T Cell Leukemia Presenting as Acute Renal Failure, Parotid Swelling and Loss of Vision

A rare case of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with loss of vision, parotid swelling, hematuria and acute renal failure has been presented in a 40-year-old male. Acute T cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia should also be kept in differential diagnosis of hematuria, acute renal failure and loss of vision.

Acute Renal Failure during Progressive Systemic Sclerosis in the Regional University Teaching Hospital of Brest-La Cavale Blanche (France)

Systemic scleroderma is a rare disease in which visceral manifestations occur, particularly peripheral vascular, digestive, cardiopulmonary and renal. It is pathology with a predilection for women. The present clinical case is that of a man with the renal complications of scleroderma and the difficulties of the treatment even in the developed countries like France. In the present case, the management of this disease required a high dose of corticosteroid therapy and extra-renal purification. Early detection of complications through a minimal clinical examination supplemented with paraclinic tests has proved necessary.

Page Kidney: A Case of Acute or Chronic Renal Failure &Refractory HTN Presenting after Renal Biopsy

Page Kidney is a relatively rare cause of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) presenting as accelerated and uncontrolled hypertension secondary direct compression of the renal parenchyma by an extrinsic source. This case report describes a 44-year-old male with advanced acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis, hypertension, and initial suspicion for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura who developed a case of Page Kidney following retroperitoneal hematoma following a renal biopsy. The patient was medically managed with intravenous nifedipine until blood pressure stabilized after improvement of the hematoma. Usually hematomas are self-resolving, however rarely they can result in the Page phenomenon—extrinsic compression of the affected kidney by the hematoma resulting in a picture that is similar to acute renal failure (ARF). This case highlights the importance of early medical management of blood pressure control after renal compression has been identified.