Impact of invasive Ageratina adenophora on relative performance of woody vegetation in different forest ecosystems of Kumaun Himalaya,India

Invasive plant Ageratina adenophora(Sprengel)R.King&H.Robinson has invaded majority of the temperate forests in Kumaun,Central Himalaya.Information on A.adenophora invaded forest types,their structural attributes,population demography and regeneration status are still at rudimentary level.Considering this,the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of A.adenophora on vegetational attributes and regeneration status of three forest types,viz.,Oak(Quercus oblongata D.Don),Pine(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.)and Cypress(Cupressus torulosa D.Don).We selected three sites for each forest type and each site was further purposively stratified into paired sampling plots of 1 ha each i.e.,A.adenophora invaded and uninvaded sites.Our results showed large densities of cut stumps or felled trees throughout invaded sites,but with fewer fire signs in comparison to uninvaded sites.In uninvaded sites,total density and basal area calculated for woody species were relatively higher than those in invaded sites,although results were insignificant(p>0.05).With the exception for Cypress forests,vegetation indices showed low woody species richness and diversity in invaded Oak and Pine forests.Also,regeneration of Q.oblongata,P.roxburghii and C.torulosa tree species did not differ significantly(p>0.05)between invaded and uninvaded sites.These insignificant differences clearly imply that A.adenophora's presence has not entirely changed the perennial plant communities in terms of composition,structure and natural regeneration.However,tree species with poor or no regeneration status requires special attention and needs management strategies involving control of invasive species in forest ecosystems.

Analysis and Comparison on Population Dynamics between Adenophoralobophylla and Adenophora potaninii by Leslie Matrix

The population dynamic tendency of Adenophora Iobophvlla Hong as an endangered species and Adenophora potaninii Korsh as widespread species. has been predicted by the Leslie matrix. And the comparison and analysis on the age structures between two species have been carried out in this paper. The results demonstrate the A. lobophylla popuations which have the reasonable age struetures perform slowly negative or positive increment at altitude 2300-3400 m. Especially. below altitude 2700 m. there are many populations performing seriously declining tendcncy. Contrary, A potaninii populations could adapt to environment perfectly at the corresponding condition without finding the population which performs the seriously declining tendency. The differences in developing tendency of population between the two species demonstrate that A. Iobopliylla populations have the weaker ability to adapt to the external unfavorable conditions.

紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)入侵对土壤微生物群落和理化性质的影响

外来入侵植物与入侵地土壤微生物群落的互作关系是影响外来植物入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的一个重要领域。因此,研究外来植物入侵对入侵地土壤微生物群落及其理化性质的影响不仅可以全面地评估入侵植物对生态系统的影响,而且对于探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制尤为重要。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和传统培养相结合的方法研究了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地土壤微生物群落结构的影响;同时研究了紫茎泽兰入侵对11种土壤理化因子的影响。结果表明紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,提高了土壤自生固氮菌、氨氧化细菌和真菌的数量;同时,显著地提高了土壤的有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮、氨态氮和土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤总钾含量和pH值。土壤微生物不同生理类群的变化与土壤中植物可直接吸收利用养分的变化显著相关。紫茎泽兰在入侵地成功定殖后,可能通过改变土壤微生物群落结构,特别是增加了与土壤养分循环相关的微生物功能类群数量,进而提高了土壤可利用的养分水平,创造对自身生长有利的土壤环境。紫茎泽兰改变土壤微生物群落是其入侵的一部分,这种改变进而加速了土壤养分循环,可能增强了紫茎泽兰的养分吸收,进而促进其生长、竞争和扩张。

Comparative study on population age structures between Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii

Comparing with an affinity and widespread species Adenophora potaninii the age structures of A. loboPhylla population, an endangered plant species were studied. 29 sample plots were investigated in the centered distribution area, Jinchuan county from altitude 2 300 m to 3 400 m. The main factors which influence the population age structures of A. lobophylla were analyzed. The principal characteristics of A. lobophylla populations are that the number of seedling and the density of population are much less than these of A. potaninii population. Below aititude of 2 700 m, the age structures of most A. lobophylla populations show the declining status, only above altitude of 2 700 m they are stable, while age structures of all populations of A. potaninll populations at corresponding altitude perform stable and developing features. The age structure patterns, relations between age (X) and number of individual (y) of stable populations of A. lobophylla can be expressed by equation : y =e(a-bx), and the longest life spah is 25a. Whereas A. potaninii populations can be expressed by the equationf y =ax-b, and the longest life span of individual is 21a. The external factors, which constrain the extension of A. lobophylla population, are extreme environmental conditions such as serious drought, external disturbance and low temperature.

沙参(Adenophora Tetraphylla)多糖与其蛋白质关系的研究

沙参多糖经Sevag法、酶解等纯化后仍含有少量结合蛋白。测定表明,结合蛋白对碱较稳定,其平均分子量约为25000。经β-消除反应及氨基酸分析表明,多糖与结合蛋白间是以糖—苏氨酸键苷相互连接的。

Beneficial rhizobacterium provides positive plant–soil feedback effects to Ageratina adenophora

Rhizosphere microbial communities play important roles in facilitating or inhibiting the establishment of exotic species.Since some invasive plants interact with soil microbial communities such as rhizosphere bacteria,changes triggered by rhizosphere bacteria may alter competitive interactions between exotic and native plants.This study compared the Bacillus cereus content in soils with different degrees of Ageratina adenophora invasion,and investigated the effects of A.adenophora allelochemicals on B.cereus growth and soil characteristics and the feedback effects of B.cereus on A.adenophora growth.Bacillus cereus content in the rhizosphere of A.adenophora increased with intensification of the invasion process,and newly invaded soil contained almost twice as much bacteria as noninvaded soil.When rhizosphere soil was added to the root exudates of A.adenophora,the contents of B.cereus were twice as much as the control,except on the first day.Certain soil parameters increased significantly,such as ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and available phosphorus(AP),which were increased by 41 and 27%,respectively.Soil treatment with B.cereus promoted the degradation of two allelochemicals from the rhizosphere of A.adenophora,amorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one and 6-hydroxy-5-isopropy1-3,8-dimethyl-4 a,5,6,7,8,8 ahexahydraphthalen-2(1 H)-one,to varying degrees;and increased the germination rate by 50%,root length by 117%,shoot length by 48%and fresh weight by 81%for A.adenophora compared to those of untreated soil.Our results confirmed that the invasion of A.adenophora will promote an increase of B.cereus,a beneficial rhizosphere bacterium,which in turn induces a positive feedback effect on A.adenophora.

Relationship between stomatal behavior and characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii at different altitudes

The photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii as well as stomatal behavior such as stomatal size, stomatal density, stomatal open and stomatal conductivity were measured at different altitudes. The relationship between the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics and the stomatal behavior was analysed by correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis with altitude changes.The results showed that the inffuences of stomatal behavior were not evident on the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics of A. Lobophylla, but evident on that of A. potaninii.

Roots extracts of Adenophora triphylla var.japonica improve obesity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Objective:To investigate the anti-obesity activity and the action mechanism of the roots of Adenophora triphylla var.japonica extract(ATE) in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-LI adipocytes.Methods:The roots of Ademption triphylla were extracted with 70%ethanol.To demonstrate the compounds,linoleic acid was analyzed by using gas chromatography:and the anti-obesity effects and possible mechanisms of ATE were examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HFD-induced obese mice.Results:Treatment with ATE inhibited the lipid accumulation without cytotoxicity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Furthermore,200 and 400 mg/kg ATE treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain,white adipose tissues(WATs) weight and plasma triglyceride level,while 100 and 200 mg/kg ATE treatment increased the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the HFD-induced obese mice,as compared with the HFD group.Treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg ATE also lowered the size of adipocytes in adipose tissue and reduced the lipid accumulation in liver.ATE treatment showed significantly lower expression level of adipogenesis-relatcd proteins,such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y,fatty acid binding protein(aP2),fatty acid synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes;and furthermore,decreased peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ,aP2,fatty acid synthase,sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c,and lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression levels in WAT of the HFD-induced obese mice.Conclusions:These results suggested that the ATE has an anti-obesity effect,which may be elicited by regulating the expression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related genes and proteins in adipocytes and WAT of the HFD-induced obese mice.

Coastal Adaptation of <i>Adenophora triphylla var. japonica</i>(Campanulaceae)

The comparative morphology and anatomy of leaves between the coastal ecotype and the normal type of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. var. japonica (Regel) H.Hara (Campanulaceae) were examined to clarify the differences in morphological characters between the 2 groups. Morphological and anatomical analyses revealed that the coastal ecotype had a thicker leaf than the normal type, because of the increased size of epidermal and spongy cells. Thus, the main morphological change from the normal type into the coastal ecotype of A. triphylla var. japonica is the increase in leaf size, suggesting that the coastal ecotype may have evolved from the normal type via a heterochronic process.

Effect of shading treatment on stomatal behavior of Adenophora lobophylla at different ages

The stomatal behavior of Adenophora lobophylla of different age structures was studied in July 1995 in greenhouse of the Harbin Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University by means of shading experiment. The effects of different shading treatments on the stomatal physiological character and ecological adaptation of A. lobophylla of different ages were compared. The results showed that the morphological characters of annual A. lobophylla were more obvious than that of the perennial, but the stomatal density of annual was less than that of perennial. Growth of annual A. lobophylla was more sensitive to the change of environment than that of the perennial. The ecological adaptation of annual was weak, which was one of the main causes of endangered population.

Comparative Morphology and Anatomy of Non-Rheophytic and Rheophytic Types of <i>Adenophora triphylla</i>var. <i>Japonica</i>(Campanulaceae)

The morphology and anatomy of leaves of rheophytic and non-rheophytic types of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) ADC var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara were compared in order to clarify how leaf characteristics differ. Our results revealed that the leaf of the rheophytic type of A. triphylla var. japonica was narrower than the leaf of the non-rheophytic type because of fewer cells that were also smaller. Moreover, surprisingly, the rheophytic ecotype of A. triphylla var. japonica was thinner than that of the non-rheophytic type, although the general tendency is that the rheophytic leaf is thicker than the closely related non-rheophytic species, suggesting that the rheophytic type of A. triphylla var. japonica adapts differently, as compared to other rheophytic plants, to solar radiation and evaporation.

Pharmacological Action of Adenophora Polysaccharides

Adenophora polysaccharides (AP), is an active principle extracted from the root of Adenophorae Potaninii Korsh originated in Gansu Province and isolated with boiling water(1). AP is isolated and purified from the crude drug by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column, with a white powder and mean molecular weight of 8. 3×104 , and [α]D20 of AP is +68(1). AP is only composed of glucose judging

中国特有种松叶沙参(Adenophora pinifolia Kitag.)模式产地考证及形态补充描述

松叶沙参(Adenophora pinifolia Kitag.)是中国特有种,原始文献发表于1935年,模式标本采自奉天省大房身,即今辽宁省大房身。该种自1935年发表以来,国内只有4个文献对其记载;除1个文献有标本依据外,其他3个文献中,2个明确指出未见标本,1个没有提及标本。笔者经过近6年调查(2013-2018年),在大连野外观察并采集一手资料,结合原始文献、老地名文献并核对模式标本,确认模式标本产地位于今辽宁省大连市甘井子区大连湾街道的大房身一带,并对松叶沙参的叶、果实、种子、花期、果期进行了补充描述,纠正了原始文献及国内相关文献中对该种茎的形态、花的着生方式及花柱与花冠的关系等方面的几处错误。

贵州沙参属(Adenophora)植物资源与应用情况分析

通过文献总结与实地调查,以掌握贵州沙参属植物种类、资源分布与应用情况,为其可持续开发利用与资源保护提供参考。调查发现,贵州有沙参属植物8种,包括2亚种,各地均有分布。8种沙参属植物均为药用,7种在贵州4个民族中作为药用,轮叶沙参与杏叶沙参使用最为广泛,以根部入药为主。具有清热养阴,祛痰止咳、益胃生津等功效。用于治疗虚劳咳嗽,阴虚、肺热咳嗽,咽喉痛、燥咳痰少,津伤口渴等疾病。此外,共有3种(杏叶沙参、轮叶沙参、无柄沙参)在民间作为食用。

Invasive mechanism and control strategy of Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel)

In order to ascertain the invasive mechanism and control strategy of the invasive Crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora, its ecological adaptability and population differentiation,the formation of single dominant population, displacement of native plants and sustainable management strategies were investigated. The present results helped to clarify and explain such issues as the adaptability post invasion,interaction and competition between inter-and intra-species and community resistance, thereby providing important references to researches on other invasive alien species.

