Biosorption of Heavy Metal by Algae Biomass in Surface Water

Discharging wastewater containing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd into water bodies can cause toxicity in plants and aquatic animals and some of them will be unable to survive except algae. Wastewater treatment method to remove heavy metal contaminants includes chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane, filtration, adsorption using activated carbon. However, these methods are either expensive or have other disadvantages such as high energy consumption and inefficiencies when existing heavy metals are at trace concentration. Biosorption using algae biomass can be an alternative method to eliminate heavy metals. The objective of the project is to investigate the capability of Marine Algae (MA) and Freshwater Algae (FA) bi-omass in adsorbing heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd from water medium using synthetic water and industrial water. MA and FA were obtained from the eastern coast of Pulau Ubin and local fish farm respectively. After being fully washed with deionised water, dried in a furnace for 105°C, they are grinded to pass 1 mm2 of siever. MA and FA were characterised using FTIR to determine their functional groups. An industrial water was collected from industrial discharge from metal fac-tories in northern side of Singapore. Effect of adsorption time, adsorbent concentra-tion, and pH were studied. The result showed that FA and MA had a higher capability in adsorbing a total metal of about 40 ppm level from an industrial water, or 4 times than synthetic water concentration, at the same adsorbent dosage of 50 mg. In con-clusion, the presence of various functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxylic and amine groups, in all MA and FA samples had enabled the algae biomass to adsorb heavy metals of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn from synthetic and industrial water. Due to their bio-sorptive properties and fast adsorption capability, algae could be a potential method for cleaning up surface water or post-treatment of wastewater and minimise the cost of eutrophication.

Vertical distribution and seasonal variation in ice algae biomass in coastal sea ice off Zhongshan Station， East Antarctica

the biomass of ice algal communities in coastal sea ice off zhongshan Station, antarctica were monitored from april to december 1992. The maximum Thickness of ice cover was 1. 74 m in november/december and covered-snow was less than35 cm in depth throughout the study period. Brown layers occurred in 2～5 cm of theIce bottom in late april and november, with chlorophyll a peak values of 360. 7 and2810 mg/m3 respectively. The integrated chlorophyll a values ranged from 1. 17 to59. 7 mg/m2 with the peak occurring in november when ice algae bloomed, and theValues never exceeded 6 mg/m2 before mid october except at one site, the highest valueOccurred in april and then decreased nuctuatedly throughout the year. The biomassWas concentrated mainly in the bottom of the ice, and might be also partly concentratedIn the interior sections where autumn bloom had occurred. The dominant diatoms wereComposed of nitzschia lecointei, n. Barkleyi, n. Cylindrus in austral autumn and Amphiphiprora kjellmanii, berkeleya rutilans, nitzschia lecointei in austral spring, andShowed some difference at sites owing to the environmental conditions.

Dynamic Diurnal Changes in Green Algae Biomass in the Southern Yellow Sea Based on GOCI Images

Macroalgae blooms of Ulva prolifera have occurred every summer in the southern Yellow Sea since 2007,inducing severe ecological problems and huge economic losses.Genesis and secular movement of green algae blooms have been well monitored by using remote sensing and other methods.In this study,green algae were detected and traced by using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI),and a novel biomass estimation model was developed from the relationship between biomass measurements and previously published satellite-derived biomass indexes.The results show that the green algae biomass can be determined most accurately with the biomass index of green algae for GOCI(BIGAG),which is calculated from the Rsurf data that had been atmospherically corrected by ENVI/QUAC method.For the first time,dynamic changes in green algae biomass were studied over an hourly scale.Short-term biomass changes were highly influenced by Photosynthetically Available Radiation(PAR)and tidal phases,but less by sea surface temperature variations on a daily timescale.A new parameter of biomass changes(PBC),calculated by the ratio of the biomass growth rate to movement velocity,could provide an effective way to assess and forecast green tide in the southern Yellow Sea and similar areas.

Influence of External Factors on Algae Biomass in Lake Khadicha (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)

Aquatic plant communities, which largely determine the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and the quality of their waters, are the most important components in the biological monitoring system. Lake Khadicha is a unique natural body of water that is used for growing commercial fish. In recent years, due to heavy loads of abiotic and anthropogenic factors, the lake water has become highly saline. This phenomenon greatly affects the biodiversity of aquatic organisms, in addition to algae. During 2019-2021, the algae flora of Lake Khadicha was studied. 216 species of algae were identified as part of the algal flora. Their relationship with external factors such as water temperature, salinity and pH was studied. The seasonal abundance and biomass of algal flora areas of the lake were determined. Quantitative indicators of the dominant species in each season and their bioecological characteristics are identified.

