珍稀药用真菌雷丸学名考证

采用形态学和分子生物学相结合方法,对野外采集的雷丸菌核及组织分离菌株栽培后形成的子实体进行鉴定。结果表明:雷丸为老伞属(Gerronema)成员;基于菌核形态特征,将其学名修订为Gerronema lapidescens(Horan.)Ming Zhang&W.X.Zhang(为一新组合),为今后我国雷丸产品应用及相关产业发展提供正确名称。

Characteristics and mechanism of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)adsorption by recovered perlite from agar extraction residue

Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)in wastewater accumulated through the ecological chain and could jeopardize human health.Adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite was an important way to solve the problem of resource utilization of solid waste from agar production.Our previous study confirmed that recovered perlite from agar extraction residue had better pore size and specific surface area than commercial perlite.However,the adsorption efficiency and adsorption mechanism of recovered perlite were the main factors limiting its adsorption application.The adsorption process of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite in aqueous solution was described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation,and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly chemisorption.Compared with commercial perlite,the adsorption removal rate of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by enzymatic recovered perlite could reach 92.9%and 89.2%,respectively,and were improved by 12.63%and 13.03%.Langmuir isothermal adsorption model could better describe the isothermal adsorption process of recovered perlite on heavy metal Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+),and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly monolayer adsorption.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results indicated that the decrease of Si—O Si^(2+)hydroxyl coordination bond and the increase of C—Si bond might make the binding effect of recovered perlite with heavy metals stronger.The competitive adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite was still dominated by chemisorption and monolayer adsorption.This study was expected to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the removal of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite from seaweed residue.

A comparative study for petroleum removal capacities of the bacterial consortia entrapped in sodium alginate,sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol),and bushnell haas agar

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the degradation efficiencies of free and entrapped bacterial consortia(Staphylococcus capitis CP053957.1 and Achromobacter marplatensis MT078618.1)to different polymers such as Sodium Alginate(SA),Sodium Alginate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)(SA/PVA),and Bushnell Haas Agar(BHA).In addition to SA and SA/PVA,which are cost-effective,non-toxic and have different functional groups,BHA,which is frequently encountered in laboratory-scale studies but has not been used as an entrapment material until now.Based on these,the polymers with different surface morphologies and chemical compositions were analyzed by SEM and FT-IR.While the petroleum removal efficiency was higher with the entrapped bacterial consortia than with the free one,BHA-entrapped bacterial consortium enhanced the petroleum removal more than SA and SA/PVA.Accordingly,the degradation rate of bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA was 2.039 day^(-1),SA/PVA was 1.560,SA was 0.993,the half-life period of BHA-entrapped bacterial consortia is quite low(t_(1/2)=0.339)compared with SA(t_(1/2)=0.444)and SA/PVA(t_(1/2)=0.697).The effects of the four main factors such as:amount of BHA(0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3 g),disc size(4,5,6,7,8 mm),inoculum concentration(1,2.5,5,7.5,10 mL),and incubation period on petroleum removal were also investigated.The maximum petroleum removal(94.5%)was obtained at≥2.5 mL of bacterial consortium entrapped in 2 g BHA with a 7 mm disc size at 168 h and the results were also confirmed by statistical analysis.Although a decrease was observed during the reuse of bacterial consortium entrapped in BHA,the petroleum removal was still above 50%at 10th cycle.Based on GC-MS analysis,the removal capacity of BHA-entrapped consortium was over 90%for short-chain n-alkanes and 80%for medium-chain n-alkanes.Overall,the obtained data are expected to provide a potential guideline in cleaning up the large-scale oil pollution in the future.Since there has been no similar study investigating petroleum removal with the bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA,this novel entrapment material can potentially be used in the treatment of petroleum pollution in advanced remediation studies.

