Convergence of a New Adapting Runge－Kutta Method to Delay Differential Equations

The adapting Runge-Kutta methods with a new interpolation procedure to delay differential equations was introduced by K.J. in't Hout in 1992[1], he proved that the numerical process, satisfies an important asymptotic stability condition. In this paper the convergence of this method under the asymptotic stability and other conditions in theorem 3 is proved.

Frequency-domain auto-adapting full waveform inversion with blended source and frequency-group encoding

As a high quality seismic imaging method, full waveform inversion （FWI） can accurately reconstruct the physical parameter model for the subsurface medium. However, application of the FWI in seismic data processing is computationally expensive, especially for the three-dimension complex medium inversion. Introducing blended source technology into the frequency-domain FWI can greatly reduce the computational burden and improve the efficiency of the inversion. However, this method has two issues： first, crosstalk noise is caused by interference between the sources involved in the encoding, resulting in an inversion result with some artifacts; second, it is more sensitive to ambient noise compared to conventional FWI, therefore noisy data results in a poor inversion. This paper introduces a frequency-group encoding method to suppress crosstalk noise, and presents a frequency- domain auto-adapting FWI based on source-encoding technology. The conventional FWI method and source-encoding based FWI method are combined using an auto-adapting mechanism. This improvement can both guarantee the quality of the inversion result and maximize the inversion efficiency.

Adapting to Change

African countries need customized efforts to fight climate change SOME 350 km northeast of Nairobi, Kenya,almost 300,000 Kapedo villagers in Turkana County came close to starvation this year after their cattle died in what is one of the country’s most drought affected districts.This number, according to the World Food Program (WFP),constitutes 10 percent of the entire Horn of Africa population affected by famine. The WFP said this was the region’s worst drought in 60 years. Kenya depends entirely on rain-

Adapting to Change

THERE＇S always good news for farmers and therural community at the beginning of the year. This year is of no exception. On February 5.2017, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council jointly released this year＇s ＂No.1 Central Document.＂ entitled Opinions on Deepening Supply-Side Structural Reform in Agriculture and Accelerating the Cul tivation of New Growth Engines for Agricultural Reform and Rural Areas, This is the 14th straight year that the ＂No.1 Central Document＂ targets agricultural and rural development and farmers.

Adapting to the Modern Era

Published in November 2013, the book More Time for China, More Time forDream swept the book market and was reprinted three times in only six weeks. WangWen, one of the four writers shared the ideas behind the book and how it came into being.

Adapting cities to sea level rise： A perspective from Chinese deltas

In recent years, intensifying waterlogging, salt water intrusion, wetland loss, and ecosystem degradation in Chinese delta cities and adjacent regions have generated the pressing need to create an urban form that is suited to both current and future climates incorporating sea level rise. However, adaptation planning uptake is slow. This is particularly unfortunate because patterns of urban form interact with mean sea level rise （MSLR） in ways that reduce or intensify its impact. There are currently two main barriers that are significant in arresting the implementation of adaptation planning with reference to the MSLR projections composed of geomorphologic MSLR projections and eustatic MSLR projections from global climate warming, and making a comprehensive risk assessment of MSLR projections. The present review shows recent progresses in mapping MSLR projections and their risk assessment approaches on Chinese delta cities, and then a perspective of adapting these cities to MSLR projections as following six aspects. 1） The geomorphologic MSLR projections are contributed by the natural tectonic subsidence projections and the MSLR projections by anthropogenic geomorphologic change. The former needs to be updated in a global framework. The latter is accumulated by land subsidence from underground water depletion, water level fall caused by the erosion of riverbeds from a sediment supply decline attributed to the construction of watershed dams, artificial sand excavation, water level raise by engineering projects including land reclamation, deep waterway regulation, and fresh water reservoirs. 2） Controlling MSLR projections by anthropogenic geomorphologic changes. 3） The IPCC AR5 RCPs MSLRs scenarios are expected to be projected to the local eustatic MSLR projections on the Chinese deltas. 4） The MSLR projections need to be matched to a local elevation datum. 5） Modeling approaches of regional river-sea numerical with semi- analytical hydrodynamics, estuarine channel network, system dynamics and adaptation points are perspective. 6） Adaptation planning to MSLR projections requires a comprehensive risk assessment of the risk of flood, fresh water supply shortage, coastal erosion, wetland loss, siltation of ports and waterway in Chinese delta cities and adjacent regions.

