Ecological toxicity of reactive X-3B red dye and cadmium acting on wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Ecological toxicity of reactive X\|3B red dye and cadmium in both their single form and their combined form on wheat was studied using the experimental method of seed and root exposure. The single factor exposure indicated that the inhibitory rate of wheat root elongation was significantly increased with the increase in the concentration of the dye in the cultural solution, although seed germination of wheat was not sensitive to the dye. The toxicity of cadmium was greatly higher than that of the dye, but low concentration cadmium (<40 mg/L) could promote the germination of wheat seed. Interactive effects of the dye and cadmium on wheat were complicated. There was no significant correlation between the inhibitory rate of seed germination and the concentrations of the dye and cadmium. Low concentration cadmium could strengthen the toxicity of the dye acting on root elongation. On the contrary, high concentration cadmium could weaken the toxicity of the dye acting on root elongation.

Study of the Toxicity of 1-Bromo-3-Chloro-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin to Zebrafish

Objective 1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin （BCDMH） is a solid oxidizing biocide for water disinfection.The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of BCDMH on zebrafish.Methods The developmental toxicity of BCDMH on zebrafish embryos and the dose-effect relationship was determined.The effect of BCDMH exposure on histopathology and tissue antioxidant activity of adult zebrafish were observed over time.Results Exposure to 4 mg/L BCDMH post-fertilization was sufficient to induce a number of developmental malformations,such as edema,axial malformations,and reductions in heart rate and hatching rate.The no observable effects concentration of BCDMH on zebrafish embryo was 0.5 mg/L.After 96 h exposure,the 50% lethal concentration （95% confidence interval （CI）） of BCDMH on zebrafish embryo was 8.10 mg/L （6.15-11.16 mg/L）.The 50% inhibitory concentration （95% CI） of BCDMH on hatching rate was 7.37 mg/L （6.33-8.35 mg/L）.Histopathology showed two types of responses induced by BCDMH,defensive and compensatory.The extreme responses were marked hyperplasia of the gill epithelium with lamellar fusion and epidermal peeling.The histopathologic changes in the gills after 10 days exposure were accompanied by significantly higher catalase activity and lipid peroxidation.Conclusion These results have important implications for studies on the toxicity and use of BCDMH and its analogs.

Differential Expression of Iron Deficiency Responsive Rice Genes under Low Phosphorus and Iron Toxicity Conditions and Association of OsIRO3 with Yield in Acidic Soils

With the hypothesis that iron(Fe) deficiency responsive genes may play a role in Fe toxicity conditions,we studied five such genes OsNAS1,OsNAS3,OsIRO2,OsIRO3 and OsYSL16 across six contrasting rice genotypes for expression under high Fe and low phosphorus(P) conditions,and sequence polymorphism.Genotypes Sahbhagi Dhan,Chakhao Poirieton and Shasharang were high yielders with no bronzing symptom visible under Fe toxic field conditions,and BAM350 and BAM811 were low yielders but did not show bronzing symptoms.Hydroponic screening revealed that the number of crown roots and root length can be traits for consideration for identifying Fe toxicity tolerance in rice genotypes.Fe contents in rice roots and shoots of a high-yielding genotype KMR3 showing leaf bronzing were significantly high.In response to 24 h high Fe stress,the expression levels of OsNAS3 were up-regulated in all genotypes except KMR3.In response to 48 h high Fe stress,the expression levels of OsNAS1 were3-fold higher in tolerant Shasharang,whereas in KMR3,it was significantly down-regulated.Even in response to 7 d excess Fe stress,the transcript abundances of OsIRO2 and OsNAS3 were contrasting in genotypes Shasharang and KMR3.This suggested that the reported Fe deficiency genes had a role in Fe toxicity and that in genotype KMR3 under excess Fe stress,there was disruption of metal homeostasis.Under the 48 h low P conditions,OsIRO2 and OsYSL16 were significantly up-regulated in Fe tolerant genotype Shasharang and in low P tolerant genotype Chakhao Poirieton,respectively.In silico sequence analysis across 3 024 rice genotypes revealed polymorphism for 4 genes.Sequencing across OsIRO3and OsNAS3 revealed nucleotide polymorphism between tolerant and susceptible genotypes for Fe toxicity.Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletions(InDels) differing in tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified.A marker targeting 25-bp InDel in OsIRO3,when run on a diverse panel of 43 rice genotypes and a biparental population,was associated with superior performance for yield under acidic lowland field conditions.This study highlights the potential of one of the vital genes involved in Fe homeostasis as a genic target for improving rice yield in acidic soils.

