Marriage-Age and Fertility Pattern among Reproductive Age Women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, South East Nigeria

Introduction: In Nigeria, one of the major reasons for marriage is procreation and married couples look forward to having children within a year or two of marriage. The age of marriage is on the increase in this part of the world. Many women are now increasingly getting engulfed in career and academic pursuits at the detriment of early marriage. Many men are also not interested in marrying women who have no job. There is age-related acceleration of primordial follicle depletion which is of great clinical importance because it is associated with a significant decrease in fecundity. Objective: This study assessed the ages of the marriage of women who attended Fertility and Antenatal clinics at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital, Abakaliki, and their relationship with the fertility pattern of these women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 352 consenting married women who sought and received fertility and Antenatal care at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre and Smile Specialist Hospital Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria between February 1, 2022 and January 31, 2024. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the participants over a two-year period. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. A test of statistical significance was done using Chi Square. Results: The age group with the highest education was 26 - 30. This was statistically significant (X2 = 90.893, P-value 2 = 294.555, P-value 2 = 173.007, p-value 2 = 129.494, P-value 2 = 169.300, p-value 2 = 279.230, p-value Conclusion: There is increased difficulty at conception at marriage age above 25 years. The major reasons for delayed marriage were academic pursuit and lack of gainful employment. Education of the masses and inclusion of biological dynamics of the female reproductive behaviours as part of the core school curriculum will help enlighten the female and the male folks alike to enable them to make informed decisions with regard to the timing of marriage and commencement of procreation. This will help reduce infertility and save millions of couples the agony associated with infertility.

Evaluation of Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) Values for 28,016 Bulgarian Women: Prognostic Statistical Model of Age Specific AMH Declining

The present study aims to establish a relationship between serum AMH levels and age in a large group of women living in Bulgaria, as well as to establish reference age-specific AMH levels in women that would serve as an initial estimate of ovarian age. A total of 28,016 women on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria were tested for serum AMH levels with a median age of 37.0 years (interquartile range 32.0 to 41.0). For women aged 20 - 29 years, the Bulgarian population has relatively high median levels of AMH, similar to women of Asian origin. For women aged 30 - 34 years, our results are comparable to those of women living in Western Europe. For women aged 35 - 39 years, our results are comparable to those of women living in the territory of India and Kenya. For women aged 40 - 44 years, our results were lower than those for women from the Western European and Chinese populations, close to the Indian and higher than Korean and Kenya populations, respectively. Our results for women of Bulgarian origin are also comparable to US Latina women at age 30, 35 and 40 ages. On the base on constructed a statistical model to predicting the decline in AMH levels at different ages, we found non-linear structure of AMH decline for the low AMH 3.5) the dependence of the decline of AMH on age was confirmed as linear. In conclusion, we evaluated the serum level of AMH in Bulgarian women and established age-specific AMH percentile reference values based on a large representative sample. We have developed a prognostic statistical model that can facilitate the application of AMH in clinical practice and the prediction of reproductive capacity and population health.

Study on Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes in Middle and Aged Women with Kidney Deficiency and Bone Metabolic Disturbance

Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for supplementing Qi, activating blood circulation and tonifying Kidney on prevention and treatment of diabetes in middle and aged women with Kidney Deficiency and bone metabolic disturbance. Methods: Clinical observation was taken in 52 patients, who were divided into two groups, the control group (treated with hypoglycemic agent alone) and the treated group (treated with hypoglycemic agent and CHM). Results: Before treatment, patients in both groups showed obviously higher blood alkaline phosphatase, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) level, urinary β2-MG, calcium and phosphorus level, but lower serum estradiol level than those in normal subjects. After 3 months' treatment, no apparent change in serum estradiol level was observed, but other parameters were all lowered obviously in the two groups, with the changes revealed more obviously in the treated group. The symptoms of Kidney Deficiency, such as lumbodorsal pain, fatigue, palpitation and vertigo, were improved after treatment, which was also more obviously in the treated group. Conclusion: CHM for supplementing Qi, activating blood circulation and tonifying Kidney was effective in improving Kidney Deficiency and mineral substance loss in bones in middle and aged diabetic women patients. The CHM and western drugs acted synergistically.

