Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

Effect of abruptly changing withdrawal rate on solidification microstructure in directionally solidified Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy

Al-4.5wt.%Cu alloy has been directionally solidified at constant and abruptly changing withdrawal rates, respectively. The effects of the withdrawal rate on solidification microstructure, primary dendrite arm spacing(PDAS) and liquid solute distribution in front of the solid-liquid interface were investigated. The experimental results for the PDAS at a constant withdrawal rate agree well with the values calculated by the Hunt, Trivedi and Hunt-Lu models. At an abrupt change in the withdrawal rate, the maximum to minimum ratio of the PDAS at a given solidification parameter, i.e. λ1max/λ1min, is more than 2, and the PDAS values are remarkably history-dependent. Further, the liquid-solute distribution curve based on theoretical calculation shows that the larger the initial withdrawal rate is, the smaller the minimum of liquid solute concentration in front of the solid-liquid interface is after the abrupt change in withdrawal rate.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Effect of electropulsing on deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during cold drawing

Electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to investigate effect of electropulsing on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti-6Al-4V during cold drawing. Research results demonstrate that the electropulsing treatment （EPT） can enhance the deformability of the grains with unfavorable orientations, which makes the compatibility of deformation among grains much better. A comparison in texture evolution between conventional cold drawing and EPT cold drawing indicates that the EPT promotes prismatic 〈a〉 slip moving, restricts pyramidal 〈c＋a〉 slip occurring and accommodates the deformation with c-component by grain boundary sliding. The fraction decrease of low-angle grain boundaries for samples deformed with EPT reveals that the application of electropulsing restricts the formation of the incidental dislocation boundaries and the geometrically necessary boundaries.

In situ study on columnar-equiaxed transition and anaxial columnar dendrite growth of Al-15%Cu alloy by synchrotron radiography

Directional solidification of Al-15% （mass fraction） Cu alloy was investigated by in situ and real time radiography which was performed by Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility （SSRF）. The imaging results reveal that columnar to equiaxed transition （CET） is provoked by external thermal disturbance. The detaching and floating of fragments of dendrite arms are the prelude of the transition when the solute boundary layer in front of the solid-liquid interface is thin. And the dendrite triangular tip is the fracture sensitive zone. When the conditions are suitable, new dendrites can sprout and grow up. This kind of dendrite has no obvious stem and is named anaxial columnar dendrites.

Mechanical properties of strengthened surface layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy induced by wet peening treatment

A modified surface layer was formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by wet peening treatment. The variations of the residual stress,nano-hardness and microstructure of the modified layer with depth from surface were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,nano-indentation analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show thatboth the compressive residual stress and hardness decrease with increasing depth, and the termination depths are 160 and 80 μm,respectively. The microstructure observation indicates that within 80 μm, the compressive residual stress and the hardness areenhanced by the co-action of the grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Within 80–160 μm, the compressiveresidual stress mainly derives from the dislocation strengthening. The strengthened layer in Ti-6Al-4V alloy after wet peeningtreatment was quantitatively analyzed by a revised equation with respect to a relation between hardness and yield strength.

试样尺寸对定向凝固Al-4%Cu合金固/液界面特征的影响

采用定向凝固方法研究不同试样尺寸对Al-4%Cu合金凝固固/液界面特征的影响。结果表明:当凝固速率v=1μm/s时,小尺寸试样的平界面更加平直;当v=5μm/s时,随着试样尺寸的增大,界面形态分别为浅胞—深胞—初始枝晶,同时,试样边缘的组织比中心的组织更不稳定;在相同凝固速率下,小尺寸试样的温度梯度较大,促使界面稳定性提高;试样尺寸的增大引起径向温差增大,促进溶质流动,使试样边缘产生溶质富集,从而使平界面弯曲;由于试样中心排出的溶质大部分流向界面前沿糊状区的液相中,而枝晶糊状区的液相比胞晶的多,因而形成的枝晶界面弯曲程度比胞晶的小。

Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater

The tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel were investigated using a ring-on-block test rig in both artificial seawater and distilled water. It is found that friction coefficients are in general larger in distilled water compared with seawater. The wear losses of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys are larger in seawater compared with distilled water. The mechanical action can destroy the passive film and increase the corrosion rate. The synergism effect between corrosion and wear occurs. The synergism action between corrosion and wear is related to the corrosion rate and with the increase of corrosion rate, the synergism becomes more important. 316 stainless steel suffers severe wear sliding against Monel K500 alloy compared with sliding against Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both distilled water and seawater.