Photosynthetic Toxicity and Oxidative Damage Induced by nano-Fe3O4 on <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>in Aquatic Environment

With the rapid development of nanotechnology and widespread use of nanoproducts, concerns have arisen regarding the ecotoxicity of these materials. In this paper, the photosynthetic toxicity and oxidative damage induced by nano Fe3O4 on a model organism, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) in aquatic environment, were studied. The results showed that Nano-Fe3O4 was toxic to C. vulgaris and affected its content of chlorophyll a, malonaldehyde and glutathione, CO2 absorption, net photosynthetic rate, superoxide dismutase activity and inhibition of hydroxyl radical generation. At higher concentrations, compared with the control group, the toxicity of nano-Fe3O4 was significantly different. It suggested that nano-Fe3O4 is ecotoxic to C. vulgaris in aquatic environment.

Combined Toxicity of an Environmental Remediation Residue,Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/Cr(Ⅵ)Adduct

Objective This paper aims to elucidate the combined toxicity of magnetite nanoparticles/Chromium [MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ）] adducts. Methods The HEK293 cell was exposed to either Cr（Ⅵ） or MNPs, or their adducts MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ）. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by assessing the cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress induction, and cellular uptake. Results The toxicity of formed adducts is significantly reduced when compared to Cr（Ⅵ） anions. We found that the cellular uptake of MNPs/Cr（Ⅵ） adduct was rare, only few particles were endocytosed from the extracellular fluid and not accumulated in the cell nucleus. On the other hand, the Cr（Ⅵ） anions entered cells, generated oxidative stress, induced cell apoptosis, and caused cytotoxicity. Conclusion The results showed minor effects of the nanoadducts on the tested cells and supported that magnetite nanoparticles could be implemented in the wastewater treatment process in which advantageous properties outweigh the risks.

Acute toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the anxious mood of rats

BACKGROUND： The long-term neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine （MDMA） mainly caused by repeated exposure to MDMA or a single big dose of MDMA, which results in degeneration of serotonin terminal of central nervous system, and someone believe that the great release of serotonin transmitter in central nervous system will lead to anxious mood. OBJECTIVE： To observe the changes of anxiety related behaviors in rats after single administration of different doses of MDMA. DESIGN： A randomized control study SETTING： Laboratory of Psychopharmacology of the Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University. MATERIALS： Thirty male adult Wistar rats, weighing （251.3＋18.34） g, were used, MDMA were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, and dissolved in saline. All the doses of the drug were administered in a volume of 1 mg/kg. METHODS ： The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Psychopharmacology of the Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University in July 2003. ①The rats were randomly divided into control group （n=6） and experimental group （n=24）, and then those in the latter were randomly assigned into four subgroups of MDMA 3, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg groups, with 6 rats in each, which were administrated by single intraperitoneal injection of MDMA 3, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively, and those in the control group were administrated by single intraperitoneal injection of saline of the same volume. ② The open field test, elevated plus-maze test and social interaction test were performed immediately after administration. For the open field test, the apparatus was situated in a darkened room, illuminated by a single 60 W white light bulb located approximately 60 cm above the center of the open field. Before administration, all the rats were placed into the open field to be familiar with the open field for 5 minutes. They were observed for 45 minutes after administration. The locomotion （number of squares the rat passes）, rearing response, time spent in central squares and defecation were observed, 1 minute for each time for a total of 9 times. For the elevated plus-maze test, the maze was situated in a quiet darkened room, illuminated by a single 60 W white light bulb located approximately 50 cm above the center of the maze. Arm entries were only counted when all the four paws had entered either a closed or an open arm within 5 minutes, and the time spent in the arms were observed. For the social interaction test, the matched rats were put into the arena head-to-head in opposite direction, and aggressive-type behaviors, avoidance, passive and exploration were observed. ③ The one-way analysis of variance was performed with the SPSS 10.0 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The results of open field test, elevated plus-maze test and social interaction test were observed. RESULTS： All the 30 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Results of open field test： After single administration of MDMA of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, the dose-dependent Iocomotors （number of squares the rat passes） in the experimental groups were obviously higher than those in the control group [（21.67±17,55）, （34.44±19.47）, （33.48±23.34）, （7.31 ±6,02） s; P 〈 0.05], and the rearing responses were markedly lower than those in the control group [（0.70±1.71）, （0.96±1.68）, （0.39±0.88）, （1.37±1.59） s, P 〈 0.05]. ② Results of the elevated plus-maze test： After acute administration of MDMA, there were no differences between the MDMA subgroups and saline group in the number of open-arms entries, the open-arms time, the percent of number of open arm entries/total arm entries, and the percent of time spent on the open arms/total time （P 〉 0.05）.③ Results of the social international test： After acute administration of MDMA, there were no differences between the MDMA subgroups and saline group in the aggressive-type behaviors, avoidance, passive, exploration and total time of interaction （P 〉 0.05） CONCLUSION： The acute administration of MDMA has no obvious influence on the anxiety-related behaviors of rats.

