Effect of air core on the shape and discharge of the outflow through a bottom outlet

Experiments were conducted to study the generation of air core and its effect on the outflow shape and discharge in a cylindrical water tank with a bottom well-designed outlet. Depending on the stages of the air core in the tank, the outflow shape can vary from a smooth water jet to a smooth spindle shape with air-core, and to water sprays. The diameter of the nozzle size also has influence on the outflow pattern. The existence of the penetrated air core can dramatically reduce the outflow discharge, with the discharge coefficient decreasing with the nozzle diameter.

Air Cored Rogowski Coil for Measurement of Partial Discharges

A Rogowski coil was designed to measure partial discharge （PD） signal with low currents and high frequency. The possibilities of obtaining better measurements of PDs were explored by changing the inductance, mutual inductance, resistance, and capacitance of the coil. The designed Rogowski coil was calibrated under square wave voltage and arbitrary sine wave voltage. Then, according to the parameters of the Rogowski coil, the effect of changing some of these variables was simulated using a bode plot. Comparison shows that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental ones. A needle-plate in air gap model was set up and its PD under impulse voltage was measured. The results demonstrate that the Rogowski coil is adapted to measurement of PDs.

Orthogonal tests of lead-clad tin bimetal continuous casting by air pressure core-filling

To provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for preparing composite rods of external diameter no larger than 12 mm by directly continuous casting,low melting point materials of lead and tin were selected to prepare composite rods of external diameter 12 mm and inner diameter 8 mm with air pressing core filled continuous casting process.The orthogonal tests consisting of three factors and three levels were designed to investigate the parameters of melting lead temperature,continuous casting speed and air pressure that affect the performance of the composite rods.The results show that melting lead temperature is the most important factor that influences the solid/liquid interface location;continuous casting speed is the most important factor that influences the surface quality and lead and tin inter-diffusion amount;air pressure can improve the surface quality obviously and make the rods easily drawn out,but the surface quality cannot get obvious improvement when the air pressure is above 0.03 MPa.The composite rods have excellent surface quality,obvious intermediate layer,even thick clad,and metallurgical bonding interface under the condition of melting lead temperature of 375 °C,continuous casting speed of 10 mm/min,and air pressure of 0.03 MPa.

FORCED-AIR WARMING AND FLUID WARMING MINIMIZE CORE HYPOTHERMIA DURING ABDOMINAL SURGERY

Objective To evaluate the effect of intraoperative combined forced-air warming and fluid warming system on patient’s core temperature, blood loss, transfusion demand, extubation time, and incidence of postoperative shivering. Methods Forty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I andⅡ, aged 18-70 years, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive intraoperative warming from a forced-air blanket and fluid warming system or conventional cotton blanket, 20 in each group. The core temperature was recorded every 20 minutes during the operation, as well as the blood loss, blood transfusion, extubation time, and incidence of postoperative shivering. Results The core temperature at the end of the surgery in the warming group was significantly different from that in the control group (36.4±0.4℃ vs. 35.3±0.5℃, P<0.001). Application of intraoperative warming significantly shortened the time between the end of the surgery and extubation (P<0.01). Postoperative shivering occurred in 30% of the patients in the control group compared to no patient in the warming group (P <0.01). Conclusion Active warming with air-forced blanket and fluid warming system provides sufficient heat to prevent hypothermia during abdominal surgery.

DESIGN OF THE AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER IN SPHERICAL TOKAMAK

An ideal current distribution in the air core transformer coils is obtained using variation principle.Climbing mountain method is utilized for optimizing the dimension and position of the real coils.Not only can the requirement of minimizing the stray field in the plasma region be guaranteed,but also integer turns for the coil can be realized.The latter brings a significant convenience to engineering.

Calculation and Design of Dry-type Air-core Reactor

Based on the method of compound and additional conditions under the conditions of the equal temperature rise and the equal potential drop (P.D.) of resistance, the application of design software of dry-type air-core reactor is introduced in this thesis. The analytical methods of the inductance are also given. This approach is proved entirely feasible in theory through the simplification with Bartky transformation, and is able to quickly and accurately calculate reactor inductance. This paper presents the analytical methods of the loss of dry-type air-core reactor as well.