Prevelance of Pregnancy Complications among Women Aged 15 - 49 in Oğuzeli, Turkey

As maternal deaths have decreased worldwide, increasing attention has been placed on the study of severe obstetric complications, such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, and obstructed labor, to identify where improvements can be made in maternal health. The objective of this study was to determine pregnancy complications and prenatal care among women aged 15 - 49 in Oğuzeli, Turkey, and to provide data for prevention in the field. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between February and May 2013 in Oğuzeli distinct, Turkey. The total women registered to family doctors in Oğuzeli was listed and, 470 women were selected using a stratified and simple random sampling technique. Pregnancy complications were asked for the last pregnancy of each women. Of the women, 23.9% (n = 109) declared that they experienced pregnancy complications during their pregnancies. The most frequent problems were anemia (11.1%) hypertension (3.7%) and diabetes mellitus (2.4%) respectively. Women having chronic diseases before their pregnancy were more likely to have pregnancy complications compared to healthy women (p = 0.005). The mean number of prenatal care among women having pregnancy complications was 5.47 ± 3.57, while it was 3.84 ± 3.00 among healthy women (p = 0.000). Women having chronic diseases should be handled carefully and, pregnancy should be delayed until the chronic disease’s remission. Family planning in primary care is the key measure to archive this. Early diagnosis of hypertension among young women is highly important for the women’s and infants’s health during pregnancy, and for the women’s future heath. During prenatal care, women should be trained about correct eating habits and activity.

The role of nurses in the prevention of cervical cancer: Cervical screening, an unkept promise by the majority of women in Nigeria

Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem accounting for continuous female death in developing countries.Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally with an estimated number of 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 273,000 mortalities annually.Cervical screening is the best cancer screening test in the history of medicine and most cost-effective of all medical screening tests.The study review aimed to highlight methods of cervical cancer prevention,identify the uptake of cervical screening among women,and explain the role of nurses in uptake of cervical screening.Cervical cancer is preventable and easily treatable if it is detected at early stages,but poor information on prevention and access to screening and treatment contributes to 90%of deaths.In the developing countries such as Nigeria,a large proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages,with poor rates of survival.The three main methods for preventing cervical cancer are through primary prevention(human papillomavirus vaccination and health education),secondary prevention(cervical screening,early detection of precancerous lesions,and treatment),and tertiary prevention(measures to slow the progression or recurrence,surgical removal,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy).Nurses can help improve the acceptability of this neglected promise by focusing on health education on cervical screening and vaccination in prenatal clinics and infant welfare clinics where there are more women.Inclusion of cyberspace could also serve as a successful and popular platform for this health teaching.All nurses/midwives must preach and fervently work toward the WHO 90–70–90 plan for eradicating cervical cancer.

Profiling and Determinants of Impaired Lipid Profile Parameters among Breast Cancer Women of Childbearing Age Living in Douala, Cameroon

Objective: Breast cancer in women of childbearing age (WCBA) is a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine variation and determinants in lipid profile among Cameroonian WCBA diagnosed with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A case-control study took place at two reference hospitals in Douala, Cameroon. A total of 176 WCBA (88 cases and 88 controls) were finally enrolled. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical and anthropometric data. Three millilitres of venous blood were collected for analysis of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG). Results: Overweight was predominantly seen in cases and controls. Serum levels of TC and LDL-c were significantly lower in cancer women (167.02 ± 45.46 vs 183.12 ± 27.38 mg/dL, p = 0.005 for TC;85.83 ± 40.34 vs 105.25 ± 29.95 mg/dL, p = 0.0004 for LDL-c), while HDL-c levels were higher in controls (45.09 ± 7.20 vs 38.24 ± 11.14 mg/dL, p Conclusion: This study suggests the influence of breast cancer on lipid profile parameters especially HDL-c and LDL-c, and possibly their putative clinical utility for early diagnosis in premenopausal women in Cameroon.

Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis B among Women of Childbearing Age in the Kara Region of Togo in 2022

Introduction: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Few up-to-date data on this disease are available in developing countries, including Togo. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B among women of childbearing age in the Kara region of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 23 to 25 September 2022 during a fairground campaign. Data were collected using a standardised questionnaire. HBV screening was performed using “SD-BIOLINE HBsAg WB” rapid immunochromatographic tests. HBV prevalence was reported with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HBV infection. Results: A total of 327 women were enrolled, with a median age of 34 years and an interquartile range of [25 - 43]. Nearly half (49.5%) of the women had had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18 and 2.1% had at least 2 sexual partners at the time of the survey. The majority (91.7%) had not used a condom the last time they had sex. The prevalence of hepatitis B was 10.4% (95% CI: 7.5 - 14.2]). In multivariable analysis, having had sexual intercourse for the first time after the age of 18 (ORa = 0.17;95% CI [0.06 - 0.43];p Conclusion: The results of this study underline the importance of monitoring the prevalence of hepatitis B in women of childbearing age, and of implementing targeted prevention and screening measures to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV.