Definition of Planarian Mortality in an Acute Toxicity Test:A Case Study on Dugesia japonica Exposed to 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

In order to define the mortality criteria of planarian objectively,a case study of Dugesia japonica exposed to 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([C8mim]Br)was performed followed by a recovery culture.The results showed that defining planarian mortality in light of its body disintegration was appropriate.If the disintegrated tissue of a planarian was more than 1/4 of its body length,it would completely degenerate.However,a planarian would regenerate the lost tissue and return to normal after a few days’recovery culture if the disintegrated part was less than 1/4 of body length.Therefore,we propose to use body disintegration as the endpoint of planarian mortality,i.e.,1/4 body length degenerated is the critical threshold of mortality and survival of planarians when exposed to toxicants.This criterion could be adapted in the standardization of testing protocols and comparability of acute toxicity test or other toxicological research using planarian as the test animal.

蛇床子素对AlCl_3致急性衰老模型小鼠记忆障碍的保护作用

目的 研究蛇床子素对AlCl3 致急性衰老模型小鼠记忆障碍的保护作用及其机制。方法 通过小鼠避暗实验和跳台实验、血浆和脑组织超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH PX)活性测定 ,观察蛇床子素对AlCl3 造成小鼠记忆障碍模型的保护作用。结果 蛇床子素能明显改善AlCl3 所致被动回避性记忆障碍 ,增强SOD和GSH PX活性。结论 蛇床子素对AlCl3 致急性衰老模型小鼠记忆障碍有保护作用 ,其作用机制可能是通过增强抗氧化酶GSH PX和SOD活性来清除氧自由基对中枢神经系统神经细胞的损伤。