Late Holocene glacier variations indicated by theδ18O of ice core enclosed gaseous oxygen in the central Tibetan Plateau

Theδ18O of ice core enclosed gaseous oxygen(δ18Obub)has been widely used for climate reconstruction in polar regions.Yet,less is known about its climatic implication in the mountainous glaciers as the lack of continuous record.Here,we present a long-term,continuousδ18Obub record from the Tanggula glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau(TP).Based on comparisons of its variation with regional climate and glacier changes,we found that there was a good correlation between the variation of theδ18Obub in this alpine ice core and the accumulation and melting of this glacier.The more developed the firn layer on glacier surface,the more positive theδ18Obub.Conversely,the more intense the glacier melting,the more negative theδ18Obub.Combined with the chronology of ice core enclosed gases,the glacier variations since the late Holocene in the central TP were reconstructed.The result showed that there were four accumulation and three deficit periods of glaciers in this region.The strongest glacier accumulation period was 1610-300 B.C.,which corresponds to the Neoglaciation.The most significant melting period was the last 100 years,which corresponds to the recent global warming.The Medieval Warm Period was relatively significant in the central TP.However,during the Little Ice Age,there was no significant glacier accumulation in the central TP,and even short deficit events occurred.Comparisons of the late Holocene glacier variation in the central TP with glacier and climate variations in the TP and the Northern Hemisphere showed that it was closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation.

基于小波分析的空心电抗器匝间短路磁场探测方法研究

为了解决目前干式空心电抗器匝间短路检测方法灵敏度和准确度不足的问题,根据故障发展期探测线圈感应电压的异常变化,提出一种新的基于小波分析的空心电抗器匝间短路磁场探测方法。首先,对电抗器故障发展期探测线圈电压信号进行仿真分析,得到电抗器不同位置匝间短路时探测线圈信号变化特征。再基于信号分解小波系数中有用信号与噪声相对比值最大的原则,逐层自适应选取最优小波基函数,利用小波变换对信号进行阈值去噪,提取故障特征量从而实现对电抗器匝间短路发展期及时准确地判断,避免故障进一步发展。通过搭建电抗器匝间短路故障检测系统实验平台,验证了基于小波分析磁场探测法的灵敏度和可靠性,为电抗器的安全稳定运行提供有效保障。

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

A 70-year history of precipitation δ^18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier （33°34＇37.8″ N, 91°10＇35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.） on Mt. Geladaindong （the source region of Yangtze River） during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ^18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ^18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ^18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ^18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ^18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere （NH）, however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.

现行岩心录井标准中存在的问题及修订建议

目前国内制定的钻井取心、井壁取心、地质录井等标准均涉及岩心录井的部分内容,对现场岩心录井作业都有一定的指导作用。但随着非常规油气勘探开发的推进,现行标准中存在的一些试验参数不明确、含油气级别划分不精细、岩心整理方法相对落后、岩心管理信息量较少等问题也日渐显露。针对现行标准中存在的问题进行修订,为此提出的修订建议是:通过恒温定时确定岩心密闭试验最佳参数为60℃恒温加热120 min,根据不同储层性质精细划分含油气级别、制定泥页岩储层岩心含油气级别,变更岩心标号原则、打印代替手写标识,岩心卡片以“二维码”形式呈现。这些修订建议有利于提高岩心录井观察试验的科学性、减小录井成本、增加时效,促进岩心录井的信息化发展。

