Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Coal-measure Source Rocks and their Contribution to Natural Gas:A Case Study of Middle and Lower Jurassic Targets from the Southern Junggar Basin Margin

In order to study the hydrocarbon generation(HCGE)characteristics of coal-bearing basins,the coal-measure source rocks of the Middle Jurassic-Lower Jurassic(MLJ)of the piedmont thrust belt in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China are taken as research objects.More than 60 MLJ samples were collected from outcrops and wells.Total organic carbon(TOC),rock pyrolysis(Rock-Eval),organic petrological,vitrinite reflectance(%Ro),and hydrous pyrolysis were performed to analyze the relevant samples.The pyrolysis gases and liquid products were measured,and then the chemical composition,as well as carbon isotopes of the gases,were analyzed.The results indicate that the MLJ source rocks have the capacity for large-scale gas generation.In addition,for coal-measure source rocks,the heavier the carbon isotope of kerogen(δ^(13)C_(kerogen)),the lower the liquid hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon gas yield,and the easier it is to produce non-hydrocarbon gas.It is worth noting that when theδ^(13)C_(kerogen)in organic matter(OM)is relatively heavier,the fractionation of its products may become weaker in the evolutionary process.The vital contribution of the MLJ source rock to natural gas resources in the study area was further confirmed by comparing it with the Jurassic source gas.

Evaluation and re-understanding of the global natural gas hydrate resources

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has been widely considered as an alternative to conventional oil and gas resources in the future energy resource supply since Trofimuk’s first resource assessment in 1973.At least 29 global estimates have been published from various studies so far,among which 24 estimates are greater than the total conventional gas resources.If drawn in chronological order,the 29 historical resource estimates show a clear downward trend,reflecting the changes in our perception with respect to its resource potential with increasing our knowledge on the NGH with time.A time series of the 29 estimates was used to establish a statistical model for predict the future trend.The model produces an expected resource value of 41.46×1012 m3 at the year of 2050.The statistical trend projected future gas hydrate resource is only about 10%of total natural gas resource in conventional reservoir,consistent with estimates of global technically recoverable resources(TRR)in gas hydrate from Monte Carlo technique based on volumetric and material balance approaches.Considering the technical challenges and high cost in commercial production and the lack of competitive advantages compared with rapid growing unconventional and renewable resources,only those on the very top of the gas hydrate resource pyramid will be added to future energy supply.It is unlikely that the NGH will be the major energy source in the future.

Natural Resource and Energy:Towards Sustainable Use and Development

The paper articulates the role of energy sector and its impact on the natural resources and biodiversity, focusing on traditional energy consumption in rural areas;renewable energy technology,gender dimension on rural energy,the energy sector in its geo-political, social and economic settings as well as technology policy on integrating energy planning.It advocates how sub-Saharan Africans are

Investigating Economic Growth, Trade Issues and Future Energy Strategies for Central Asian Countries

We examine the economic growth, energy development policies and strategies for the CAC from various perspectives. We apply statistical data analysis techniques and mathematical modelling methodologies focusing upon regression model analysis in order to deal with the economic and energy related data during the period 1990-2014, and to investigate the relationship among economic growth, energy production, and the trade of energy resources in order to find future desirable policies and strategies for the CAC. Findings show that energy production growth would bring statistically significant positive impact on GDP growth in fossil-fuel rich Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan while we also find negative impact of GDP growth on the trade balance of the CAC except for Turkmenistan. Another finding follows that the foreign direct investment has a significant influence on the trade balance in the cases of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which institute import substitution policies right from their initial years of independence. Based on these quantitative investigations on economy, energy, and trades we propose future energy strategies for the CAC, stressing the importance of diversification of economies.

Arctic economy transformation:a prospective from blue economy,natural resources,technology innovation and international partnerships

The Arctic region,once perceived solely through the lens of climate and environment,is now emerging as a vibrant hub of dynamic business opportunities in the context of a bit more rapid climate change than expected.This paper explores the profound transformation underway in Arctic economies,fueled by natural resources,technological solutions,and international partnerships that respect and benefit the Arctic indigenous peoples.

Buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth and its implication for unconventional resource prediction

The discovery of unconventional hydrocarbon resources since the late 20th century changed geologists’understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulations and provides a solution to energy shortage.In 2016,unconventional oil production in the USA accounted for 41%of the total oil production;and unconventional natural gas production in China accounted for 35%of total gas production,showing strong growth momentum of unconventional hydrocarbons explorations.Unconventional hydrocarbons generally coexist with conventional petroleum resources;they sometimes distribute in a separate system,not coexisting with a conventional system.Identification and prediction of unconventional resources and their potentials are prominent challenges for geologists.This study analyzed the results of 12,237 drilling wells in six representative petroliferous basins in China and studied the correlations and differences between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons by comparing their geological features.Migration and accumulation of conventional hydrocarbon are caused dominantly by buoyance.Wepropose a concept of buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth to describe the deepest hydrocarbon accumulation depth driven dominantly by buoyance;beyond this depth the buoyance becomes unimportant for hydrocarbon accumulation.We found that the buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in petroliferous basins controls the different oil/gas reservoirs distribution and resource potentials.Hydrocarbon migration and accumulations above this depth is dominated by buoyancy,forming conventional reservoirs in traps with high porosity and permeability,while hydrocarbon migration and accumulation below this depth is dominated by non-buoyancy forces(mainly refers to capillary force,hydrocarbon volumeexpansion force,etc.),forming unconventional reservoirs in tight layers.The buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depths in six basins in China range from 1200mto 4200 m,which become shallowerwith increasing geothermal gradient,decreasing particle size of sandstone reservoir layers,or an uplift in the whole petroliferous basin.The predicted unconventional resource potential belowthe buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in six basins in China is more than 15.71×10^(9) t oil equivalent,among them 4.71×10^(9) t reserves have been proved.Worldwide,94%of 52,926 oil and gas reservoirs in 1186 basins are conventional reservoirs and only 6%of them are unconventional reservoirs.These 94%conventional reservoirs show promising exploration prospects in the deep area below buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth.

Origin,discovery,exploration and development status and prospect of global natural hydrogen under the background of“carbon neutrality”

Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.

Research on Energy Consumption of Traditional Natural Villages in Transition: A Case Study in Zhejiang Province

Traditional agriculture is in the direction of increasing integration of the primary industry, secondary industry, and tertiary industry in Zhejiang province. A survey was undertaken on energy consumption of traditional natural villages by taking Anji Ligeng village for an example. This paper firstly studied rural buildings, rural family structure, occupants’ activity and the usage of household appliances in the form of a questionnaire. Then, the household energy resource structure and energy consumption structure were analyzed and compared with other surveys. The results show that, the electric energy consumption was 6 kWh/(m2•a), which was far less than urban residential household. In rural household energy resource structure, the proportion of non-commercial energy resource was higher than commercial energy resource. Firewood accounted for 83%, electricity for 12%, LPG for 3% and solar energy for 2%. In building energy consumption structure, cooking and hot water took up 33%, appliances 31%, lighting 20%, heating 12%, cooling 4%. In all influential factors, frequently used area, number of air conditioner per household and building function were obviously correlated with energy consumption;income, building shape factor and window to wall area ratio had no correlation with energy consumption in the low energy consumption area.

Environmental impact of energy imports:Natural resources income and natural gas production profitability in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Countries

Environmental degradation is a pressing global concern,with the energy sector being one of the major contributors to this issue.The environmental impact of energy imports,particularly regarding natural resources income and natural gas production profitability,cannot be ignored.Countries must assess the environmental consequences of their energy choices and take steps to minimize their impact.By transitioning to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources,countries can ensure a better future for the environment and their economies.This study examines the impact of energy imports and natural resources income on environmental degradation in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)countries from 1990 to 2020,using revenue minus the production cost of natural gas and electricity production from renewable sources as moderating variables.Long-run estimates are derived using the Generalized Method of Moments and robust least squares.Our findings elucidate that importing energy from countries specializing in renewable energy can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.This diversification of energy sources decreases the overall carbon footprint and contributes to a cleaner environment.Natural gas production often involves infrastructure construction,such as drilling rigs and pipelines,which can disrupt natural habitats and wildlife corridors.This destruction of ecosystems can have long-term consequences on biodiversity and ecological balance.The environmental impact of energy imports,particularly related to natural resource income and natural gas production profitability,requires BRICS countries to take proactive measures.These nations can address the environmental challenges associated with their energy demands by implementing policies prioritizing sustainable resource management,carbon pricing,stringent regulation,and investment in research and development.By doing so,they can balance economic growth and environmental sustainability,ensuring a greener future for the BRICS countries.