Fast self-adapting high-order sliding mode control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems

A fast self-adapting high-order sliding mode(FSHOSM)controller is designed for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown uncertainties.As for uncertainty-free nonlinear system,a new switching condition is introduced into the standard geometric homogeneity.Different from the existing geometric homogeneity method,both state variables and their derivatives are considered to bring a reasonable effective switching condition.As a result,a faster convergence rate of state variables is achieved.Furthermore,based on the integral sliding mode(ISM)and above geometric homogeneity,a self-adapting high-order sliding mode(HOSM)control law is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainties.The resulting controller allows the closed-loop system to conduct with the expected properties of strong robustness and fast convergence.Stable analysis of the nonlinear system is also proved based on the Lyapunov approach.The effectiveness of the resulting controller is verified by several simulation results.

Adapting Business of Energy Corporations to Macro-Policies Aiming at a Sustainable Economy. The Case for New Powering of Automobiles

A portfolio of new energy technologies has emerged in the first decade of the 21st Century, and many of them could be used for re-structuring the energy sector towards Sustainable Development. A key subject in this quest is the future of automobile, with possibilities on powering ranging from biofuels to Hydrogen Cars (HC), to Electric Vehicles (EV). In turn, the latter is closely connected with the need to deploy Renewable Energies (RE) for electricity generation. Within such new situation, countries and governments are aware that there are new tools for fighting Global Warming (GW), and new policies could be established for winning this battle against CO2. All these initiatives will affect the future of energy corporations, notably hydrocarbon companies;and it should be noted that it will be difficult for the companies to define long-term strategies if energy policies convey upheavals, sudden changes in promoting alternatives and interruptions on activities. Hence, it is very important to adopt energy policies allowing a smooth evolution of the companies’ activities to the new energy model. After analyzing the alternatives with a forecasting-backcasting methodology, an “eclectic approach” is proposed, with the Plug-in Hybrid car with Flexible Fuel (PiHFF) as the central paradigm in the coming promoting policies.

Adapting Smallholder Agriculture to Climate Change through Sustainable Land Management Practices： Empirical Evidence from North-West Ethiopia

The objective of this paper was to determine the factors that influence farmers＇ decision to use two categories of sustainable land management （SLM） practices as adaptation strategy to climate change in the North-West Ethiopia. It was based on analysis of data collected from 734 farm household heads and employed probit regression model to analyze the determinants of adaptation to climate change through SLM measures. Based on the model result, factors, like perception of climate change, exposure to adaptation techniques, education, perception of land degradation, slope, land prone to degradation, number of parcels, crop enterprise income, land size, farm distance, economically active family size and agro-ecology are found important in determining farmers＇ decision to use structural land management practices. Likewise, perception of climate change, exposure to adaptation, farming experience, slope, crop enterprise income, land prone to degradation and agro-ecology are found important in affecting farmers＇ decision to use non-structural land management practices as adaptation measure. Therefore, in line with the findings of the analysis, any intervention that promotes use of land management practices as adaptation strategy should take into account agro-ecology specific factors that are relevant to the nature of the land management practices. Moreover, since scaling up of SLM practices as adaptation strategy is resource intensive, it requires both public and non-public investment for providing technological support and raising awareness. Failure to do so would adversely affect crop productivity and exacerbate food insecurity problems at farm household level.

Adapting chronic care models for diabetes care delivery in low-and-middle-income countries:A review

A contextual review of models for chronic care was done to develop a context-adapted chronic care model-based service delivery model for chronic conditions including diabetes.The Philippines was used as the setting of a low-to-middle-income country.A context-based narrative review of existing models for chronic care was conducted.A situational analysis was done at thegrassroots level,involving the leaders and members of the community,the patients,the local health system and the healthcare providers.A second analysis making use of certain organizational theories was done to explore on improving feasibility and acceptability of organizing care for chronic conditions.The analyses indicated that care for chronic conditions may be introduced,considering the needs of people with diabetes in particular and the community in general as recipients of care,and the issues and factors that may affect the healthcare workers and the health system as providers of this care.The context-adapted chronic care model-based service delivery model was constructed accordingly.Key features are:incorporation of chronic care in the health system's services; assimilation of chronic care delivery with the other responsibilities of the healthcare workers but with redistribution of certain tasks; and ensuring that the recipients of care experience the whole spectrum of basic chronic care that includes education and promotion in the general population,risk identification,screening,counseling including self-care development,and clinical management of the chronic condition and any co-morbidities,regardless of level of control of the condition.This way,low-to-middle income countries can introduce and improve care for chronic conditions without entailing much additional demand on their limited resources.

