The frequency and scale of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and marine algal toxin incidents have been increasing and spreading in the past two decades, causing damages to the marine environment and threatening human life th...The frequency and scale of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and marine algal toxin incidents have been increasing and spreading in the past two decades, causing damages to the marine environment and threatening human life through contaminated seafood. To better understand the effect of HAB and marine algal toxins on marine environment and human health in China, this paper overviews HAB occurrence and marine algal toxin incidents, as well as their environmental and health effects in this country. HAB has been increasing rapidly along the Chinese coast since the 1970s, and at least 512 documented HAB events have occurred from 1952 to 2002 in the Chinese mainland. It has been found that PSP and DSP toxins are distributed widely along both the northern and southern Chinese coasts. The HAB and marine algal toxin events during the 1990s in China were summarized, showing that the HAB and algal toxins resulted in great damages to local fisheries, marine culture, quality of marine environment, and human health. Therefore, to protect the coastal environment and human health, attention to HAB and marine algal toxins is urgently needed from the environmental and epidemiologicalview.展开更多
Lipophilic marine algal toxins(LMATs)are produced by some toxigenic microalgae,which pose a serious threat to marine ecosystem and even human health.The occurrence and environmental control factors of LMATs in the sur...Lipophilic marine algal toxins(LMATs)are produced by some toxigenic microalgae,which pose a serious threat to marine ecosystem and even human health.The occurrence and environmental control factors of LMATs in the surface seawater and phytoplankton in spring in Laizhou Bay in which Huanghe(Yellow)River estuary is included,in Shandong,East China were investigated.Okadaic acid(OA),pectenotoxin-2(PTX2),dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1),pectenotoxin-2 seco acid(PTX2 SA),DTX2,7-epi-PTX2 SA,PTX11,and 13-desmethyl spirolide C(SPX1)were detected from the surface seawater samples,and PTX2,7-epi-PTX2 SA,OA,DTX2,DTX1,PTX2 SA,and PTX11 were discovered in the phytoplankton samples showed a decreasing trend.The concentrations of∑LMATs in the seawater and phytoplankton ranged 2.03-74.38 ng/L on average of 13.72 ng/L and 0.98-479.27 pg/L on average of 50.20 pg/L,respectively.The joint influence of terrigenous input and internal circulation could promote the growth,toxin production,and toxin release of toxin-producing algae,leading to a higher content of LMATs in the bay nearby the Huanghe River estuary in both seawater and phytoplankton.The concentration of LMATs in spring was higher than that in summer,showing obvious seasonal variation.In addition,no significant correlation between most of the physiochemical parameters and LMAT contents in seawater was revealed by correlation analysis except for the positive correlation between DTX2 and chlorophyll a,OA and NH4-N.However,the increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen content in seawater could enhance the production of OA,DTX1,and DTX2 in phytoplankton due probably to that the inorganic N input could benefit the growth and stimulate toxin production of toxin-producing algae.The result also proved that some PTX2 may be originated from Procentrum spp.and OA,DTXs and part of PTX2 may be originated from Dinophysis spp.展开更多
The“harmful algae and algal toxins in coastal waters of China:investigation and database”project(HAATC)is funded(US$2.3 million)by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for 60 months starting on the 1st Ja...The“harmful algae and algal toxins in coastal waters of China:investigation and database”project(HAATC)is funded(US$2.3 million)by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for 60 months starting on the 1st Jan 2019.Since the 1990s,national projects and other related work have greatly improved harmful algal bloom(HAB)research in China.However,the existing research on HABs is often limited to specific sea areas or specific algal bloom disasters,which is insufficient for understanding the long-term evolution of HAB occurrence under the influence of intensified human activity and global change.The HAATC project intends to determine the overall distribution of marine harmful microalgae and macroalgae,and marine algal toxins(in phytoplankton and shellfish)through a large-scale investigation in the coastal waters of China and continuous investigation in key sea areas.It also aims to observe biotic and abiotic processes during harmful red tides and green tides,and establish an open database and query platform of HABs in China.The research consortium,led by chief scientist Prof.Tian YAN,includes approximately 100 scientists and students.More than 2 years of work have shown the increased distribution of HAB species(including cysts)and algal toxins in China’s coastal waters,the increased occurrence of macroalgae blooms(mainly by Ulva prolifera and Sargassum horneri)in the Southern Yellow Sea,increased amount of causative species being identified due to the use of molecular technologies in taxonomy,and new records of algal toxins such as azaspiracid,cycloimines and neurotoxinsβ-N-methylamino-l-alanine have been detected,which complicates the research in algal toxins and toxicology.Eventually,the project will provide systematic basic data and techniques for the rapid and accurate identification of harmful algae species to support the research,monitoring,and control of harmful algal blooms,as well as seafood safety management in China.展开更多