Incorporation ofκ-carrageenan improves the practical features of agar/konjac glucomannan/κ-carrageenan ternary system

Three materials(agar,konjac glucomannan(KGM)andκ-carrageenan)were used to prepare ternary systems,i.e.,sol-gels and their dried composites conditioned at varied relative humidity(RH)(33%,54%and 75%).Combined methods,e.g.,scanning electron microscopy,small-angle X-ray scattering,infrared spectroscopy(IR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),were used to disclose howκ-carrageenan addition tailors the features of agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan ternary system.As affirmed by IR and XRD,the ternary systems withκ-carrageenan below 25%(agar/KGM/carrageenan,50:25:25,m/m)displayed proper component interactions,which increased the sol-gel transition temperature and the hardness of obtained gels.For instance,the ternary composites could show hardness about 3 to 4 times higher than that for binary counterpart.These gels were dehydrated to acquire ternary composites.Compared to agar/KGM composite,the ternary composites showed fewer crystallites and nanoscale orders,and newly-formed nanoscale structures from chain assembly.Such multi-scale structures,for composites withκ-carrageenan below 25%,showed weaker changes with RH,as revealed by especially morphologic and crystalline features.Consequently,the ternary composites with lessκ-carrageenan(below 25%)exhibited stabilized elongation at break and hydrophilicity at different RHs.This hints to us that agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan composite systems can display series applications with improved features,e.g.,increased sol-gel transition point.

内蒙古漏斗伞属分类研究

运用形态分类和分子系统发育分析的方法,确认采自内蒙古自治区的漏斗伞属5个种,其中双孢漏斗伞、红银盘漏斗伞和细鳞漏斗伞为内蒙古新记录种。本文描述这5个物种,并分析了每个种与其近缘种之间的形态差异。

Seaweed Fiber Fabricated with Agar Alkali-Free Extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis

The sulfate groups in agar structure played a good role in the formation of fiber.However,commercially available agar is usually extracted from red algae by alkali treatment to decrease the content of sulfate group for the purpose of high gel strength.In this paper,an alkali-free method of agar extraction from Gracilaria lemaneiformis was proposed for the wet-spinning purpose.This method is environmentally friendly,reduces the extraction steps,saves energy,and reduces the production cost of agar fiber.The improved agar preparation process not only has higher agar yield,but also has higher molecular weight and sulfate group content,which is beneficial to the preparation and forming of fiber and makes the fiber have higher mechanical strength and elongation.Therefore,this extraction technology has broad application prospect in the textile field.

Culture Media Options for Growth and Morphological Characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola Affecting Coffee in Zimbabwe

Cercospora leaf spot is fast turning into a critically important disease in Zimbabwe.The disease is caused by Cercospora coffeicola which significantly reduces productivity and quality of coffee.Disturbingly,optimum sporulation of Cercospora coffeicola in culture remains a limiting factor for microbial analysis and quantitative studies of Cercospora leaf spot.Faced with this challenge,an in-vitro study was conducted at Coffee Research Institute,Manicaland,Zimbabwe to examine growth of Cercospora coffeicola in different nutrient media and to determine the best media for Cercospora coffeicola analysis.Six nutrient media were assessed(corn meal agar,oat meal agar,Czapek Dox agar,malt extract agar,yeast extract agar and potato dextrose agar)for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola.The laboratory-based experiment was duplicated,laid out in a Completely Randomized Design,replicated three times and based on Cercospora coffeicola nutrient inoculation.Data were collected on radial growth,colour and texture of mycelium at 3 and 6 days after inoculation.There were significant differences(p<0.05)in the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in media after 3 and 6 days.Malt extract agar had the greatest radial growth(34 mm and 32 mm)of Cercospora coffeicola for trials 1 and 2 respectively,whilst the least growth was in the oat meal agar(14.2 mm and 15.7 mm)for trials 1 and 2 respectively.There were variations in colour and texture of mycelium with malt extract agar,potato dextrose agar and oat meal agar associated with darker colours and rough texture while smooth white mycelia were found in corn meal agar.After considering all nutrient media,malt extract agar was found to be the best media for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in-vitro.On the basis of our findings,the authors recommend the use of malt extract agar as the primary media for identification and characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola.