干式空心并联电抗器绕组匝间绝缘故障特征分析

本文通过有限元软件建立仿真分析模型,研究干式空心并联电抗器绕组匝间绝缘故障的物理特征,探寻便于故障监测的敏感状态量。首先在有限元仿真软件中建立基于实际电抗器的“场-路”耦合模型并验证正确性,之后在其绕组不同层、不同高度位置设置匝间绝缘故障,研究回路总电流、等效阻抗、有功功率损耗等电气特征量随故障位置的变化规律,并分析空间磁感应强度和绕组受力的变化情况。结果表明:所研究的电气特征量变化率随绕组单匝匝间短路位置的变化而变化,在径向上呈现从内层到外层增大的趋势,在最外层有所减小,在轴向上由绕组中部向端部逐渐减小。绕组单匝匝间短路状态下的空间磁感应强度和故障绕组受力明显增大,等效电阻、功率因数和有功功率损耗的变化率均在500%以上,变化显著且方便获取,可作为干式空心并联电抗器匝间绝缘故障的在线监测量。

充气式保温毯不同保温模式维持腹部手术患者核心体温有效性的Meta分析

目的系统评价身上型和身下全身型充气式保温毯维持腹部手术患者围手术期核心体温的有效性,为腹部手术患者选择合适、有效的主动保温方法提供临床依据。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Scopus、Embase、CINAHL、中国知网以及万方数据库,收集身上型和身下全身型充气式保温毯对维持腹部手术患者核心体温有效性的随机对照试验,并追溯其参考文献,检索时限均为建库至2023年3月。2位研究者独立进行文献筛选、数据提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.4软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入5项随机对照试验,总样本量为373例患者。Meta分析结果显示,身下全身型充气式保温毯能升高患者术中核心体温[95%CI为0.13(0.02~0.29),P<0.001],降低围术期非计划低体温的发生率[95%CI为0.15(0.03~0.79),P=0.020],并减少术后寒战的发生[95%CI为0.17(0.05~0.63),P=0.008]。结论身下全身型充气式保温毯对维持腹部手术患者围手术期核心体温有效,可降低围术期非计划低体温和寒战的发生风险。

基于置信规则库的干式空心电抗器状态评估方法研究

针对电力设备故障样本少且获取困难等问题,提出了基于置信规则库的干式空心电抗器状态评估方法。通过搭建多工况下干式空心电抗器电气及温升特性试验平台,获取不同工况下电抗器有功功率和最热点温升率数据样本集,建立基于置信规则库和证据推理的电抗器状态评估模型。为了减小因专家主观经验对状态评估模型预测结果的影响,提出置信规则库优化方法,并采用证据推理算法将电抗器输入特征信息转化为输出状态等级。利用测试数据对评估模型进行测试,结果验证了基于小训练样本的干式空心电抗器状态评估方法的有效性和准确性。

基于辐照度分析的干式空心电抗器局部放电定位方法

干式空心电抗器局部放电的定位对于保证电能质量和节省维修成本具有重要意义。针对现有局部放电定位方法在电抗器实际应用中精度较低的问题,提出一种基于辐照度分析的干式空心电抗器局部放电定位方法。首先,根据干式空心电抗器典型结构建立三维光学仿真模型,分析不同位置放电光源在包封底部的辐照度分布特性,基于最大方差理论对辐照分布矩阵进行特征提取,构建光学仿真数据集;然后,采用交叉验证的方法对随机森林和反向传播神经网络模型进行参数调优,使用测试集评估模型的定位效果;最后,利用干式空心电抗器局部放电实验平台,对定位方法进行实测验证。结果表明,2种模型在实验数据集下的定位准确率均高于90%,相比于反向传播神经网络,随机森林的定位准确率更高且推理时间更短,验证了基于辐照度分析的放电定位方法的有效性。

基于多物理场耦合的大容量干式空心并联电抗器温度场仿真研究

干式空心电抗器的温度场研究对电抗器的设计和制造至关重要。文中对大容量干式空心并联电抗器,采用电磁—流热多物理场耦合方法,考虑了温度对铝导线电导率的影响,建立了包含星型架、撑条和包封绝缘的三维电抗器有限元仿真模型。对于110 kV输电系统中BKGKL-40000/110电抗器进行了仿真分析,分析结果表明电抗器温度分布总体呈现上高下低的趋势,在电抗器上部中心的空气流速最高,将结果与试验测温结果相比较,两者较为接近,说明了仿真方法的准确性。此外,对加设防雨罩后的电抗器仿真结果进行了分析比较。通过分析电抗器的温度分布特点,为干式空心并联电抗器的设计与制造提供参考。