AlCl_3在催化有机化学反应中的应用方式及其原理

对AlCl3 在催化有机化学反应中的应用方式进行了较全面的综述 。

钩藤散对AlCl_3所致老年痴呆模型鼠的影响

目的:观察钩藤散对老年性痴呆模型鼠脑指数,MAO-B,SOD,GSH-PX,NO,LDH等的影响,从而了解其作用机制。方法:120只大鼠随机均分为6组、实验组分高、中、低(5,2.5,1.25g·kg-1)3种剂量每天灌给钩藤散浸膏,模型组及正常组灌以等量生理盐水(0.01mL.g-1),阳性药组每天给予茴拉西坦胶囊(三乐喜,0.1g·kg-1),给药第5天时,除正常组外,各组腹腔注射AlCl3(100mg·kg-1),隔日1次,连续50d后,分别测定各组大鼠的死亡率、增重、学习成绩、脑指数、脑组织MAO-B,SOD,GSH-PX和血清NO,LDH等含量的变化。结果:实验组的脑指数显著(P<0.05)高于、SOD,GSH-PX活力和NO含量极显著(P<0.01)高于、LDH显著(P<0.05)低于、高、中剂量组的MAO-B含量极显著(P<0.01)低于、学习成绩和增重极显著(P<0.01)好于模型组,与正常组比,实验组除LDH偏高外其他各指标相近。结论:钩藤散能提高脑指数,降低死亡率,保持体重处于正常状况,增强抗氧化能力,抑制MAO-B活性,加强清除脂质过氧化物及其代谢废物的作用,减少LDH的漏出,维持NO于正常水平,从而保护细胞,抵抗痴呆。

AlCl_3改性阳离子交换树脂催化合成异丙叉甘油

以无水AlCl3、阳离子交换树脂和AlCl3改性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,对丙三醇与丙酮缩合反应进行了研究,AlCl3改性阳离子交换树脂对反应的催化效果最佳.Hammett指示剂法和吡啶吸附红外表征结果表明,采用AlCl3对阳离子交换树脂进行改性后,催化剂的酸强度有所提高,催化活性增强.AlCl3改性阳离子交换树脂催化合成异丙叉甘油的优化反应条件为:反应温度82℃,n丙三醇/n丙酮=1:3,催化剂用量为丙三醇质量的10%,反应时间11h,异丙叉甘油收率为90.9%。

AlCl_3显色分光光度法测定香椿叶中总黄酮

建立了AlCl3显色分光光度法测定香椿叶提取液中总黄酮的测定方法。研究表明：在弱酸性条件下，香椿叶提取液中总黄酮与AlCl3形成稳定的黄色配合物，在415nm处测定显色液的吸光度确定总黄酮的量。以芦丁为标样，黄酮量在2．41—30．1mg／L范围内，服从比耳定律，回归方程A=0．0318ρ＋0．0285，相关系数R^2=0．9994，方法的回收率为96．4％。103．4％，相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．84％。

大孔磺酸树脂固载AlCl_3用于噻吩与烯烃的烷基化反应

大孔磺酸树脂固载AlCl3是提高树脂催化剂酸强度及其烷基化活性的有效方法,本工作以NKC9, CT175两种磺酸树脂催化剂为载体,采用AlCl3气相固载法分别于不同固载温度及固载时间条件下制得AlCl3-NKC9, AlCl3-CT175催化剂,并对其用于噻吩与异丁烯、异戊烯的烷基化反应活性进行了考察. 结果表明:在固载时间为10～25 h、固载温度为110～120oC条件下,所制得的催化剂在常压、温度60oC、原料(含4300 mg/L噻吩的苯溶液)质量空速为7.5 h-1的反应条件下具有很高的噻吩烷基化活性(噻吩转化率达95%),且固载AlCl3后的树脂催化剂活性稳定性较固载前有较大程度提高.

固载AlCl_3催化剂聚合α-烯烃制润滑油基础油

介绍新型α 烯烃聚合制润滑油基础油的AlCl3固载化催化剂。通过比较4种催化剂的催化活性发现,Al Cl3.NiSO4/γ Al2O3催化剂的催化效果相对好些,而且,催化剂经添加助剂、酸性组分等处理后,催化剂的各种性能均有显著增强。结果表明,此反应适宜的工艺条件为:温度160℃,压力2.0MPa,体积空速0.5h-1。

酸性AlCl_3-BMIC离子液体中的铝阳极溶解(英文)

采用线性扫描伏安法研究了Lewis酸性AlCl3-BMIC(BMIC:1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride)离子液体中铝电极的溶解.铝电极在阳极极化时出现了钝化现象,钝化是由于在铝电极表面形成了固体AlCl3钝化膜造成的.铝的电化学溶解过程可以依次分为三个区:电化学控制区、过渡区和钝化区.在电化学控制区,铝的电化学溶解速率随着电位的正移而逐渐增加;在过渡区,由于电极表面AlCl4-和Al2Cl7-浓度发生改变而析出固体AlCl3使得铝电化学溶解速率随着电位的正移而逐渐减小;当钝化膜形成之后,铝的电化学溶解速率不再随着电位的正移而发生改变,铝溶解进入钝化区.增加搅拌、升高温度、降低离子液体AlCl3摩尔分数都可以增加铝溶解阳极极限电流密度.