两种培养基对饮水机出水中细菌总数的测定效果比较

采用营养琼脂培养基和R2A Agar培养基对上海某高校及其附属小学公用饮水机出水细菌总数变化规律进行了测试分析比较。结果表明,在洁净饮用水受微生物微污染情况下,R2A Agar培养基更适合这种贫营养环境中的微生物的培养,比营养琼脂培养基具有更好的灵敏度。

基于ITS序列的伞菌类药用食用真菌的DNA条形码鉴定研究

目的：伞菌类真菌物种繁多、生物多样性丰富,包括多种重要的药用、食用真菌以及有毒真菌。因此,对该类群的快速、准确鉴定,对于新的药用食用真菌资源的发现,以及对真菌毒素危害的防治都具有重要意义。方法：本研究以伞菌类13个科23个属50个物种,共计84份样本的真菌为研究对象,采用真菌通用引物ITS5和ITS4,对其核糖体DNA的内转录间隔区（Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS）进行PCR扩增和测序。通过比较不同真菌的序列长度、碱基构成,同时利用BLAST比对法和建树法对其进行鉴定。结果：伞菌类真菌的序列长度在463-751 bp之间,平均GC含量在37.1%-59.4%之间。通过与Gen Bank中序列的比对分析以及系统进化邻接（Neighbor-joining,NJ）树结果,可以在种级水平上鉴定各个真菌物种。结论：基于ITS序列的DNA条形码可以快速、准确鉴定伞菌类真菌,具有重要的应用价值。

一种基于地理位置的启发式Ad Hoc路由协议

近几年地理Ad Hoc路由以其独立选路由、避免泛洪以及有良好的可扩展性和适应性而得到快速发展。地理路由面临一个由贪婪方式转发而失败的本地最小问题,该文提出了一种启发式的地理位置辅助路由协议AGAR,利用启发函数对获得位置信息进行路径优化,克服了平面路由算法解决本地最小问题所带来的复杂性。仿真结果表明,该协议能有效地降低网络中扩展节点数目,具有较高的包投递率和较低的端到端延迟。

基于rDNA-ITS序列的中国球盖菇科分子系统学

通过对中国分布的球盖菇科10个属21个分类单元的rDNA-ITS序列进行分析,探讨属间的系统发育关系。结果表明:球盖菇科属间轮廓明确,与《菌物字典》第10版分类系统基本吻合;垂暮菇属和球盖菇属仍应作为球盖菇科两个独立的属;主张把斑褶菇属仍放在球盖菇科中;建议将侧火菇属与鳞伞属中淡黄鳞伞亚属的部分种合并成为丝盖伞科的一个亚科或者单独成立一科;鳞伞属属下基于形态特征的分类系统有待于进一步完善。

信阳秋季伞菌目真菌及其形态学特征

通过野外调查、标本采集及形态学观察,对信阳秋季发生的伞菌目真菌种类及其形态特征进行了研究.共鉴定出伞菌目真菌5科、7属、11种1变种.其中可食用真菌9种,有毒真菌1种1变种.有10种真菌为信阳地区新记录.对每种真菌子实体形态及显微特征进行了记述.

试谈我国鹅膏菌的分类研究

在过去的一百余年中，国内外菌物学家对我国鹅膏菌属（Amanita）真菌进行了大量采集和分类研究。迄今为止，在菌物学文献中已为我国记载了近100种（含亚种、变种和变型）鹅膏菌，然而，其中许多是原描述于欧洲或北美的种类，它们在我国是否确有分布尚需开展深入研究。近几年来，作者对采自我国的部分鹅膏菌标本与欧美相似种的标本进行了比较研究，发现两者虽在外貌上有相似之处，但在内部结构上却有较大差别，在分子生物学方面也同样存在差异。若把它们作为同一分类单元处理似不恰当。我国幅员辽阔，森林、植被类型多样，众多与鹅膏菌形成外生菌根的树种为我国、东亚或东南亚的特有种，在它们长期的协同进化中，可能形成了不少特殊或亚洲的特有鹅膏菌。为能如实反映我国鹅膏菌的生物多样性，首先必须加强野外调查，在野外对子实体的形态及各部位的颜色进行仔细而准确的描述、拍照和绘图；其次对干燥良好的标本进行可靠的形态学、解剖学研究；此外，比较研究欧美相似种的标本也是十分必要的。本文所讨论的问题，在我国蘑菇目（Agaricales）其它类群的分类研究中可能也是值得注意的。