Geological reservoir and resource potential(10^(13)m^(3))of gas hydrates in the South China Sea

A detailed understanding of the distribution and potential of natural gas hydrate(NGHs)resources is crucial to fostering the industrialization of those resources in the South China Sea,where NGHs are abundant.In this study,this study analyzed the applicability of resource evaluation methods,including the volumetric,genesis,and analogy methods,and estimated NGHs resource potential in the South China Sea by using scientific resource evaluation methods based on the factors controlling the geological accumulation and the reservoir characteristics of NGHs.Furthermore,this study compared the evaluation results of NGHs resource evaluations in representative worldwise sea areas via rational analysis.The results of this study are as follows:(1)The gas hydrate accumulation in the South China Sea is characterized by multiple sources of gas supply,multi-channel migration,and extensive accumulation,which are significantly different from those of oil and gas and other unconventional resources.(2)The evaluation of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea is a highly targeted,stratified,and multidisciplinary evaluation of geological resources under the framework of a multi-type gas hydrate resource evaluation system and focuses on the comprehensive utilization of multi-source heterogeneous data.(3)Global NGHs resources is n×10^(15)m^(3),while the NGHs resources in the South China Sea are estimated to be 10^(13)m^(3),which is comparable to the abundance of typical marine NGHs deposits in other parts of the world.In the South China Sea,the NGHs resources have a broad prospect and provide a substantial resource base for production tests and industrialization of NGHs.

Microgrids for power system resilience enhancement

Power system resilience is defined as the ability of power grids to anticipate,withstand,adapt and recover from high-impact low-probability(HILP)events.There are both long-term and short-term measures that system operators can employ for resilience rein-forcement.Longer-term measures include infrastructure hardening and resilient planning,while short-term operational measures are applied in the pre-event,during-event and post-event phases.Microgrids(MGs)can effectively enhance resilience for both transmission and distribution systems,due to their ability to operate in a controlled,coordinated way,when connected to the main power grid and in islanded mode.In this paper,MG-based strategies for resilience enhancement are presented,including MG-based resilient planning and MG-based operational measures,consisting of preventive MG scheduling and emergency measures and MG-based system restoration.Classification of literature is made by considering whether the transmission system,distribution system or individual MG resilience is targeted.The way uncertainties are handled by various methods is also outlined.Finally,challenges and future research requirements for improving MG-based power system resilience are highlighted.

Evaluating the Landscape Capacity of Protected Rural Areas to Host Photovoltaic Parks in Sicily

This paper uses the LCA (Landscape Character Assessment) manuals produced by the Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage to develop a method for analysing the characteristics of the landscape and its ability to host photovoltaic parks. The method was tested on a site which is part of the Natura 2000 network in Sicily, where the different needs of high quality agricultural land, scenery of great natural value and human activities compete with one another. The evaluation of the landscape’s capacity to absorb the changes was effectuated by defining criteria which take into consideration the possible impact of photovoltaic sites on the landscape. These criteria were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the characteristics of the landscape as well as its quality and value, and the visual impact of the proposed changes. Most of the Landscape Units were found to be not suitable for photovoltaic parks because of the high value of the land. However, protected agricultural land, mainly used for greenhouses, has a medium to high capacity to host photovoltaic plants, and if these are correctly planned, this could help to lower the sensitivity levels.

“双碳”目标下天然气分布式能源发展现状及机遇

为实现碳达峰碳中和(以下简称“双碳”)目标,必须建设清洁低碳、安全高效的新型能源体系。天然气分布式能源具有相对清洁高效、综合能源利用效率高、输出能源类型多等优点,是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要发展路径之一。为此,剖析了我国天然气分布式能源存在的问题和发展机遇,进而对天然气分布式能源项目的发展提出了建议。研究结果表明:(1)中国天然气分布式能源整体发展相对较慢,且不同地区之间发展速度也存在差异,现有项目主要集中在经济较发达的京津冀鲁、长三角、珠三角以及天然气资源丰富的川渝等地区;(2)中国天然气分布式能源发展面临的主要问题包括前期投入成本较高、电网企业与项目用户端存在利益冲突使得项目上网困难、项目用户端对能源消纳程度的不确定性影响其投资回报等;(3)随着政策普及、技术发展、碳交易市场完善及经济性的提高,天然气分布式能源项目发展有望进入快速发展期。结论认为,在“双碳”目标引领下,中国天然气分布式能源产业正处于重要的战略机遇期,建议从政策支持、调峰需求、碳排放收益以及技术突破4个方面加强研究;天然气分布式能源的高质量推进对我国构建清洁低碳、安全高效的新型能源体系,助力实现“双碳”目标具有重要的现实意义。

