Ecological Risks of Agricultural Land Capitalization and Their Prevention

The capitalization of agricultural land as an institutional innovation in land use is of great significance to revitalize China's land resources, change land use and improve land use efficiency. With the gradual implementation of the capitalization of agricultural land, however, environmental problems brought by capitalization have restricted the sustainable and efficient utilization of agricultural land. This study, from the perspective of ecology, discusses ecological risks of agricultural land capitalization, analyzes the ecological risks of agricultural land capitalization in terms of the amount of land and land quality as well as the formation mechanism of the ecological risks of agricultural land capitalization. It is found that the logic of the capital itself, the profitability of the subject and the fragility of the ecological environment are the internal and external factors of the ecological risks of agricultural land. Thereupon authors put forward policy suggestions to prevent the ecological risks of agricultural land capitalization in terms of large-scale agricultural operations in diverse forms, the development of green agriculture, the protection of agricultural land quality and green finance, with a view to resolving the ecological risks of agricultural land capitalization and realizing the benign operation of agricultural land capitalization.

Survey and Assessment of Land Ecological Quality in Cixi City

Soil,atmosphere,water and quality of agricultural product constitute the content of land ecological quality.Cixi City,through survey pilot project of basic farmland quality,carried out high precision soil geochemical survey and survey of agricultural products,irrigation water and air quality,and established ecological quality evaluation model of land.Based on the evaluation of soil geochemical quality,we conducted comprehensive quality assessment of atmosphere,water,agricultural products,and assessed the ecological quality of agricultural land in Cixi City.The evaluation results show that the ecological quality of most agricultural land in Cixi City is excellent,and there is ecological risk only in some local areas such as urban periphery.The experimental results provide demonstration and basis for the fine management of basic farmland and ecological protection.

Coordinated development of land multi-function space: An analytical framework for matching the supply of resources and environment with the use of land space for ecological protection, agricultural production and urban construction

Based on the carrying capacity of the resources and the environment,this article defines the connotation of the land multifunctional space(LMFS)from three aspects,ecological protection,agricultural production and urban construction,in the new era of land space planning system.Moreover,a framework is constructed for the coordinated development of the multi-functional oriented space to match the use of land space(ULS)with the supply of resources and environment(SRE).Based on this,the technology and methods of comprehensive evaluation,dominance recognition,and matching relationship division functions of the use of land space(FULS)and functions of the supply of resources and environment(FSRE)are discussed.The advantageous functions of the use of land space(AFULS)and advantageous functions of the supply of resources and environment(AFSRE)are also identified in the study area.A LMFS coordinated development system integrating“function position-comprehensive partition-regulation strategy”is proposed.Through the empirical study of Shandong province,we found that,first,the FULS of ecological protection space in the province is mainly found in high value areas,and the FSRE is mainly in low value areas,which has certain complementarity in the space.The FULS of agricultural production space is mainly observed in high value areas,the FSRE is mainly in middle value areas,and the spatial distribution is balanced and staggered.The FULS of the urban construction space and the FSRE are mainly in middle values areas,and the spatial distribution is basically similar.Second,the FULS in the study area is dominated by the single advantage of agricultural production and urban construction,while the FSRE has a relatively balanced distribution of the advantages of ecological protection,single agricultural production and compound advantages of agricultural production and urban construction,and urban construction and ecological protection.The matching between the two is mainly at high and middle levels.Specifically,70%of the province’s land space still has a certain development and utilization potential,and 30%of ULS intensity is close to or exceeds the resource and environment carrying capacity.Third,considering the comprehensive impact of resource endowment,social and economic development and policy and institutional environment on different matching relationships,this paper constructs the land spatial development strategic pattern of“two screens-seven regions-multicore”positioning and“four regions-eight categories”hierarchical area of Shandong at the macro level,and puts forward a differentiated land space development strategy.

The Development of Leisure Agriculture Based on Characteristics of Land Resource Utilization

Based on analysis of geographical and location advantages of Qiaocheng District,we discussed characteristics of land utilization and local industry. In accordance with these characteristics,it is proposed to explore potential of farming land,speed up transfer of farming land in Qiaocheng District,and develop the leisure agriculture.