Saving time and effort:Best practice for adapting existing patientreported outcome measures in hepatology

It is increasingly recognised that collecting patient reported outcome measures(PROMs)data is an important part of healthcare and should be considered alongside traditional clinical assessments.As part of a more holistic view of healthcare provision,there has been an increased drive to implement PROM collection as part of routine clinical care in hepatology.This drive has resulted in an increase in the number of PROMs currently developed to be used in various liver conditions.However,the development and validation of a new PROM is time-consuming and costly.Therefore,before deciding to develop a new PROM,researchers should consider identifying existing PROMs to assess their appropriateness and,if necessary,make adaptations to existing PROMs to ensure their rigour when used with the target population.Little is written in the literature on how to identify and adapt the existing PROMs in hepatology.This article aims to provide a summary of the current literature and guidance regarding identifying and adapting existing PROMs in clinical practice.

Planning strategy of gully areas in mountainous cities adapting to ecological process

With the expansion of mountainous cities,many gully areas have been included in the scope of urban construction land.These gully areas will restrict urban construction because of sensitivity and instability caused by the unique ecological processes.This paper attempts to explore a planning and design strategy that combines ecological processes to reduce the risk of urban construction in gully areas.According to the ecological characteristics of gully areas,especially its suitability for urban construction,gully areas can be divided into three categories in the mountainous city:prevention and controlling gully—focusing on gully drainage;conservation gully—focusing on the construction of green space;utilization type gully—focusing on the development of gully towns.The utilization type gully can be used as urban construction land.For utilization type gullies,horizontal and vertical segmented planning strategies can adopt their respective ecological processes by land utilization,landscape construction,spatial layout and traffic organization matching the time-space natural process to form harmony human settlements.

RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE IN A POST-PANDEMIC WORLD:IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND FOR ADAPTING HERITAGE BUILDINGS

COVID-19 has highlighted the disruptive,cross-sectorial effects a sudden-onset pan-demic has on a globally interconnected world.A particularly insidious component is the high percentage of asymptomatic cases allowing the virus to seed undetected.The design of residential architecture will need to adapt to the new reality that COVID-19 will not be the last coronavirus epidemic.This paper discusses the implications of COVID-19 for new residential construction.It argues for a containment space,separating the largely uncontrollable external environment from the internal threat-reduced residential space,for a separation of visitor entertainment areas and private sleeping areas,as well as the design of a spatially separated master bedroom that can double as a self-isolation space if the need arises.The implications of this new design on existing housing stock are also discussed.The advocated concepts are novel and advance the design considerations for future residential developments.

Key Criteria for Selecting and Adapting ESP Reading Materials--A Case Study of the Course book English for Tourism and Hospitality

The efforts in this study are made to demonstrate how an EFL teacher should develop and adapt the ESP reading materials to meet their English majors’needs and the social contexts where the learners are going to work.Based on a study of literature about material development and a case analysis of the teaching situation and students’profile,five criteria are proposed for selecting and adapting materials suitable for 3rd-year Hainan University English majors,and then an evaluation of the reading texts of the course book English for Tourism and Hospitality is made with these yardsticks.In view of the discussion and analysis,suggestions about ESP reading material development are put forth.

Transnational Perspectives on Ethnic Studies:Cross-System Society and the Problem of Adapting to the Chinese Context

This paper sorted out relevant debates on the proposition of adapting to the Chinese context,attempted to further develop the concept of"unity in diversity"by using the cross-system society and its movements,and redefined the"one"and"many"in Chinese society.The author pointed out that as a cross-system society,China is a living,inclusive and unifying civilization that has internalized traces of others as its own elements while maintaining its unique vitality.But as a result,a cross-system society is interrelated and mutually defined with cross-society system.

Neurogenesis dynamics in the olfactory bulb:deciphering circuitry organization, function, and adaptive plasticity