考虑分布式光伏高效消纳与负荷损失最小的区域配电网应急资源协同配置策略

为实现应急资源的合理配置,综合考虑区域配电网正常运行和故障运行下的经济性,提出一种采用线路加固和分布式储能的应急资源协调配置策略。利用最大风速法和阈值法模拟得到线路故障情况,并采取基于Kantorovich距离的后向削减法得到区域配电网遭遇极端天气时的源荷分布经典场景。综合考虑正常工况下分布式光伏高效消纳和故障工况下负荷损失最小,构建了包含应急阶段失负荷成本、应急资源投资成本以及正常运行成本的优化模型。以改进的IEEE 33节点配电网为例对所提应急配置策略进行验证分析。结果表明,所提应急资源配置策略可以兼顾分布式光伏高效消纳和负荷损失最小,在减少极端灾害下经济损失的同时,促进区域配电网的低碳经济运行。

Multifaceted natural resources and green energy transformation for sustainable industrial development

Climate change is the most phenomenal challenge to humanity,and its roots are intervened with unsustainable industrialization,exercising overexploitation of natural resources.Therefore,the departure from non-renewable to renewables has become inevitable,though thought-provoking.In this respect,we explore how green energy transformation moderates the impacts of multifaceted natural resources on sustainable industrial development in the presence of other covariates involving technological progress,financial development,and economic progress.We compiled data from Group of Seven(G-7)members over the 1995
2018 period and applied panel quantile regression(PQREG)to capture the effects across varying levels of quantiles of sustainable industrial development.Results revealed a positive role of natural gas rents,while coal,forest,and total natural resource rents contributed adverse implications for sustainable industrial development.However,the green energy transformation proved to be the game changer because it not only directly induced sustainable industrial development improvement but also turned the unfavorable effects of coal,forest,and total natural resources into favorable ones by interacting with those multifaceted natural resources.Technological,financial,and economic progress supported sustainable industrial development in G-7 nations,particularly in members with existing middle and upper scales of sustainable industrial development.These findings are robust enough when subjected to different estimation tools.In light of these outcomes,the interaction between green energy transformation and natural resource policy is inevitably critical to attaining natural resource efficiency for sustainable industrial development.Therefore,it is imperative to establish a close policy coordination between advancing green energy technology and allocating natural resource revenue to achieve sustainable development goals(SDGs),with a particular emphasis on SDG-7 and SDG-13。

国家审计对低碳转型发展的影响研究——来自领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点的证据

低碳转型发展是实现“双碳”目标的必由之路。为探索国家审计推动低碳转型的作用路径,采用283个地级市面板数据为样本,构建多时点双重差分模型,检验领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点对低碳转型发展的影响。研究发现:审计试点可通过推动产业结构升级、降低煤炭能源消费占比、促进绿色技术进步、保护林草资源等途径助力低碳转型。进一步分析发现,审计试点对低碳转型发展的影响存在空间外溢效应,且在政府审计独立性较高的地区、审计机关负责人具有监督背景的地区、低碳政策实施地区以及对自然资源依赖程度较高的地区,审计试点推动低碳转型的作用更加显著。研究结论有助于“双碳”目标下领导干部自然资源资产离任审计评价标准的构建,也为国家审计推动中国经济低碳转型发展提供必要的经验支持与政策注脚。

Energy potential assessment and techno-economic analysis of micro hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system in Goda Warke village,Ethiopia