TORCH Infection Status in Women of Childbearing Age in China:A Meta-Analysis

Objective:This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of comprehensive information on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis(TOX),rubella virus(RV),cytomegalovirus(CMV),and herpes simplex(HSV)also known as TORCH infection in women of childbearing age.Besides,the positive rates of TORCH-Immunoglobulin G(TORCH-IgG)and Immunoglobulin M(IgM)antibodies in women of childbearing age in different regions of China were statistically analyzed,so as to highlight the issue of TORCH infection in women of childbearing age.Methods:A total of 12,694 articles were retrieved by keyword searching.The works were screened according to the inclusion criteria,and 25 studies were included totaling 531,617 women of childbearing age.The OpenMeta[Analyst]software was used to perform a heterogeneity test,and a random-effects model was used for system analysis.Results:The results of the meta-analysis showed that the positive rates of TORCH-IgG antibodies in women of childbearing age nationwide were 3.2%for TOX-IgG,73.4%for RV-IgG,73.8%for CMV-IgG,and 57.4%for HSV-IgG.The positive rates of IgM antibody infection in TORCH were 1.3%for TOX-IgM,6.1%for RV-IgM,9.5%for CMV-IgM,7.6%for HSV-IgM,2.0%for HSV-1-IgM,and 1.9%for HSV-2-IgM.All meta-analyses had I2≥98%and P<0.001,which meant that the results were statistically significant.Conclusions:A meta-analysis of the positive rates of IgG and IgM antibodies of TORCH infection in women of childbearing age found that the early infection rate of HSV was the highest,and the previous infection rate of RV was the highest.This result can provide epidemiological basis for the prevention and treatment of TORCH infection.

Study on Relationship between Reproductive Tract Infections and Personal Hygiene Behaviors among Vulnerable Married Women in Shanghai

Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631 married women in 60 residence neighborhoods from 4 streets and 2 stagnant enterprises were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and interviewed face-to-face through questionnaires, laboratory tests assay and gynecological examination. All data were analyzed by SAS 8.2. Results:The positive detection rates of five target pathogens, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, G.vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in the study were 3.04%, 5.04%, 1.52%, 6.68%, and 0.12%, respectively. Personal hygiene practices and sexual behaviors among married women in the study were good in general. The vast majority of women (98.77%) rinsed their vulvae every day and more than half of the women (53.03%) took bath every day. In terms of the prevalence of endogenous infection, there were statistical differences between women who had different frequencies of rinsing their vulvae and taking bath; and for the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection, there were significant differences between women whose husband had different frequency of washing their external genital organs before sexual intercourses each time. The mostly adopted contraceptive methods among women ranked by frequency were intra-uterine devices (IUD) (68.69%), male condom (16.69%) and safe period (6.20%), among which male condom could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the frequency of taking bath, the husband washing his external genital organ before sexual intercourse and the age of marriage were the influencing factors of RTIs, too. Conclusion:It is very urgent that health educational intervention of RTIs among married women be conducted and especially the knowledge on condom's double effects on contraception and prevention of RTIs be disseminated to urge women to practice hygiene behavior to achieve the aim of preventing RTIs.

A Brief Analysis on Women in Victorian Age --Based on Mrs. Warren＇ s Profession

George Bernard Shaw is one of the prominent playwrights in the world. His masterpiece Mrs. Warren＇ s Profession has an important effect on the world. This play is so influential that it injects a new thing into the black society. This play also inspires women to stand up to fight against the old power. Only by describing the suffering of Warren and Vivie can the writer expose the social root forming the brothel in the capital society. It also shows Shaw is critical and sympathetic towards women in the society. This work has been studied in different aspects by scholars. Based on women in Victorian Society, this paper mainly discusses the main characters Warren and Vivie Warren to form a distinctive contrast between submissive woman and new woman. Warren and Vivie serve an example to illustrate the features of Victorian women. War Warren, a symbol of the submissive woman who runs brothel, submits to the reality and makes a living by doing exploiting, while as a new woman and a positive figure, Vivie is brave enough to break away from all the traditional bondage and pursues a new life after knowing that her mother has been doing this kind of work. All the differences in the character lead to the break-up between the two.