农地流转对土地生态安全的影响研究进展

综述了土地生态安全领域研究进展及农地流转对土地生态安全的影响,总结了农地流转领域的相关研究,分析了新时代农业经营主体多元化背景下,土地利用中出现的新情况、新问题。针对当前农地流转生态风险认知不足、土地生态安全系统性评估方法体系有待完善、适应经营权流转的土地生态安全调控机制尚不健全等现实问题,提出进一步探索农业经营主体多元化对土地生态安全的影响机制,发展土地生态安全评估方法,建立从源头调控的土地生态安全调控机制,以满足新形势下乡村振兴中生态振兴对农地持续利用的精细化管理需求。

非法占用农用地罪“改变被占用土地用途”的刑法教义学认定

保护农用地使用的合法权益对农业高质量发展具有重要意义。但对非法占用农用地罪的关键入罪要素——“改变被占用土地用途”的准确认定却还存在诸多争议,主要表现在土地性质的认定存在双重标准、“改变行为”的界定不清以及“非法占用”与“改变用途”之间的关系厘定不明。积极刑法观的提出对该罪的认定具有积极地指导作用。在积极刑法观理念下,应坚持生态法益原则,厘清“改变行为”的界限,明确“非法占用”与“改变用途”的关系,并坚持以规划地类为标准确定土地性质,准确认定本罪之“改变被占用土地用途”,以有效地预防农用地犯罪,为实现“美丽中国”的宏伟目标提供坚实的法治保障。

基于生态足迹法的农业水土资源承载力分析——以三江平原友谊农场为例

本文以三江平原“黑土粮仓”——友谊农场为例,应用生态足迹法对当地的水土资源承载力进行定量评估。结果表明:(1)人均农业水资源生态足迹多年平均值为5.26 hm^(2)/人,生态承载力多年平均值为1.97 hm^(2)/人,水资源生态赤字,生态压力指数平均值为2.82,水资源利用处于不安全状态;人均耕地资源生态足迹小于生态承载力,耕地资源生态盈余,生态压力指数平均值为0.69,耕地资源利用处于安全状态;(2)友谊农场农业水土资源生态足迹和水土资源生态承载力的耦合协调度总体处于一般协调状态;(3)虽然农场土地资源丰富,但水资源稀缺,该地区的水土资源承载力协调水平还有很大的提升空间。研究结果对于黑土地保护,实现农业水土资源可持续发展有重要意义。

非农职业经历、土地流转对家庭农场主农业生产生态自觉性的影响效应

基于陕西省564户种植业家庭农场微观调研数据,在考虑样本选择偏差和家庭农场异质性基础上,采用倾向匹配得分(PSM)模型探究非农职业经历对家庭农场主农业生产生态自觉性的净效应,并运用中介效应模型分析土地流转视角下非农职业经历影响家庭农场主农业生产生态自觉性的作用机理。研究发现:非农职业经历对家庭农场主农业生产生态自觉性具有显著正向影响,具有高中及以上学历、高龄农场主非农职业经历对农业生产生态自觉性的影响效应较为显著;非农职业经历通过扩大土地流转规模和延长土地流转期限提高家庭农场主农业生产生态自觉性,且土地流转规模的中介效应影响更大。因此,政府应完善具备非农职业经历群体返乡创业激励机制,加大对家庭农场等新型经营主体农业生态生产政策支持力度,并适度推进土地流转规模扩张及土地流转期限长期化,推动农业生产可持续发展。