Rural Ethiopia has significant untapped potential for hydro and solar energy generation systems.However,challenges arise from seasonal variations and unfavourable topographic positions of flowing rivers,hindering the efficient exploitation of these resources.Despite the country’s abundance in hydro and solar energy resources,>75%of the population still lack access to electricity from the national grid.This work deals with energy resource potential assessment and techno-economic analysis of micro hydro-photovol-taic(PV)hybrid systems,considered in the case study of Goda Warke village,located in the Yaya Gulele district.A novel framework is proposed that utilizes the Natural Resource Soil Conservation Service curve number method to assess the energy potential of micro-hydro energy in ungauged basins,specifically at the exit point of the Girar River basin catchment.The average monthly flow rate in the basin is 0.975 m3/s,while the area exhibits a solar radiation potential of 5.39 kWh/m^(2)/day.Energy policy promotes expanding ac-cess to modern energy sources and utilization of indigenous energy resources.Simulation results indicate that the hydro/PV/diesel generator(DG)/battery and hydro/PV/battery systems are the most optimal choices based on net present cost,with the inclusion of a DG for economic comparison.Micro-hydro energy covers most of the electric load in the area,achieving a capacity factor of 47.5%.The cost of energy and net present cost were found to be sensitive to variables such as the price of diesel fuel,pipe head loss,and the growth of the village load.The optimized system demonstrated a hydro energy potential of 1405.37 MWh/year and a PV energy output of 274.04 MWh/year,resulting in a levelized cost of energy of 0.0057 and 0.049$/kWh for the hydro and PV components,respectively.

“一带一路”背景下山西“丝路电商”建设研究

本文重在研究山西在中亚地区的“丝路电商”合作前景。首先,本文从线上、线下和物流三个角度分别分析山西和中亚电子商务的发展现状,线上从跨境电商和直播电商的角度探讨了山西和中亚电子商务发展的特点;其次,运用文献研究法从自然资源、旅游资源、农产资源和面食文化四个方面整合了山西“一带一路”背景下发展“丝路电商”的线下资源;最后,结合中亚电子商务发展的趋势,探索山西-中亚电子商务合作的机遇,并提出山西发展“丝路电商”的可行性建议,助力山西尽快融入“一带一路”倡议,更好的建设“数字丝路”。

Interlinking climate change with waterenergy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes in California case studies

Global climate change creates critical challenges with increasing temperature,reducing snowpack,and changing precipitation for water,energy,and food,as well as ecosystem processes at regional scales.Ecosystem services provide life support,goods,and natural resources from water,energy,and food,as well as the environments.There are knowledge gaps from the lack of conceptual framework and practices to interlink major climate change drivers of water resources with water-energy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes.This paper provided an overview of research background,developed a conceptual framework to bridge these knowledge gaps,summarized California case studies for practices in cross sector ecosystem services,and identified future research needs.In this conceptual framework,climate change drivers of changing temperature,snowpack,and precipitation are interlinked with life cycles in water,energy,food,and related key elements in ecosystem processes.Case studies in California indicated climate change affected variation in increasing temperature and changing hydrology at the regional scales.A large variation in average energy intensity values was also estimated from ground water and federal,state,and local water supplies both within each hydrological region and among the ten hydrological regions in California.The increased regional temperature,changes in snowpack and precipitation,and increased water stresses from drought can reduce ecosystem services and affect the water and energy nexus and agricultural food production,as well as fish and wildlife habitats in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta(Delta)and Central Valley watersheds.Regional decisions and practices in integrated management of water,energy,food,and related ecosystem processes are essential to adapt and mitigate global climate change impacts at the regional scales.Science and policy support for interdisciplinary research are critical to develop the database and tools for comprehensive analysis to fill knowledge gaps and address ecosystem service complexity,the related natural resource investment,and integrated planning needs.

地球物理学的回顾与展望

简要回顾了 2 0世纪地球物理学的发展。指出 2 0世纪是地球物理学发展的重要历史阶段 ,在此期间实施的一系列大型的全球性的研究计划深化了人类对地球本体的认识 ,提供了有关资源、能源、灾害和环境的形成、分布与发展的深层过程和空间信息 ,扩大了人类对地球整体研究的视野 ,激励了对空间和地球 (包括大陆和海洋 )以及生态环境之间耦合的研究 ,并在造福人类的过程中取得了辉煌的成就。展望了 2 1世纪地球物理学的发展 ,认为 2 1世纪的地球物理学必将担负起地球科学中一系列重大科学问题的先导角色。在深化对地球本体和日地空间及其相互作用的认识 ,量化地球内部各圈的耦合和深部物质状态及物质组成的错综组构 ,解决水、资源、环境 (包括空间资源环境 )等问题中做出贡献。