Health Care Policy and Reform—Case Study on Liberia Tuberculosis among Childbearing Age Women

Objective: Liberia health care needs to focus on addressing this disease called Tuberculosis among childbearing age women in Liberia and the world;focusing on women’s health governance of Liberia should involve these three sets of actors to control a disease outbreak. The first set of state actors, including politicians, policymakers, and other government officials, need to provide health care education in every part. The public sector health bureaucracy comprising the health ministry, health, social insurance agencies, public pharmaceutical procurement and distribution entities, etc., is central. Still, non-health public sector actors also play a role. Methods: The researcher used the questionnaire method as the main instrument for the study. Results: This survey indicates that 48% of those responding to health education can reduce TB among childbearing age women showed that education could minimize the spread of TB. 25% can improve economic status. 27% said it could reduce the illiteracy rate. The instruments used were positively related to the topic to obtain the needed findings. This set comprises public, private, should not be-for-profit individuals and groups that deliver health services and organizations that support service provision: medical training institutions, health insurance agencies, the pharmaceutical industry. Health service delivery can be presenting from the health system perspective, with inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes. WHO’re Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening explaining that service delivery includes “effective, safe and quality personal and non-personal health interventions that are providing to those in need, when and where needed (including infrastructure), with minimal waste of resources”. Conclusion: Inputs for a sound health system, the need for health care delivery include financial resources, competent health care staff, adequate physical facilities and equipment, essential medicines and supplies, current clinical guidelines, and operational policies.

Analysis of Antenatal Care and its Related Factors among Married Chinese Women

Objective To explore the related factors of antenatal careMethods The data derived from National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey in1997 conducted by National Population and Family Planning Commission. 11 892 women whohad given birth to at least one survival child were involved in this study. SAS software was usedin multivariate analysis.Results The average rate of general antenatal care is 57.3% and has increased dramatically inthe recent 30 years. The major reason why most subjects didn’t have antenatal care was lackingthe recognition of the importance of antenatal care. The antenatal care was associated withresidence in rural area or urban area, age, educational level, parity of the last birth, localaverage income, distance between home and township in rural area and so on.Conclusion Women of childbearing age need to improve their health knowledge; thegovernment should increase the availability of antenatal care.

INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S MOVEMENT COMES OF AGE AT FWCW

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Psychological Cognition of Women of Childbearing Age on the Use of Cosmetics During Pregnancy

Objective:To investigate the psychological cognition of women of childbearing age on the use of cosmetics during pregnancy,so as to provide guidance for women of childbearing age to correctly use cosmetics during pregnancy.Methods:A total of 180 women of childbearing age who underwent gynecological examination in Dezhou People’s Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were selected as the research subjects.Questionnaires were used to investigate the psychological cognition of women of childbearing age on the use of cosmetics during pregnancy.Results:Among the 180 women of childbearing age,48(26.67%)felt that cosmetics cannot be used during pregnancy,60(33.33%)felt that it did not matter,and 72(40.00%)agreed that cosmetics can be used during pregnancy.In addition,urban women,highly educated women,unmarried women,and enterprise employees agreed with the use of special cosmetics for pregnant women or the selective use of cosmetics during pregnancy.Conclusion:Most women of child-bearing age felt that cosmetics can be used during pregnancy;this cognition is related to their education level,occupation,and registered residence.

Women's Lives in the Computer Age

ACCORDINGtoChinesemythology,afterNuWamoldedmenoutofclay,shedippedtwigsinwaterandwavedthem,sprinklingoutwomen.InWesterncreationism,GodtookaribfromAdamandturneditintoEve.Bothaccountsconveytheideathathumansocietyiscenteredaroundmenandthatwomenaresubordi...

佛山市南海区社区老年女性高血压流行现状及相关因素分析

目的：了解佛山市南海区社区老年女性高血压流行现状及影响因素，为该区域高血压的防治提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取南海区2个街道6个镇共5032名60岁以上老年女性进行调查。采用入户面对面访谈的方法，并进行相关人体测量。进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果佛山市南海区60岁以上老年女性高血压患病率为42.5％，高血压知晓率为70.6％。多因素logistic回归分析显示，年龄是高血压的危险因素之一，65岁以上者高血压患病风险是60-64岁女性的1.5倍左右；体质指数增大是高血压重要的危险因素，肥胖者高血压患病风险是体型正常者的2倍以上。中心性肥胖者患高血压风险约为非中心性肥胖者的1.4倍。其他高血压相关因素OR值及95％CI分别为婚姻状况1.272（1.096-1.476）、体育锻炼1.272（1.125-1.439）。结论年龄增大，体型指数增大、中心性肥胖和婚姻状况异常是高血压的重要危险因素，建议在社区加强高血压相关健康教育，倡导健康生活方式，从而改善老年女性高血压的流行现状。

Association between Metal(loid)Exposure and Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mediated by Anti-Müllerian Hormone among Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer

Objective To investigate the relationship and potential pathways between metal(loid)exposure and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)in women of childbearing age.Methods This case-control study included 200 patients with PCOS(cases)and 896 non-PCOS controls with the age of 25-37 years.The concentrations of 29 metal(loid)s in the follicular fluid(FF)and clinical indicators in the serum were measured in all participants.Logistic regression analysis and mediation analysis were conducted to evaluate the associations between metal(loid)exposure and PCOS risk and investigate the possible roles of clinical indicators,respectively.Results Logistic regression analysis revealed an association between high copper levels in FF and increased PCOS risk(highest vs.lowest quartile:adjusted odds ratio=2.94,95%confidence interval:1.83-4.72).A high luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio and elevated levels of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)were strongly associated with increased PCOS risk induced by high copper exposure.The mediation analysis indicated a mediating effect of AMH in the association between copper exposure and PCOS risk.Conclusion Copper may affect PCOS risk through the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis,mediated by AMH.Copper exposure and internal AMH levels are important indicators for early warning of PCOS development.

Intrafollicular Soluble RAGE Benefits Embryo Development and Predicts Clinical Pregnancy in Infertile Patients of Advanced Maternal Age Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products（s RAGE） can decoy the toxic AGEs and is considered to be a protective factor.This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between intrafollicular s RAGE levels and clinical outcomes in infertile women of young or advanced maternal age（AMA） undergoing in vitro fertilization（IVF）.A total of 62 young women and 62 AMA women who would undergo IVF were included in this prospective study.The intrafollicular s RAGE concentration was measured to determine its association with the number of retrieved oocytes,fertilized oocytes,high-quality embryos or achievement of clinical pregnancy in young and AMA women,respectively.Besides,correlations between sR AGE and age or follicle-stimulating hormone（FSH） were examined.We found that the intrafollicular s RAGE levels were higher in young patients than those in AMA patients,suggesting that the s RAGE levels were inversely correlated with age.In young patients,sR AGE showed no correlation with the number of retrieved oocytes,fertilized oocytes,high-quality embryos or achievement of clinical pregnancy.But it was found that AMA patients with more retrieved oocytes,fertilized oocytes and high-quality embryos demonstrated higher sR AGE levels,which were a prognostic factor for getting clinical pregnancy independent of age or FSH level.In conclusion,the s RAGE levels decrease with age.Elevated intrafollicular s RAGE levels indicate good follicular growth,fertilization and embryonic development,and successful clinical pregnancy in AMA women,while in young women,the role of s RAGE may not be so predominant.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Cumulative Pregnancy Outcome of In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer in Women Aged 35 Years and Older with Normal Ovarian Reserve

Background:To investigate the factors associating with the cumulative clinical pregnancy outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET)in women aged 35 years and older with normal ovarian reserve.Methods:A total of 358 patients undergoing IVF-ET at the Department of Reproductive Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between January 2014 and June 2016 were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model.Results:The probability of pregnancy in women 35-37 years of age and 38-40 years of age was 75.9%(95%confidence interval[CI]:75.1%-76.7%)and 66.9%(95%CI:65.6%-68.2%),respectively,and it was 37.8%(95%CI:34.7%-41.1%)in women aged 40 years and older.Univariate analysis(hazard ratio[HR]:2.50,95%CI:1.647-3.774)and multivariate analysis(HR:2.17,95%CI:1.427-3.268)showed a correlation between the number of retrieved oocytes and successful pregnancy.Conclusions:The number of retrieved oocytes plays a key role in the pregnancy outcome of women aged 35 years and older with normal ovarian reserve.We recommend the number of retrieved oocytes be increased for women aged 35 years and older with normal ovarian reserve.