Process parameters optimization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet during hot stretch-creep forming

Hot stretch-creep forming （SCF） is a novel technique to produce hard-to-form thin-walled metal components. Comprehensively considering the analysis results of the springback angle, yield strength and microstructure, four hot SCF process parameters including temperature, stretch velocity, post stretch percentage and dwelling time of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet were optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The results reveal that temperature is the most important factor on springback angle. The yield strength of the deformed material in 0° direction increases, while those in directions of 45° and 90° fluctuate around the original value. After hot SCF, the shape of some a phases changes from short thin grains to long slender ones, and the microhardness changes very little. The optimized parameters with temperature of 700 ℃, stretch velocity of 5 mm/min, post stretch percentage of 2% and dwelling time of 8 min are achieved finally.

Influence of hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate

Electromagnetic forming tests were done at room temperature to reveal the influence of hydrogen content on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Microstructure was observed to reveal the mechanism of hydrogen-enhanced compressive properties. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen has favorable effects on the compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate. Compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy first increases up to a maximum and then decreases with the increase of hydrogen content at the same discharge energy under EMF tests. The compression increases by 47.0% when 0.2% (mass fraction) hydrogen is introduced into Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimal hydrogen content for cold formation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy under EMF was determined. The reasons for the hydrogen-induced compressive properties were discussed.

Dynamic fracture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Taylor impact test

The dynamic fracture behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate loading were investigated systemically through Taylor impact test, over the range of impact velocities from 145 m/s to 306 m/s. The critical impact velocity of fracture ranges from 217 m/s to 236 m/s. Smooth surfaces and ductile dimple areas were observed on the fracture surfaces. As the impact velocity reached 260 m/s, the serious melting regions were also observed on the fracture surfaces. Self-organization of cracks emerges when the impact velocity reaches 260 m/s, while some special cracks whose ＂tips＂ are not sharp but arc and smooth, and without any evidence of deformation or adiabatic shear band were also observed on the impact end surfaces. Examination of the sections of these special cracks reveals that the cracks expand along the two maximum shear stress directions respectively, and finally intersect as a tridimensional ＂stagger ridge＂ structure.

Effect of grain size of primary α phase on bonding interface characteristic and mechanical property of press bonded Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effect of grain size of primary α phase on the bonding interface characteristic and shear strength of bond was investigated in the press bonding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The quantitative results show that the average size of voids increases from 0.8 to 2.6 μm and the bonding ratio decreases from 90.9% to 77.8% with an increase in grain size of primary α phase from 8.2 to 16.4 μm. The shape of voids changes from the tiny round to the irregular strip. The highest shear strength of bond can be obtained in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a grain size of 8.2 μm. This is contributed to the higher ability of plastic flow and more short-paths for diffusion in the alloy with smaller grain size of primary α phase, which promote the void closure process and the formation of α/β grains across bonding interface.

Effects of grain refining and modification on mechanical properties and microstructures of Al-7.5Si-4Cu cast alloy

Al-7.5Si-4Cu cast alloy melt modified by Al-5Ti-B, RE and Al-10Sr master alloys were poured in the chromite sand moulds, to investigate comparatively the effects of individual or combined additions of grain refiners and modifiers on the mechanical properties, microstructures, grain refining and modification, and intermetallic compounds of the alloy. The results show that the mechanical properties and the microstructures of Al-7.5Si-4Cu cast alloys are improved immensely by combining addition of 0.8%Al-5Ti-B, 0.1%RE and 0.1%Al-10Sr grain refiners and modifiers compared with the individual addition and cast conditions. For individual addition condition, addition of 0.8%Al-5Ti-B master alloy can obtain superior tensile strength, Brinell hardness and finer equiaxedα（Al） dendrites. The alloy with 0.1%RE master alloy shows the highest improvement in ductility because the rare earth can purify the molten metal and change the shape of intermetallic compounds. While the alloy with 0.1%Al-10Sr modifier shows only good improvement in yield strength, and the improvement of other performance is unsatisfactory. The Al-10Sr modifier has a significant metamorphism for the eutectic silicon, but will make the gas content in the aluminum alloy melt increase to form serious columnar grain structures. The effects of grain refining and modification on mean area and aspect ratio have the same conclusions obtained in the mechanical properties and the microstructures analyses.