山西农业大学校园大型真菌种类研究[Ⅰ]

通过对山西农业大学校园内,林木和草地生长的大型真菌种类的调查,鉴定结果表明:该校园大型真菌隶属担子菌门,其中伞菌目7个种隶属于5个属(Agaricus,Mycena,Schizophyllum,Coprinus,Calvatia);多孔菌目4个种隶属于4个属(Oligoporus,Ganoderma,Coriolus,Phellinus);鬼笔目2个种隶属于2个属(Simblum,Lysusus);鸡油菌目1个种隶属于1个属(Cantharellus);花耳目1个种隶属于1个属(Dacryopinax)。其中伞菌目和多孔菌目中种类较多。

鸡從菌的生态调查及其分离培养

本文首次对雅安市郊生长鸡菌的地形、植被、母质、土壤性质和地下菌圃进行了调查分析。还对野生鸡的分离和菌丝生物学特性进行了研究，其结果表明：适宜分离和菌丝生长的培养基为PDA+蛋白胨、温度为20－30℃，pH4．5－6．0；光照对菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。

中国贵州药用真菌资源Ⅱ担子菌门蘑菇目

本文是对中国贵州药用真菌资源的补充,共收录蘑菇目真菌17科49属93种。

Cloning of Novel Tumor Metastasis-Related Genes from the Highly Metastatic Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Anip973

A cDNA library was successfully constructed from Anip973, a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line with high metastatic potential. NIH3T3 cells were stably transfected using this cDNA library and screened for morphological changes in a soft agar assay. Genomic DNA was isolated from putative clones and the integrated sequence was retrieved by PCR and sequencing. Three known genes, ribosomal protein L23, hypothetical protein FLJ22104, and serine protease inhibitor, kazal type 6 and a number of 5＇-terminally truncated sequences were identified. Furthermore, cells transfected with ribosomal protein L23 was highly invasive compared with the empty vector as control （P 〈 0.02）. These results indicate that the expression cloning of cDNA libraries in NIH3T3 cells and subsequent screening for loss of contact inhibition in soft agar is a viable tool for identifying tumor-related genes and ribosomal protein L23 gene plays a role in cell movement and metastasis.

宁夏菌物物种多样性研究

为了进一步了解菌物物种的多样性,为植物病害防治及合理利用菌物提供科学依据,2003-2006年,通过实地考察、标本采集和鉴定,对宁夏回族自治区菌物物种多样性进行了系统研究。结果表明,宁夏回族自治区境内共有菌物6门、15纲和亚纲、38目、92科、241属、862种,其中中国新记录属4个,中国新纪录种19个,宁夏新纪录种74个,中国寄主新纪录种18个,种类最多的门、纲、目、科、属依次是担子菌门、担子菌纲、伞菌目、淡色孢科、柄锈菌属,种类分布最多的地区是银川市。

Comparative Studies on Detection of Antibodies against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus with Test Strips and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Method

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the detection results of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus with test strips and agar gel immunodiffusion method. [Method] Antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus in chicken serum were detected using test strips developed in our laboratory, and the results were comparad^with that using traditional agar diffusion method. [Result] The comparative study of the two methods showed that the sensitivity of test strips was eight times over agar gel immunodiffusion; test strips showed higher detection rate in the deter- mination test of 216 clinical samples, with high specificity, easy preservation, and simple and rapid operation, thereby being more suitable for the monitoring of clinical antibodies. [Conclusion] Test strips could replace the existing serological methods, having great promotion and application value in antibody monitoring.

中国靴耳属分类研究概况

对已报道的我国Crepidotus属种类进行了全面汇总,并概述了其分类研究现状。文献调查结果表明:国内已报道的该属种类名称共31个,包括30个种和1个变种,分布于全国26个省区。已报道的全部记录中,28个分类单元引证了标本,其余3个记录缺乏标本引证;7个记录的描述与国外权威描述存在差异,另有4个记录的报道未提供形态描述。淡紫靴耳不是Crepidotus属的成员,已被组合到其他属中。笔者接受"靴耳属"为Crepidotus属的汉语学名,并以此为属主名对属下的分类单元进行了全面修订。