Adult neurogenesis persists after birth in the subventricular zone, with new neurons migrating to the granule cell layer and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into existing circuitry as inhibitory interneurons. The generation of these new neurons in the olfactory bulb supports both structural and functional plasticity, aiding in circuit remodeling triggered by memory and learning processes. However, the presence of these neurons, coupled with the cellular diversity within the olfactory bulb, presents an ongoing challenge in understanding its network organization and function. Moreover,the continuous integration of new neurons in the olfactory bulb plays a pivotal role in regulating olfactory information processing. This adaptive process responds to changes in epithelial composition and contributes to the formation of olfactory memories by modulating cellular connectivity within the olfactory bulb and interacting intricately with higher-order brain regions. The role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory bulb functions remains a topic of debate. Nevertheless, the functionality of the olfactory bulb is intricately linked to the organization of granule cells around mitral and tufted cells. This organizational pattern significantly impacts output, network behavior, and synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for olfactory perception and memory. Additionally, this organization is further shaped by axon terminals originating from cortical and subcortical regions. Despite the crucial role of olfactory bulb in brain functions and behaviors related to olfaction, these complex and highly interconnected processes have not been comprehensively studied as a whole. Therefore, this manuscript aims to discuss our current understanding and explore how neural plasticity and olfactory neurogenesis contribute to enhancing the adaptability of the olfactory system. These mechanisms are thought to support olfactory learning and memory, potentially through increased complexity and restructuring of neural network structures, as well as the addition of new granule granule cells that aid in olfactory adaptation. Additionally, the manuscript underscores the importance of employing precise methodologies to elucidate the specific roles of adult neurogenesis amidst conflicting data and varying experimental paradigms. Understanding these processes is essential for gaining insights into the complexities of olfactory function and behavior.

Turning the tide:From cervical cancer's grip to complete response:A case report

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a formidable global health issue,particularly affecting women in lower-middle-income countries with little or no access to preventative vaccines,screening programs,and treatment modalities.The case report presents a unique case of a large cervical cancer achieving complete response(CR)with concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT),highlighting the effectiveness of this treatment approach even in advanced stages and underscoring the importance of adaptive radiotherapy(RT)in optimizing patient outcomes.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 53-year-old woman who presented with four years of abnormal vaginal bleeding and was found to have p16-positive,moderately differentiated cervical squamous cell carcinoma.The tumor measured 14 cm×12 cm×8 cm,the largest size reported in the literature to achieve CR with CCRT.Despite this monumental feat,the patient remained disease-free and is currently on follow-up for 2 years;however,she continued to suffer from substantial morbidity caused by a vesicovaginal fistula and hydronephrosis,underscoring the continuing impact of cervical cancer on quality of life.CONCLUSION In this case report,we highlight the effectiveness of CCRT in achieving CR,even in cases of bulky cervical cancer,with adaptive RT offering a customized strategy to improve patient outcomes.We also emphasize the necessity for multidisciplinary team discussions and highlight the need for strategies to mitigate treatment-related toxicities and long-term complications.

Revisiting dexamethasone dosage in COVID-19 management

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has necessitated rapid advancements in therapeutic strategies,with dexamethasone emerging as a key treatment for severe cases.This editorial discusses the systematic review conducted by Sethi et al,published in the World Journal of Virology.The review critically examines the efficacy and safety of varying dosages of dexamethasone in severe COVID-19 patients,providing a comprehensive meta-analysis that underscores the current clinical recommendations favoring a low-dose regimen.Despite these findings,the review highlights the potential benefits of tailored dosages for specific patient subgroups,suggesting a need for personalized treatment approaches.This editorial expands on the implications of these findings,advocating for the integration of evolving clinical data into treatment protocols and calling for further research into patient-specific responses to therapy.It emphasizes the importance of adaptability and precision in pandemic response,urging the medical community to consider both the robustness of existing evidence and the potential for innovative approaches to enhance patient outcomes in the face of global health challenges.

Adapting Backward Error Recovery to Parallel Real Time Systems

The problem of adapting backward error recovery to parallel real time systems is discussed in this paper. Because of error propagation among different cooperating processes, an error occurring in one process may influence some important outputs in other processes. Therefore, a local output has to be delayed until its validity is confirmed globally. Since backward error recovery adopts redundancy of computing time instead of processing equipment, the variation of the actual execution time of a cooperating process may be very large if it works in an unreliable environment. These problems are the primary obstacles to be removed. Previous studies focus their attentions on how to eliminate domino-effect dynamically. But backward error recovery cannot be applied directly in parallel real time systems even under the condition that no domino-effect exists. How to reduce output delays efficiently if no domino-effect remains? How to estimate this delay time? How to calculate the actual execution time of every process and how to schedule these processes under an unstable condition? These problems were omitted in literature unfortunately. The interest of this paper is to provide satisfactory solutions to these problems to make it possible to adopt backward error recovery efficiently in parallel real time systems.

Adapting to Change

China made big strides in its diplomatic push in 2006 as it confronted changing global conditions, according to Xiong Guangkai, President of the China Institute for International Strategic Studies and former Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Xiong was recently interviewed by Study Times, a journal run by the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on these and other diplomatic issues. Excerpts follow: