Kinetic Implication from Temperature Effect on Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Ag Electrode

Hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） at polycrystalline silver electrode in 0.1 mol/L HClO4 solution is investigated by cyclic voltammetry in the temperature range of 278-333 K. We found that at electrode potential φa,app decreases with φ, while pre-exponential factor A remains nearly unchanged,which conforms well the prediction from Butler-Volmer equation. In contrast, with φ nega-tive shifts from the onset potential for HER to the potential of zero charge （PZC≈-0.4 V）, both Ea,app and A for HER increase （e.g., Ea,app increases from 24 kJ/mol to 32 kJ/mol）. The increase in Ea,app and A with negative shift in φ from -0.25 V to PZC is explained by the increases of both internal energy change and entropy change from reactants to the transition states, which is correlated with the change in the hydrogen bond network during HER. The positive entropy effects overcompensate the adverse effect from the increase in the activation energy, which leads to a net increase in HER current with the activation energy negative shift from the onset potential of HER to PZC. It is pointed out that entropy change may contribute greatly to the kinetics for electrode reaction which involves the transfer of electron and proton, such as HER.

Impedance characteristics for solid Ag/AgCl electrode used as recording electric field generated by vessels in seawater

Ag/AgCl electrode has been prepared using pressed powder techniques. In order to verify the feasibility of this type of electrode used as detecting electric field generated by vessels in seawater, its characteristics of DC resistance, low frequency AC impedance, and receiving impedance in artificial seawater have been studied by polarization measurements, low frequency electrochemical impedance spectra, the open and short circuit cell conditions. The results show that the electrode can keep a low resistance when it responses the weak electrostatic field in seawater. The AC impedance of the electrode decreases as the frequency of the signal increasing. The receiving impedance decreases when the frequency of external field increases too. The valid detection bandwidth is determined by the properties of the impedance and the reactions occurring on the surface of the electrode.

Preparation and Properties of Embeddable Ag/Ag Cl Gelling Reference Electrode for Rebars Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete

Reference electrodes are a key part for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete. A reference electrode that can be buried in concrete is fabricated by using Ag/Ag Cl electrode and methyl cellulose gelling electrolyte. The stability, repeatability and anti-polarization of the reference electrode are investigated; the influences of the inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are also investigated in this paper. The results show that the reference electrode has good stability, repeatability, and antipolarization. The influences of inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are minimal. Therefore, it can be used for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete.

Preparation of the Ag_2O_2-PbO_2 Modified Electrode and Its Application towards Escherichia coli Fast Counting in Water

A novel nano crystalline Ag2O2-PbO2 film chemically modified electrode (CME) was prepared and the CME was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM). By chronoamperometry, the nano Ag2O2-PbO2 CME was used as bioelectro- chemical sensor to determine the population of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water. Compared with conventional methods, it is found that the technique we used is fast and convenient in counting E. coli.

A Method of Preparation of Ag/AgCl Chloride Selective Electrode

We put forward a method of rapid preparation of chloride selective electrode（Ag/AgCl electrode） by dipping silver wire into sodium hypochlorite solution. The electrodes were prepared through different immersion time. The properties of the electrodes, such as Nernst response, response time and longterm stability, were tested in simulated concrete pore solutions（SCPS）. Moreover, the surface morphology of the electrodes was also detected after immersion in solutions over three months. The experimental results reveal that the Ag/AgCl electrode with the fabrication time of 20 minutes（E-20） which is recommended to work as the chloride ion selective electrode has the best performance. Compared to that fabricated by the electrolytic process（E-EP）, E-20 can be manufactured in mass. The method has almost the same good performance of Nernst response as E-EP, and has a better response time which is less than 25 seconds. The method also shows a better good long-term stability in SCPS containing chloride ions over three months.

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on electrodeposited Ag octahedral nano-assemblies

The tremendous potential of triboelectric generators-TENGs for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy places them as one of the most promising energy harvesting technologies. In this work, the fabrication of enhanced performance TENGs using Ag octahedron nano-assemblies on ITO as electrodes significantly increases the electric charge collection of the induced tribocharges. Thereby, nanostructured electrical contacts coated with Ag macroscale nano-assemblies with octahedral features were obtained by the electrodeposition technique on flexible PET/ITO substrates. Consequently, the nanostructured triboelectric generator-TENG exhibited 65 times more maximum output power, and almost 10 times more open circuit output voltage than that of a TENG with non-nanostructured contacts passing from μW to m W capabilities, which was attributed to the increment of intrinsic interface states due to a higher effective contact area in the former. Likewise, output performances of TENGs also displayed an asymptotic behavior on the output voltage as the operating frequency of the mechanical oscillations increased, which is attributed to a decrement in the internal impedance of the device with frequency. Furthermore, it is shown that the resulting electrical output power can successfully drive low power consumption electronic devices. On that account, the present research establishes a promising platform which contributes in an original way to the development of the TENGs technology.

Recent design and applications of flexible electrodes based on Ag nanowires and nanoparticles:a review

The recent rapid growth in electronics has reached the point where there is a need for solid-state devices with excellent physical flexibility, which will be a significant advantage in modern electronic devices. In particular, metal nanowires and nano-particles are chosen for electrodes because of their low resistance and high mechanical stability. Among the various alternatives, Ag nanomaterials have recently garnered increasing attention due to the high intrinsic conductivity, a transparency with a low sheet resistance and relatively low cost. We herein summarize recent developments toward flexible electronics on the basis of Ag nanomaterials , which show promising performance and outperform the commonly used. The typical fabrication techniques along with the promising applications for flexible devices, are thoroughly discussed.

Enhanced Electrochemical and Physical Properties of Ag/AgCl Planar Reference Electrodesin Potentiometric Sensors by Graphite Oxide Layer

The most common reference electrode (RE) which is used in electrochemical measurements is the Ag/AgCl electrode. In this study, we present a novel solid-state Ag/AgCl planar electrode that was coated with a thin layer of Graphite Oxide (GO) as a protective layer. The Ag/AgCl planar electrode was fabricated by using the photolithography and lift-off method combined with the Ag[NH3]2Cl complex. The GO was produced by Hummer’s method and was deposited on top of the Ag/AgCl layer by drop-casting method. The layers of the fabricated reference electrode were characterized by micro Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The responding time of the planar electrode was short and the signal was more stable in comparison to the plainAg/AgCl electrode. The Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurement with the fabricated electrode as the RE and the platinum electrode as the working electrode in electrolyte solutions which had various pH values was performed with a linear response in pH ranges from pH 5 to pH 8 and the linear correlation coefficient (R^2 = 0.9899). Moreover, the coating of the GO layers also enhanced the durability of the modified electrode. The results showed that the modified Ag/AgCl electrode with a thin layer GO as the protective layer could be used as plana REs for the potentiometric sensors.

A STUDY OF STRUCTURE TRANSITION OF CHLORIDE LAYER ADSORBED ON Ag(100) ELECTRODES

The behavior of chloride adsorbed on Ag(100) electrode has been studied using chronoamperometric technique, and the structural transition of chloride layer has been confirmed.

Effects Of Ultrasound On Voltammetric Measurements At An Ag Cylinder Electrode

In this paper,the voltammetric behaviours of Ag cylinder electrode in 1 mol/dm(3) KOH solution have been investigated in the presence of ultrasound irradiation. The results based on the CV, EIS and polarization measurements showed that ultrasound could enhance the mass transport, inhibit the oxygen evolution and increase the exchange current.

Ag／IrOx-pH电极的制备、性能及应用研究

报道了一种基于Ag丝电化学修饰IrOx制备Ag/IrOx-pH电极的方法。电极线性范围2～12pH,响应斜率-73mV/pH,响应时间<35s。用于实际样品与pH玻璃电极对照,ΔpH≤0.05,拓展了可直接测定糊状物、半固体、土壤等pH的领域。

石墨烯/纳米银对Ag/AgCl海洋电场探测电极的改性机制研究

针对不同含量石墨烯/纳米银改性的Ag/AgCl电极分别进行交流阻抗、扫描电镜、吸水率和电位稳定性测试。实验结果表明:随着石墨烯/纳米银含量的增加,改性Ag/AgCl电极的界面结构参数弥散系数C_(dl)-P增大,电容值C_(dl)-T减小,动力学特征参数电荷转移电阻R_(ct)先减小后增大。基于交流阻抗测试得到的电极动力学特征信息及界面结构信息与电极的扫描电镜、吸水率以及电位稳定性测试结果基本吻合。石墨烯/纳米银对Ag/AgCl电极的改性主要体现在提高电极的表面均匀性和导电性,但是降低了电极的孔隙率,这3个方面影响的协同作用反映了石墨烯/纳米银对Ag/AgCl电极改性的内在机制。

Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene film using single liquid electrode atmospheric-pressure glow discharge

Polytetrafluoroethylene films are treated by room temperature helium atmospheric pressure plasma plumes, which are generated with a home-made single liquid electrode plasma device. After plasma treatment, the water contact angle of polytetrafiuoroethylene fihn drops from 114° to 46° and the surface free energy increases from 22.0 mJ/m2 to 59.1 mJ/m2. The optical emission spectrum indicates that there are reactive species such as O2＋, O and He in the plasma plume. After plasma treatment, a highly crosslinking structure is formed on the fihn surface and the oxygen element is incorporated into the film surface in the forms of C O-C-, -C=O, and O C=O groups. Over a period of 10 days, the contact angle of the treated film is recovered by only about 10°, which indicates that the plasma surface modification is stable with time.

PRODUCTION OF THE PLATINUM ELECTRODE OF TANTALUM CLAD SILVER

This paper summarizes the production of the platinum electrode of tantalum clad silver. Ta(Ag). It clarifies the determination of the design parameters for the composite electrode, the technological process, the tensile test of the composite Ta(Ag) wire, the spotwelding of the electrode seal. the examination for leakage of the electrode. the prcess for winding the platinum foil and spotwelding, and the process parameter for obtaining high-quality electrodes during the production of 1,000 and more electrodes. The electrode produced satisfied the needs of the engineering design. It was demonstrated that the electrode had a long life-span and property stability, and fulfilled the norms for saving electricity and increasing production.

Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Entrapped in Titania Sol-Gel Film on Screen-Printed Electrode

We report the fabrication of disposable and flexible Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs). This new type of screen-printed electrochemical platform consists of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and graphite composite. For this purpose, silver nanoparticles were first synthesized by a chemical reduction method. The morphology and structure of the AgNPs were analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Graphite was chosen as the working electrode material for the fabrication of a thick-film. The fabrication of a screen-printed hydrogen peroxide biosensor consisting of three electrodes on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate was performed with a spraying approach (working, counter and reference: enzyme electrode, graphite, pseudo reference: Ag/AgCl). This biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing the peroxidase enzyme (HRP) in a Titania sol-gel membrane which was obtained through a vapor deposition method. The biosensor had electrocatalytic activity in the reduction of H2O2 with linear dependence on H2O2 concentration in the range of 10-5 to 10-3 M;the detection limit was 4.5 × 10-6 M.

集成PVB修饰Ag/AgCl参比电极的pH传感硅探针阵列

介绍了一种带有集成Ag/AgCl参比电极的硅记录探针,通过表面聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)的修饰实现稳定的pH传感,用于应用神经科学。集成参比电极通过恒流电化学镀法实现银层的制备以及氯化,滴涂的PVB主要用作参比电极的保护膜,参比电极面积为0.44 mm^(2)。最终硅记录探针的pH灵敏度为53.13 mV/pH,电位漂移为8 000 s下20 mV,并且探针工艺与硅基探针高度融合。总之,集成参比电极并且提高其稳定性对于生物传感器以及脑疾病诊断生物标志物的电化学检测具有重要意义。

烧结工艺对Ag/AgCl电极电位稳定性的影响

分别采用3种温度(380℃、420℃和450℃)、2种升温方式(直接升温和阶段性保温升温)制备电极,并通过对电极表面微观形貌和金相结构的观察以及电极电位的检测分析方法,比较了不同烧结工艺的电极性能。实验结果表明:烧结后的电极体积略微膨胀,采用380℃阶段性保温升温方式烧结的电极具有更好的表面均匀性以及电位稳定性。

Ag/AgCl电极的制备及电化学性能

采用固相球磨和冷冻干燥法制备了AgCl粉体,按一定比例将AgCl和Ag粉均匀混合压片成型,然后烧结。运用XRD、SEM、eDAQ电化学工作站和超低噪声放大器,对样品的相组成、显微形貌及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明:所制备的Ag/AgCl电极外观形貌好,表面缺陷少,AgCl和Ag粉混合均匀。电极实测极差电位稳定性良好,24小时波动仍在0.1mV以内,经过15天后,其极差电位波动在0.1mV内,低频段下自噪声性能良好,达到nV级水平,满足海洋大地电磁勘探检测电场的要求。

Al/Pb-WC-ZrO_2-Ag和Al/Pb-WC-ZrO_2-CeO_2复合电极材料的性能研究

研究了Ag固体微粒对Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2-Ag复合电极材料电化学性能的影响.结果表明,银粉的质量浓度为3～4g/L时制得的Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2-Ag复合电极材料综合性能较好.研究CeO2固体微粒对Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2-CeO2复合电极材料电化学性能的影响,结果表明,当CeO2的质量浓度为10～20g/L时制得的Al/Pb-WC-ZrO2-CeO2复合电极材料相对较好.

Nafion修饰Ag/AgCl参比电极的研制及其在pH电化学传感器中的应用

制备了Nafion修饰的Ag/AgCl参比电极,参比电极电位(25℃)为-47.5±1 mV,制备的电极有良好的重现性,电极电位不受溶液pH值和Cl-浓度变化的影响,有良好的抗S2-、I-离子干扰能力,且有较好的抗脉冲电流干扰能力.该参比电极适用于间歇式测试场合,可以保证稳定的参比电位;可用于基于W氧化物pH电极的电化学传感器,传感器的内阻为22 kΩ,小于玻璃pH电极计内阻(1～10 MΩ).