基于小波包分解的干式空心电抗器故障检测方法研究

针对干式空心电抗器匝间短路故障频繁发生的问题,通过分析35kV干式空心并联电抗器匝间短路过程中状态参数的变化,提出了基于小波包分解的干式空心电抗器故障特征提取及检测方法。首先建立了电抗器的正常、故障(同股匝间短路及异股匝间短路)状况下的电路模型,给出了各电气参数的计算方法,搭建了MATLAB/Simulink仿真电路,运用小波包分解方法分析了电抗器正常、故障状况下流经电抗器总电流的变化规律;其次,根据分解结果,提取和分析各个频段节点信号的能量特征,通过相同频段节点信号的差异对比,实现了电抗器运行状态判断;最后针对电抗器匝间短路时初期电气量变化不明显导致误判的问题,运用熵权法对电流平均值的差值和余弦相似度进行加权计算,提高了故障检测的精度。实验结果表明:将故障工况下的电流进行小波包分解能准确识别匝间短路故障,可以为干式空心电抗器的运行提供理论参考。

干式空心并联电抗器绕组绝缘状态在线监测方法

干式空心并联电抗器用于无功补偿与抑制工频过电压,在电网中的数量和容量日益增加,事故率却高居不下,其中,绕组匝间绝缘故障占比高居首位,亟需有效的绕组绝缘状态在线监测手段。利用有限元软件对干式空心并联电抗器进行“场-路”耦合仿真,通过分析其绕组异匝和同匝股间短路的电、磁、力变化特征,研究绕组匝间短路故障的发展过程、形成机理,探求便于故障监测的敏感状态量,提出了基于有功功率损耗变化率的绕组绝缘状态在线监测方法。研究结果表明:绕组异匝股间短路对电抗器电、磁、力等物理参量的影响大于相同位置同匝股间短路工况,且异匝股间短路发生在电抗器绕组端部的影响最大。有功功率损耗对电抗器绕组绝缘故障发展的过程反应敏感、易于监测,可通过选择合适的绝缘故障预警值和绝缘失效值,基于有功功率损耗变化率进行状态判断,能够实时发现电抗器绕组绝缘故障,便于及时采取措施,阻止故障蔓延。

基于Ansys取能电流互感器铁心气隙仿真分析

针对取能电流互感器存在的启动电流大、铁心易饱和、无法适应较宽的输电线路电流等问题,对铁心部分进行设计与改进。依据初始磁导率、饱和磁通密度、铁心损耗以及成本等参数确定铁心材料,从铁心的选材上进行预处理;利用Ansys软件对铁心气隙形状进行设计并仿真,通过铁心在不同气隙形状下的磁泄露情况得出矩形半开口效果最优;采用控制变量法对气隙尺寸进行仿真,对铁心气隙尺寸进行了定量的分析,并对比分析了铁心的饱和特性以及二次侧输出功率情况,为电流互感器取能电源铁心的结构设计和参数的实际选取提供了良好的工程价值。

基于磁场检测的干式空心电抗器匝间短路故障诊断方法

匝间短路故障是干式空心电抗器最常见的故障,严重时会引起电抗器绝缘损坏、起火,甚至烧毁。及早诊断电抗器匝间短路故障,发出有效预警对电力系统安全运行具有重要意义。该文提出一种基于磁场检测的干式空心电抗器匝间短路故障诊断方法:独立于电抗器本体,上下安装与电抗器绕组同轴的检测线圈,通过检测线圈感应电压的变化,采用基于数理统计的准确识别匝间短路过程的3σ判据模型和算法,判断电抗器匝间短路故障并进行预警和报警。基于有限元数值计算软件,以一台型号为BKGKL-20000-35干式空心电抗器为研究对象,仿真分析了电抗器在不同位置发生匝间短路故障时检测线圈的感应电压变化规律,验证所提出方法的有效性。最后通过对试制样机的现场试验,验证了该方法实用可靠,可推广应用于实际电力系统中。