Harnessing Microalgae Biomass from Lake Taihu as a Natural Biocolorant Source for Sustainable Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Cotton with Ultrasonication

Most water bodies worldwide are infested with algae bloom and Lake Taihu is no exception, various techniques have been developed to harvest microalgae from Lake Taihu as part of the lake cleaning program and this results in a large algae biomass to deal with. This study made use of the algae biomass harvested as a biocolorants source for textile application and also evaluated its dyeing characteristics with mercerized and bleached cotton. The fabrics were dyed with either ultrasound or water bath method. The ultrasound method improved dye extraction yield from 17.8% for the conventional method to 26.7%, which was also enhanced to 33.2% with the addition of HCl (1 cm). The ultrasound dyeing method was effective at improving dye uptake at a reduced dyeing temperature when compared to the conventional method and also produced different shades of color after dyeing with different mordants. The dyed fabrics had good fastness properties for laundry, crocking and light. The dyed fabrics also showed a good ultraviolet protection factor. The use of algae biomass as a potential source of colorants for textile application will provide an alternate dye source that is environmentally friendly.

Effect of goethite on anaerobic co-digestion process of corn straw and algae biomass

1 Introduction Recently the demand for fossil fuel has grown significantly with the rapid development of the Chinese economy.Renewable energy was developed to replace traditional fossil fuels,which would decrease the

Abundance,biomass and composition of spring ice algal and phytoplankton communities of the Laptev Sea(Arctic)

Abundance, biomass and composition of the ice algal and phytoplankton communities were investigated in the southeastern Laptev Sea in spring 1999. Diatoms dominated the algal communities and pennate diatoms dominated the diatom population. 12 dominant algal species occurred within sea ice and underlying water column, including Fragilariopsis oceanica, F. cylindrus, Nitzschla frigida, N. promare, Achnanthes taeniata, Nitzschia neofrigida, Navicula pelagica , N. vanhoef fenii, N. septentrionalls, Melosiraarctica , Clindrotheca closterium and Pyramimonas sp. The algal abundance of bottom 10cm sea ice varied between 14.6 and 1562.2 × 10^4 cells 1^-1 with an average of 639.0 × 10^4 cells 1^-1 , and the algal biomass ranged from 7.89 to 2093.5μg C 1^-1 with an average of 886.9μg C1^-1 , which were generally one order of magnitude higher than those of sub-bottom ice and two orders of magnitude higher than those of underlying surface water. The integrated algal abundance and biomass of lowermost 20 cm ice column were averagely 7.7 and 12.2 times as those of upper 20 m water column, respectively, suggesting that the ice algae might play an important role in maintaining the coastal marine ecosystem before the thawing of sea ice. Ice algae influenced the phytoplankton community of the underlying water column. However, the ＂seeding＂ of ice algae for phytoplankton bloom was negligible because of the low phytoplankton biomass within the underlying water column.

Spatial variability in sea-ice algal biomass: an under-ice remote sensing perspective

Sea-ice algae are a paramount feature of polar marine ecosystems and ice algal standing stocks are characterized by a high spatio-temporal variability. Traditional sampling techniques, e.g., ice coring, are laborintensive, spatially limited and invasive, thereby limiting our understanding of ice algal biomass variability patterns. Thishas consequences for quantifying ice-associated algal biomass distribution, primary production, and detecting responses to changing environmental conditions. Close-range under-ice optical remote sensing techniques have emerged as a capable alternative providing non-invasive estimates of ice algal biomass and its spatial variability. In this review we first summarize observational studies, using both classical and new methods that aim to capture biomass variability at multiple spatial scales and identify the environmental drivers. We introduce the complex multi-disciplinary nature of under-ice spectral radiation profiling techniquesand discuss relevant concepts of sea-ice radiative transfer and bio-optics. In addition, we tabulate and discuss advances and limitations of different statistical approaches used to correlate biomass and under-ice light spectral composition. We also explore theoretical and technical aspects of using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles （UUV）, and Hyperspectral Imaging （HI） technology in an under-ice remote sensing context. The review concludes with an outlook and way forward to combine platforms and optical sensors to quantify ice algal spatial variability and establish relationships with its environmental drivers.