无水AlCl_3催化合成N,N-二氰乙基甲基苯胺的研究

报道了AlCl3和AlCl3-ZnCl2组成的催化体系对邻、间、对甲基苯胺三种异构体与丙烯腈发生加成反应合成相应的N,N-二氰乙基甲基苯胺.其结果表明:AlCl3对该类反应具有很高的催化效率,AlCl3-ZnCl2组成的催化体系比AlCl3的催化效率更高,其中间位、对位产物收率达92%～94%.

采用AlCl3脱氟-碳热氯化法从混合稀土精矿中提取稀土

研究了氟碳铈矿-独居石混合精矿经AlCl3脱氟和加碳氯化反应提取稀土的工艺及反应机理,考察了反应时间、温度和脱氟剂对稀土提取率的影响.结果表明,在脱氟剂AlCl3存在下,600℃已获高提取率(93%),800℃时氯化反应2h,稀土提取率高达97.4%.采用XRD法分析了不同温度下混合稀土精矿碳热氯化2h后酸不溶物的物相组成,探讨了AlCl3脱氟-碳热氯化法从混合稀土精矿中除氟并提取氯化稀土的反应机理。

从2AlCl_3/Et_3NHCl离子液体中电沉积制备Ni和Ni-Al合金

在含Ni2+的2AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体中的铜电极上通过恒电位电沉积制备出金属Ni和Ni-Al合金.采用循环伏安和计时电流方法,揭示铜电极上沉积金属Ni的成核机理,研究了电沉积Ni-Al合金的机理,以及恒电位沉积Ni-Al合金工艺条件对沉积Ni-Al合金表面形貌和电流效率的影响.结果表明:在铜电极上电沉积金属Ni的成核机理为受扩散控制的三维瞬时成核过程.在电量≥3.0C时,电沉积Ni-Al合金的组成基本不再变化.Ni-Al合金的电沉积机理为,Ni的电沉积受扩散控制,同时进行Al的欠电位沉积,在Ni-Al合金电沉积过程中某些Ni-Al合金相的沉积可能受动力学限制而使Ni-Al合金的组成偏离热力学预测结果.在电沉积Ni-Al合金的沉积电流小且平稳,电沉积速率慢条件下,Ni-Al合金表面形貌致密均一,反之就会出现瘤节.电沉积Ni-Al合金的电流效率>90%.电沉积物的组成接近于Ni3Al合金.

AlCl_3修饰对虎红-TiO_2光催化剂可见光制氢活性的影响

用浸渍法制备了Rose bengal-Pt-TiO2和Rose bengal-AlCl3-Pt-TiO2光催化剂,通过可见光下光解水制氢考察了催化剂的催化活性。染料Rosebengal的敏化使TiO2在可见光照射下有较强的吸收和活性。催化剂Rose bengal-AlCl3-Pt-TiO2光催化活性高于Rose bengal-Pt-TiO2。其原因是经过AlCl3修饰的TiO2可以提高对染料Rose bengal的吸附量和吸附强度,从而提高了TiO2的可见光催化活性。

AlCl_3脱氟-碳热氯化法提取包钢选矿厂尾矿中稀土

研究了包钢选矿厂尾矿经A lC l3脱氟后加碳氯化焙烧提取氯化稀土的新工艺。系统考察了反应时间、温度和脱氟剂对稀土提取率的影响。结果表明:在脱氟剂A lC l3存在下,800℃时氯化反应2h,稀土提取率高达88.6%。采用XRD法分析了不同温度下尾矿碳热氯化2h酸不溶物的物相组成,探讨了A lC l3脱氟-碳热氯化法从尾矿中除氟并提取氯化稀土可能发生的反应。