基于景观格局的丘陵山区耕地生态风险评价——以重庆市潼南区为例

[目的/意义]丘陵山区农田宜机化整治会改变耕地景观格局、高程、坡度、微地貌等,评价其生态风险为后续整治工作提供数据参考具有重要意义。本研究的目的为评价丘陵山区农田宜机化整治对耕地生态风险的改变情况以及探究生态风险与耕地坡度之间的关系。[方法]以重庆市潼南区20个县为评价单元,基于2010年和2020年土地利用数据,采用ArcGIS 10.8和Excel软件计算景观格局指数,通过熵权法确定各指数的权重并构建生态风险评价模型,揭示生态风险时序空间变化特征;基于数理统计原理,对生态风险与坡度进行相关性分析,探究生态风险与坡度的关系。[结果和讨论] 2010年和2020年两个时期,干扰度指数由0.97下降为0.94,耕地整体抗干扰能力增强;脆弱度指数由2.96增加为3.20,耕地结构更加脆弱;生态风险值由3.10下降为3.01,耕地生态安全性提高。两个时期生态风险区域主要以低风险区和较低风险区为主,低风险区面积增加6.44%,较低风险区面积增加6.17%,中风险区面积增加24.4%,较高风险区面积减少60.70%,高风险区面积增加16.30%,耕地生态安全区域相对增加。耕地坡度主要以2°~25°为主,耕地坡度小于15°时坡度面积占比与生态风险值呈负相关,耕地坡度大于15°时坡度面积占比与生态风险值呈正相关关系,坡度处于5°~8°、15°~25°、25°以上时坡度面积与生态风险值呈极显著相关。农田宜机化整治应重点关注潼南区南部区域,并集中于耕地坡度处于5°~8°和15°~25°区域。[结论]通过评价潼南区农田宜机化整治前后耕地生态风险并分析生态风险与耕地坡度的相关性,表明农田宜机化整治可以降低耕地生态风险,耕地坡度面积占比可作为精准指导农田宜机化整治的重要依据,潼南区宜机化整治工作应重点关注耕地坡度处于5°~8°和15°~25°区域。

耦合NSGA-Ⅲ和FLUS模型的生态脆弱农区土地利用多目标协同优化配置

依托数学模型和情景模拟,形成弹性的土地利用优化配置方案,对促进生态脆弱农区生态、农业和经济用地协调发展具有重要意义。以河套灌区乌兰布和灌域为例,采用MSPA(morphological spatial pattern analysis)和斑块重要性指数识别和提取生态源地,耦合NSGA-Ⅲ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅢ)和FLUS(future land use simulation)模型,基于4种情景模拟形成具有弹性的生态脆弱农区土地利用优化配置方案。结果表明:基于NSGA-Ⅲ可以快速形成研究区多目标下的Pareto解集,且解集内的各目标效益均优于2020年土地利用效益值。生态安全优先发展、粮食生产优先发展和经济优先发展情景存在其他两项目标效益提升不明显的情况。相对来说,最小土地利用变化条件下的均衡效益发展情景可在土地利用变化幅度最小的情况下,达到更高、更均衡的综合效益。制订土地利用优化配置方案时,在参考各情景土地利用优化配置布局的基础上识别土地利用协调冲突区,有助于形成弹性的土地利用优化配置方案,以适应区域可能发生的内外部经济政策环境变化。

农业农村空间生态修复质量测算方法研究——以辽宁省凤城市为实证

文章在探讨当前国土空间生态修复内涵与进展的基础上,参考文献计量分析与政策分析结果,结合土地碳汇模型,构建了基于“比重法-均方差法”的农业农村空间生态修复质量测算方法,包括庭院空间生态、生态农业空间质量、农村空间生态改建、农业空间生态恢复4个维度、19项具体指标,并以辽宁省凤城市为实证对象,对该测算方法的有效性进行检验。基于实证分析做出的问题识别,提出凤城市农业农村空间生态修复的对策:(1)庭院空间生态保护修复:开展全域土地综合整治,实施农用地、建设用地整理等;(2)生态农业空间质量保护修复:实施野生动植物种群保护恢复、生物多样性保护、人工商品林建设等;(3)农村空间生态改建修复:实施生态基础和生态网络建设,提升农村生态系统质量和稳定性;(4)农业空间生态恢复修复:大力实施“固碳工程”,推进碳汇交易,探索拓展场外交易渠道。

课程思政融入恢复生态学课程教学探索与实践

在新工科建设背景下,地方涉农高校开设恢复生态学课程不仅是践行“两山”理论的客观要求,还是落实山西“两山七河一流域”的重大生态修复背景,适应山西农业大学土地整治工程专业“山水林田湖草沙生命共同体”的办学理念的重要举措。恢复生态学是一门研究各类生态问题如何解决的学科,大学时期是学生生态文明价值观形成的关键时期。新工科建设背景下,恢复生态学课程如何在地方涉农高校中适应性改革,山西省“本土”思政要素与生态恢复实践如何有机融合是当下亟待解决的关键科学问题。该文以山西农业大学土地整治工程专业中的恢复生态学课程为例,通过教学内容、教学理念、教学方法和实践教学4个方面,具体分析恢复生态学课程思政教学探索与实践,旨在为地方涉农高校课程教学适应性改革提供借鉴和参考。