Wastewater Remediation Using Algae Grown on a Substrate for Biomass and Biofuel Production

Surging oil, feed and fertilizer costs have impacted farmers particularly hard. Farm-based, local sources of renewable energy could help reduce energy costs for farmers and help develop rural-based processing and manufacturing of biofuel to bolster rural economies. At the same time, nutrient contamination and eutrophication from farming operations have become national problems. Algal-based bioprocessors have the potential to address these problems simultaneously. At Appalachian State University (Appstate) we set out to design, build and test a system that uses algae to capture wastewater nutrients as well as excreted pharmaceuticals, while simultaneously sequestering CO2, producing oil for conversion to biodiesel and feed for livestock. There are a number of problems with current algae growth systems. Algae grown in an open pond or raceway system are suspended in the water in the presence of soluble and suspended waste making most of the current harvest techniques problematic and expensive. Appstate designed algae troughs in which the algae are immobilized on a solid substrate. The laboratory-scale prototype was constructed of three-sided square plastic pipe open at the top. Inside the pipe, there was a series of cloth filters supported by rigid flow-through baffles. Preliminary results observed an average percent reduction of nitrate and phosphorous of 40 and 43, respectively, from different initial nutrient concentrations. Near complete removal (~96%) of estrogen was observed in 2-day trial experiments. In addition, effective increases in algal biomass which can serve as both biofuel feedstock and livestock feed were observed.

Seasonal change of ice algal and phytoplankton assemblages in the Nella Fjord near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica

The ice algal and phytoplankton assemblages were studied from Nella Fjord near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica from April 12 to December 30, 1992. Algal blooms occurred about 3 cm thick on the bottom of sea ice in late April and mid November to early December respectively, and a phytoplankton bloom appeared in the underlying surface water in mid December following the spring ice algal bloom. The biomass in ice bottom was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of surface water. Amphiprora kjellmanii, Berkeleya sp., Navicula glaciei, Nitzschia barkelyi, N. cylindrus /N. curta, N. lecointei and Nitzschia sp. were common in the sea ice temporarily or throughout the study period. The biomass in a certain ice segment was decreased gradually and the dominant species were usually succeeded as the season went on. Nitzschia sublineata and Dactyliosolen antarctica were two seasonal dominant species only observed in underlying water column. The assemblages between bottom of ice and underlying surface water were different except when spring ice algae bloomed. The evidence shows that the ice algal blooms occurred mainly by in situ growth of ice algae, and the phytoplankton bloom was mostly caused by the release of ice algae.

The vertical structure of the vegetative canopy of the brown algae Cystoseira(Black Sea)

In the coastal ecosystems of the Black Sea,macrophytobenthos and,in particular,the association of Cystoseira crinite,C.barbara,Cladostephus verticillatus,and Corallina mediterranea,with its thick vegetative canopy(VC),is the key contributor to primary production(PP).Though the vertical structure of the canopy,formed by the algal association,is of principal importance to the PP level,this subject has been long-neglected by researchers.The goal of our work was to compare vertical structures of the vegetative canopy of Cystoseira brown algae under diverse hydrodynamical conditions of the Crimean Peninsula coast.Samples were collected using the 50 cm×50 cm counting frame at eight stations positioned in shallow(55-60 cm deep)sites of Sevastopol Bay(Crimean Peninsula).Dry weight biomass of the VC was determined for all algae assemblage and for each algal species individually,per horizontal surface unit,at each height(Z).The study shows that:1)the VC is characterized by unimodal vertical distribution of biomass,with maximum estimate in the lower part,where the biomass increases to 85%of the total biomass;2)a series of single-peaked curves reliably describes the unimodal distribution of the biomass;thalli of different age groups are found along the canopy profile;and 3)algae found in epiphytic synusia prefer inhabiting the upper part of the VC.The role of environmental factors(seawater turbulence and solar radiation)is discussed in reference to the formation of the vertical structure,made up of the associations of the brown algae Cystoseira.