Inhibition of Ageratina adenophora on Spore Germination and Gametophyte Development of Macrothelypteris torresiana

Allelopathy of Ageratina adenophora plays an important role in its invasion. However, we have little knowledge of its allelpathic effects on ferns. In Petri dish bioassays, the inhibitory potential of aqueous leachates from roots, stems and leaves of A. adenophora was studied on the spore germination and gametophyte development of Macrothelypteris torresiana. All leachatss inhibited the spore germination and growth of the first rhizoid of M. torresiana and inhibitory effects increased with increasing leachate concentrations. Root leachates proved most inhibitory. Gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with stem and leaf leachates of A. adenophora were erect, which was similar to those of the control. However, gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with root leachates of A. adenophora were erect, but also curving or swollen. Moreover, curving and swollen rhizoids increased with increasing concentrations. As time went by, rhizoids treated with root leachates were not so curved and the swelling almost disappeared. Possible causes are discussed in the present study. The increasing concentrations of leaf leachates also delayed the stages of gametophyte development. With the treatment of root leachates, the delay was more obvious. Thus A. adenophora inhibited the spore germination and gametophyte development of M. torresiana and the root leachates were most inhibitory.

紫茎泽兰覆盖度对次生林林下植物群落结构及物种多样性影响

为了探讨紫茎泽兰种群扩散蔓延对次生林林下的植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响,以高黎贡山自然保护区边缘紫茎泽兰入侵的次生林为研究对象,采用野外生态学调查和数据统计分析相结合的方法,开展不同紫茎泽兰盖度对次生林林下植物群落结构特征及物种多样性影响。结果显示:(1)随着紫茎泽兰盖度的增大,次生林林下优势物种由地毯草、荩草、头花蓼逐渐演变成紫茎泽兰、荩草、狗尾草;(2)同时林下层植物植株密度、物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、物种均匀度指数显著下降,而紫茎泽兰的株高、分蘖数和地上生物量显著增加。结果表明:紫茎泽兰凭借其生长迅速、分蘖性强、繁殖力强、传播距离广等生物学特性,其一旦定植,能迅速生长,在生态位抢占先机,然后通过其自身分泌的化感物质进一步排挤其他草本和灌木,形成大面积的单优群落,导致林下物种多样性显著降低,对森林生态系统造成危害。

Lack of local adaptation of invasive crofton weed(Ageratina adenophora)in different climatic areas of Yunnan Province,China

Aims Crofton weed,with a subtropical origin,has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in southwest China.We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the successful invasion of crofton weed in heterogeneous environments.Methods Five populations from different habitats with an altitude ranging from 678 to 2356 m were selected.Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination capability of these populations were investigated in the field.greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments with the five populations were conducted,and all the above characters were measured and compared among these populations.Important Findings Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination rate were each significantly different among the five populations in field.However,there was no difference among these populations in the greenhouse experiment.In the reciprocal transplant experiment,plants from the five populations responded similarly to different habitats in the field,indicat-ing lack of local adaptation.Instead,phenotypic plasticity likely plays a key role in the invasion success of crofton weed in different habitats.

紫茎泽兰瘦果冠毛特征与种子萌发特性的关系

菊科植物瘦果的冠毛是其种子重要的风传播器官。我们分析紫茎泽兰瘦果冠毛与其种子萌发特征的关系,探讨种子传播与萌发定居能力间的权衡关系。结果表明:具不同冠毛数的种子萌发能力无显著差异,不同种子长/冠毛长比值的紫茎泽兰种子萌发率与萌发指数存在显著性差异,种子长/冠毛长比值与种子萌发能力呈正相关关系,二者间表现出一定的权衡关系。