农用地土壤重金属污染特征及其生态风险评价——以池州市某典型农用地为例

为探讨某农用地土壤重金属污染及生态风险情况,采集池州市某典型农用地表层土壤样品,分析Cd、As、Ni、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn共8种重金属的含量,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对该农田土壤重金属污染进行生态风险评价。结果表明:Cd、As、Ni、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn的平均含量分别为0.71,25.80,33.31,0.23,33.17,46.59,37.15,130.28 mg·kg^(-1),其中,Cd、As、Ni等含量均有不同程度地超过国家标准规定的筛选值;而且除Cr外其他重金属平均值和中值均超过背景值。各重金属元素的单因子评价污染指数平均值依次为Cd>As>Cu>Hg>Ni>Zn>Cr>Pb,且Cd单项指数平均值为轻度污染等级,其他重金属为无污染等级,表层土壤样品中优先保护类、安全利用类的占比分别为15%(6/40)、85%(34/40),各点污染在可控等级范围;内梅罗综合污染评价安全、警戒线、轻度、中度和重度污染的等级的比例分别为7.5%、15%、45%、30%和2.5%,综合指数平均值为1.77,超过警戒线级别,属轻度污染等级,其中,Cd是最主要影响元素,与单因子评价结果一致;8种重金属元素的单因子潜在生态风险指数(single factor eco-logical risk index)大小依次为Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn,土壤中重金属综合潜在生态风险(potential ecological risk in-dex)平均值为194.73,为中等生态风险等级,其中,Cd是研究区污染风险最高的重金属元素,Hg是潜在生态风险高的重金属,需加强对Cd、Hg的风险管控。该区域农田土壤存在酸化趋势,是重金属累积的重要因素,其他人类活动增加了重金属积累的风险,需强化对该土壤有效的安全利用措施。

基于生态适宜性评价的农用地限制因素及整治分区研究

开展农用地生态适宜性评价可厘清农用地生产和生态功能限制因素,有利于有针对性地分区开展整治并分类施策,进而提高区域农用地的可持续利用水平。以环渤海区域的黄骅市为例,构建“土壤资源-水资源”复合农田生态适宜性评价指标体系,运用单指标评价与分层次评价相结合的方法,识别农用地生态适宜性的限制因素及程度;综合评价结果,并按照改良技术措施一致性原则,划分农用地整治分区,对应提出改良措施。结果表明:研究区农用地化肥施用量、有机质含量、土壤含盐量生态适宜性较差,不适宜级分别达到87.47%、99.62%和25.34%;全域农用地地下水矿化度过高,东部地下水埋深浅,69.54%农用地灌溉保证率不足;此外,其他指标呈适宜状态;研究区农用地主要限制因素为:化肥施用量、有机质含量、土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度、地下水埋深及灌溉保证率;限制因素组合类型分为两类:“主导限制因素(重度)+次要限制因素(轻度)”的复合类型、仅有轻度限制因素的单一类型,二者占比分别为91.9%、8.1%;划分“土壤培肥区”“盐渍化土改良区”两类整治区,并有针对性地提出整治提升措施。为生态系统状况复杂的滨海区农用地改良和整治利用提供实践参考。

设计与农林业的共生:日本水上町(Minakami)乡村设计文化建设的内生模式

日本乡村设计文化的建设具有显著的内生特色。研究通过梳理“工匠之乡”水上町(Minakami)手工工坊的设计思想、设计行为及设计产业链在农林生态管理下的组织模式,分析内生理论下其土地艺术设计观的生成机制、家族观与生态观并行的工坊运作机制、微型产业链组织结构及生态互动机制。水上町设计文化建设的内生模式,实现了当地农林资源与设计产业之间的价值转化,同时充分调动了当地居民及“关系人口”的能动性,对我国乡村设计文化的同质化改造具有启示意义。