生物吸附剂在含重金属离子废水处理中的研究进展

高效、节能、环保的含重金属离子废水处理技术是如今的研究重点之一,生物吸附法因其对环境友好的特性以及优秀的吸附性能,在含重金属离子废水处理的领域内有着较大的潜力。近些年来,国内外研究者从酵母、生物质、细菌、藻类等方面对生物吸附剂进行探索研究,以期让其更好的应用于实际。主要是从生物吸附剂材料分类和生物吸附机理两方面,对目前的生物吸附剂研究进展进行总结和归纳,并对其未来的发展做出相应展望。

铈改性海藻炭基催化剂选择性催化氧化苯甲醇制备苯甲醛的研究

苯甲醛作为一种重要的化学品中间体,在医药、精细化工等领域广泛应用。为解决传统苯甲醛合成中污染较大的问题,通过苯甲醇催化氧化制备苯甲醛具有较高的研究价值和现实意义。以广泛分布且廉价的大型海藻为原料,制备了海藻炭基催化剂载体,并在其表面均匀负载CeO2,制备了具有优异催化氧化性能的铈改性海藻炭基催化剂。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线能谱仪等多种表征手段对催化剂的理化特性进行深入分析。基于控制变量试验,进一步考察催化氧化过程中反应温度、氧化反应时间、CeO_(2)掺杂量以及催化剂用量对苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性的影响。结果表明,所制备的铈改性海藻碳基催化剂可在温和条件下实现苯甲醇的高效转化,苯甲醇的转化率与苯甲醛的选择性分别为100%和86.59%,实现了在温和条件下将苯甲醇高选择性转化为苯甲醛,为绿色、经济、环保制备苯甲醛提供了参考。

应用有效微生物群(EM)处理富营养化源水试验研究

初试条件下系统地考察了有效微生物群(EM)处理南水塘藻型富营养化源水效果。结果表明:在容器中按V(EM)∶V(源水)为1∶10000的比例投加EM菌液并辅以低速间歇式曝气处理8～9d,藻类生物量得到明显控制,水样叶绿素a,TN,TP及CODCr去除率分别达90 49%,45 25%,55 48%及82 37%,出水水质接近国家地表Ⅳ类水质标准。处理过程中,水样pH与电导率有明显的变化规律,应属2个独立的因子体系;EM微生物可改变源水氮磷营养盐水平及藻类生物量与氮 磷质量分数的相关性,成为影响或抑制藻类生长的主导因子。

磷酸盐、硝酸盐组成对海洋赤潮藻生长的影响

应用 1次培养实验方法研究了不同组成磷酸盐 (PO4- P)和硝酸盐 (NO3 - N)对新月菱形藻、旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻 3种海洋赤潮藻生长的影响。结果表明 ,L ogistic生长模型可以很好地描述不同组成 PO4- P和 NO3 - N条件下 3种海洋赤潮藻生长状况 ,其中拟合相关系数 R2 =0 .95± 0 .0 3。进一步研究表明 ,3种海洋赤潮藻均存在营养盐生长阈值 C*PO4,C*NO3 ,在本文实验条件下新月菱形藻的 C*PO4为 1.72μmol· L-1,C*NO3 为 4 0 .4 2μmol· L-1;旋链角毛藻的分别为 2 .0 7μmol· L-1和 4 4.76 μmol· L-1;中肋骨条藻的分别为 1.13μmol· L-1和 30 .2 6 μmol· L-1。当 PO4- P,NO3 - N初始浓度分别小于其营养盐生长阈值 C*PO4,C*NO3 时 ,随其初始浓度增加会促进 3种赤潮藻生长 ,但当初始浓度大于营养盐生长阈值时 ,随营养盐初始浓度增加反而会逐渐限制其生长。这表明 3种海洋赤潮藻都存在 1个适宜其生长的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 ,其中新月菱形藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =2 0∶ 1,旋链角毛藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =19∶ 1,中肋骨条藻的 (N∶ P) 最佳值 =32∶ 1。

江苏滆湖浮游藻类群落结构特征

2004年4月—2006年1月对江苏滆湖的浮游藻类进行了调查,分析了浮游藻类的群落结构、物种多样性以及浮游藻类与滆湖理化参数的相互关系。调查共鉴定出浮游藻类8门147属267种,绿藻种类最多,其次是硅藻和蓝藻;优势种主要是铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、不定微囊藻(M.incerta)、点状平裂藻(Merismopedia punctata)、微小平裂藻(M.tenuissima)、线形棒条藻(Rhabdoerma lineare)和小空星藻(Goelastrum microporum);总藻类密度年平均值为4871.09×104ind·L-1,生物量年平均值为7.302mg·L-1;密度秋季最高,生物量春、秋季较高;春季藻类物种多样性最高,多样性指数与其藻类密度负相关而与藻类生物量正相关;滆湖浮游藻类现存量由北向南逐渐减小,北部湖区与中部湖区浮游藻类现存量差异不显著,与南部湖区的差异显著,中部湖区与南部湖区间差异不显著。