Microstructure of Mg-8Zn-4Al-1Ca aged alloy

The microstructure of Mg-8Zn-4Al-1Ca aged alloy was investigated by TEM and HRTEM. The results show that the hardening produced in the Mg-8Zn-4Al-1Ca alloy is considerably higher than that in the Mg-8Zn-4A1 alloy. A dense dispersion of disc-like Ca2Mg6Zn3 precipitates are formed in Mg-8Zn-4Al-1Ca alloy aged at 160 ℃ for 16 h. In addition, the lattice distortions, honeycomb-looking Moir＆#233; fringes, edge dislocations and dislocation loop also exist in the microstructure. The precipitates of alloy aged at 160 ℃ for 48 h are coarse disc-like and fine dispersed grainy. When the alloy is subjected to aging at 160 ℃ for 227 h, the microstructure consists of numerous MgZn2 precipitates and Ca2Mg6Zn3 precipitates. All the analyses show that Ca is a particularly effective trace addition in improving the age-hardening and postponing the formation of MgZn2 precipitates in Mg-8Zn-4Al alloy aged at 160 ℃.

Quasi-static and dynamic tensile behaviors in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The quasi-static and dynamic tensile behaviors in electron beam welded（EBW） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated at strain rates of 10-3 and 103 s-1,respectively,by materials test system（MTS） and reconstructive Hopkinson bars apparatus.The microstructures of the base metal（BM） and the welded metal（WM） were observed with optical microscope.The fracture characteristics of the BM and WM were characterized with scanning electronic microscope.In Ti-6Al-4V alloy joint,the flow stress of WM is higher than that of BM,while the fracture strain of WM is less than that of BM at strain rates of 103 and 10-3 s-1,respectively.The fracture strain of WM has apparent improvement when the strain rate rises from 10-3 to 103 s-1,while the fracture strain of BM almost has no change.At the same time,the fracture mode of WM alters from brittle to ductile fracture,which causes improvement of the fracture strain of WM.

Constitutive modeling for dynamic recrystallization kinetics of Mg-4Zn-2Al-2Sn alloy

In order to have a better understanding of the hot deformation behavior of the as-solution-treated Mg-4 Zn-2 Sn-2 Al（ZAT422） alloy, a series of compression experiments with a height reduction of 60% were performed in the temperature range of 498-648 K and the strain rate range of 0.01-5 s～（-1） on a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Based on the regression analysis by Arrhenius type equation and Avrami type equation of flow behavior, the activation energy of deformation of ZAT422 alloy was determined as 155.652 k J/mol, and the constitutive equations for flow behavior and the dynamic recrystallization（DRX） kinetic model of ZAT422 alloy were established. Microstructure observation shows that when the temperature is as low as 498 K, the DRX is not completed as the true strain reaches 0.9163. However, with the temperature increasing to 648 K, the lower strain rate is more likely to result in some grains＇ abnormal growth.

强磁场作用下铸造Al-4%Cu合金时效析出的

研究了强磁场对Al-4%Cu合金时效析出的影响,采用显微硬度测试、X射线衍射以及电子探针等手段研究了材料的组织及性能。结果表明:在其他条件相同情况下,强磁场提高了材料的硬度,缩短了时效析出时间并且增加了晶界析出相的数量。强磁场作用于相变时引起的时效转变扩散系数的增加是以上变化的主要原因之一。同时,结果也表明在强磁场下时效析出时基体晶粒度、脱溶相形状及其排列方式无明显变化。

Stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by fiber laser

Stitch welding of plate covered skeleton structure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys has a variety of applications in aerospace vehicle manufacture. The laser stitch welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys was carried out by a 4 kW ROFIN fiber laser. Influences of laser welding parameters on the macroscopic geometry, porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the stitch welded seams were investigated by digital microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that the three-pipe nozzle with gas flow rate larger than 5 L/min could avoid oxidization, presenting better shielding effect in comparison with the single-pipe nozzle. Porosity formation could be suppressed with the gap between plate and skeleton less than 0.1 mm, while the existing porosity can be reduced with remelting. The maximum shear strength of stitch welding joint with minimal porosity was obtained by employing laser power of 1700 W, welding speed of 1.5 m/min and defocusing distance of ＋8 ram.

Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

叠片粉末冶金制备超细晶Al-4%Cu合金的组织与性能

以纯铝、铜粉末为起始原料,采用叠片粉末冶金技术路线,通过球磨片化、复合造粒与扩散合金化,制备出了高强塑性匹配的超细晶Al-4%Cu合金。利用XRD、SEM及TEM,表征了合金相形成、演变及微观组织,并与采用球形铝粉的传统粉末冶金技术制备的Al-4%Cu合金进行了性能对比。结果表明,叠片粉末冶金能够获得拉长超细晶组织,引入的Al2O3纳米相使拉长晶在热变形加工过程得以保留;叠片粉末冶金所制备的Al-4%Cu合金屈服强度为378MPa、抗拉强度达到527MPa,分别比传统粉末冶金提高26.4%和19.2%,同时保持14.2%的延伸率,实现了强度和塑性的均衡匹配,为高强韧大块铝合金材料制备提供了新思路。