农业绿色转型约束下耕地利用生态效率时空分异特征及空间效应

[目的]基于农业绿色转型约束探究粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率时空分异特征及空间效应,可为制定生态耕种政策提供理论支撑。[方法]运用SBM-Undesirable模型对长江中游粮食主产区2005—2019年耕地利用生态效率进行评价,结合Dagum基尼系数和地理时空加权回归模型分析其时空特征及影响因素。[结果](1) 2005—2019年长江中游粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率总体由0.425上升至0.674,效率值空间差异较大但差异度有所下降;(2)耕地利用生态效率空间非均衡性显著且逐渐缩小,基尼系数由0.265降至0.185,地区空间非均衡程度表现为湖南地区>湖北地区>江西地区;(3)人均GDP、有效灌溉率和财政支农力度对研究区耕地利用生态效率呈正向影响,复种指数和城乡收入差距呈负向影响。[结论]长江中游粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率呈上升趋势,但空间非均衡性显著,受自然、经济社会、技术和政策多重因素影响。未来应激发农户耕地绿色生产积极性,降低污染排放量,以及推进耕地绿色利用技术均衡化,提高区域整体资源配置效率。

Application Research of Restoration Materials on Degraded Land

[Objective] The paper aimed at researching on the ecological remediation materials and related technologies in degraded land.[Method] Pointing at the specific reasons for degradation of soil moisture and fertility conditions,the ecological remediation materials and related technologies for soil moisture had been studied using layered silicates as substrate materials and using straw turnover as the method.The application research had been carried out in degraded cultivated land,compacted land,saline-alkali soil and laboratory of nine provinces and regions on 26 species and 48 varieties.[Result] The materials and related technologies are environment-friendly in formula,processing,application with no hidden trouble as secondary pollution,which can be used for the restoration of positive balance of soil moisture conditions（water,fertilizer,gas,and heat）,establishment of the core of a stable circle and improving food production steadily.The materials are more suitable for plant growth than chemical fertilizers,applying of which helps plants obtain better adversity resistance.[Conclusion] The ecological remediation materials for soil moisture can reduce the application of chemical fertilizers effectively and improve the production and quality of crops remarkably.

国土空间视角下的垦地融合路径与实施探讨——以海南省三亚市育才生态区垦地融合村庄规划为例

全面统筹海南省城乡发展,推动农垦和地方城乡一体化,促进垦区土地与周边地区融合发展,不仅是推动乡村振兴、促进农垦与地方经济社会协调发展,更是海南省农垦在现代农业建设中示范带动作用的关键所在。基于此,本文结合海南省三亚市育才生态区垦地融合村庄规划实践,分析我国现阶段国土空间管控制度,探讨垦地融合实践方法,以期推动垦地融合发展。

Land reclamation pattern of iron mine in Tangshan

Based on the analyses of the character of the exploitation of the iron ore resource and its destruction of eco-environment in Tangshan area, this paper puts forward the patterns of land reclamation which fits for this area. The patterns include the reclamation of ecological agriculture, planting directly on the tailing bin without covering soil, reclamation of mine tailings in the pool, and improvement of the soil quality by using tailings etc. Now, over 700hm^2 land has been reclaimed by taking advantage of the pattern in Tangshan and eight typical reclamation districts have been built. The rates of reclamation exceed 80% and have reached the advanced level of the world. Practice has proved that the eco-environment of the ore area has been greatly improved and the remarkable economic and social benefits have been gained.

Agricultural Ecological Conservation in the Past 70 Years in China:Historical Review and Future Outlook

Agricultural ecological conservation is an internal demand for the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era,and a basic requirement for realizing rural revitalization and building a beautiful China.Over the past 70 years,agricultural ecological progress in China has gone through three stages:preliminary exploration,in-depth development,and quality improvement in the new era.It has gained valuable historical experience in terms of the premise of liberating and developing productive forces,the principle of coordinating economy and ecology,and the guarantee of systems and laws.Therefore,agricultural ecological conservation in the new era should adhere to the guidance of the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,strengthen the awareness of agricultural ecological conservation,stick to the path of green ecological agriculture development,improve the evaluation system of agricultural ecological conservation,and deepen international cooperation in this field.