三峡大宁河水体光学特征及其对藻类生物量的影响

基于2012-04-27—2013-01-19大宁河不同水文期的监测数据,确定大宁河水体光学特性的季节变化特征,并探究其对藻类生物量的影响.结果表明:①不同水文期大宁河的Deu(真光层深度)差异显著(P<0.01),最高值出现在高水位运行期,为(5.22±2.70)^(8.71±5.20)m;最低值出现在汛限期,为(3.22±0.08)^(3.81±0.14)m.②回归分析结果表明,ρ(SS)能较好地反演真光层深度的时空变化规律,而ρ(Chla)的解释度不高,仅用ρ(SS)即可有效地反推真光层深度.③利用局部多项式回归拟合大宁河Et(总能量密度)和浮游生物量的回归模型,结果表明,在100<Et≤300时,藻类生物量随着Et的增加而增大;Et>300时则出现"光抑制"现象,藻类生物量随着Et的增加而减少,基本符合藻类生物量随光辐射强度而改变的响应机制.

浙江省枸杞岛潮间带大型底栖海藻群落的研究

于2011年对浙江省枸杞岛潮间带大型底栖海藻资源进行了调查,以研究该海域大型底栖海藻群落结构的季节性变化及物种多样性。结果表明:采集到大型底栖海藻共65种,其中红藻门42种,褐藻门11种,绿藻门11种,蓝藻门1种。海藻种类季节性变化明显:春季最多,冬季次之,然后是秋季,夏季最少。大型底栖海藻的生物量季节性变化表现为:春季>秋季>夏季>冬季。海藻群落优势种为铜藻(Sargassum horneri)、无柄珊瑚藻(Corallina sessilis)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentarius)、孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)、裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)、粗枝软骨藻(Chondria crassicaulis)、小石花菜(Gelidium divaricatum)和羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)等。多样性指数季节性变化表现为春季>秋季>夏季>冬季。调查结果表明枸杞岛潮间带大型底栖海藻群落结构相对稳定。

南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量与TN、TP的年变化特征及相关性研究

采用统计学方法,对南太湖水域三个入湖口(小梅港、新塘港、大钱港)水质中蓝藻生物量、TN和TP的年变化特征进行了调查;通过SPSS10.0软件对蓝藻生物量与TN和TP的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量一般有两个高位期,分别出现在每年的5—6月和9—10月;(2)南太湖入湖口的TN和TP处于富营养化水平,TN有朝重富营养化发展的趋势;(3)2008—2009年蓝藻生物量与TN的相关性系数r介于-0.010—0.210之间,呈现不相关;2010年r介于0.43—0.47,呈现低度负相关;(4)3年中蓝藻生物量与TP的相关性系数r介于0.30—0.80,呈现正相关。南太湖沿岸TP出现在0.05—0.20mg/L范围内频率达90%以上,蓝藻高位期时TP浓度在0.1—0.15mg/L范围。结果说明,南太湖沿岸水体中氮和磷营养盐水平较高,已经不容忽视,蓝藻生物量与TN之间存在一定的此消彼长规律,水体中TP已经是南太湖各入湖口蓝藻生长繁殖的相关性因子。

南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量与COD_(Mn)和DO的相关性研究

采用水质监测方法对2008—2010年南太湖水域三个入湖口(小梅港、新塘港、大钱港)水体中蓝藻生物量、CODMn和DO的时空变化特征进行了监测和调查,并通过SPSS10.0软件对蓝藻生物量与CODMn和DO的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)3年内南太湖入湖口蓝藻颗粒数在1.0×106个/L以上范围的频率每年超过50%,最高在3.0×107个/L左右;(2)南太湖入湖口CODMn指标大部分处于较高的污染水平,最高有6.5mg/L,最低约3.0mg/L;(3)蓝藻生物量与CODMn的相关性系数r介于0.3—0.7之间,呈现中低度正相关;(4)3年内蓝藻生物量与DO的相关性系数r介于0.30—0.50,呈现低度正相关,DO浓度有70%以上的频率大于6.0mg/L。结果表明,3个入湖口溶解氧指标能达Ⅱ—Ⅲ类地表水水质标准,但有机物污染已经不容忽视,并且与蓝藻暴发呈一定的相关性。