Degraded water quality from nutrient pollution,physical,biological,and other chemical factors contributes to the development and persistence of many harmful algal blooms(HAB s).The complex dynamics of the HAB s is a c...Degraded water quality from nutrient pollution,physical,biological,and other chemical factors contributes to the development and persistence of many harmful algal blooms(HAB s).The complex dynamics of the HAB s is a challenge to marine ecosystems for the toxic effects reported.The consequences include fish,bird,and mammal mortality,respiratory or digestive tract problems,memory loss,seizures,lesions and skin irritation in many organisms.This review is intended to briefly summarize the recent reported information on harmful marine toxin deleterious effects over the primary organisms of the food web,namely algae,zooplankton and invertebrates.Special focus is made on oxidative stress status of cells and tissues.Even though in situ field research is less controlled than laboratory studies,in which the organisms are directly exposed to the toxins under consideration,both types of approaches are required to fully understand such a complex scenario.On top of that,the contribution of the increasing water temperatures in the sea,as a consequence of the global climate change,will be addressed as a topic for further studies,to evaluate the effect on regulating algal growth,species composition,trophic structure,metabolic stress and function of aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects.While the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of ...Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects.While the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s,the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t century.Yet largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called“green tides”)have occurred annually since 2007 in the Yellow Sea.Six people were poisoned and one person died in Lianyungang in 2008 due to ingestion of algal toxins.Moreover,the Yellow Sea experienced co-occurrence of harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides in 2017.This combination of events,rare worldwide,indicates the potential for further deterioration of the marine environment in the Yellow Sea,which may be related to climate change,aquaculture,and other human activities.Using the SYS as an example,we collected data of the frequency and scale of HABs over the years,as well as that of marine algal toxins,and analyzed the trend in the diversity of HABs in the SYS,to explore the causes and impacts of HABs,as well as the interrelationships among dif ferent types of HABs,including harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides.We also attempted to improve our understanding of HAB evolution under the influence of global climate change and intensified human activities.展开更多
Objective Impact of the presence of bacteria associated with a marine dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense CI01, on the growth and toxin production of the algae in batch culture was investigated. Methods Pronounced c...Objective Impact of the presence of bacteria associated with a marine dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense CI01, on the growth and toxin production of the algae in batch culture was investigated. Methods Pronounced changes in the activities of the algal culture were observed when the culture was treated with different doses of a mixture of penicillin and streptomycin. Results In the presence of antibiotics at the initial concentration of 100 u/mL in culture medium, both algal growth and toxin yield increased markedly. When the concentration of antibiotics was increased to 500 u/mL, the microalgal growth was inhibited, but resumed in a few days to eventually reach the same level of growth and toxin production as at the lower dose of the antibiotics. When the antibiotics were present at a concentration of 1 000 u/mL, the algal growth was inhibited permanently. Conclusions The results indicate that antibiotics can enhance algal growth and toxin production not only through their inhibition of the growth and hence competition for nutrients, but also through their effects on the physiology of the algae.展开更多
Objective To explore the potential reporter gene assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific toxins in shellfish as an alternative for screening harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins, considering the fact that the e...Objective To explore the potential reporter gene assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific toxins in shellfish as an alternative for screening harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins, considering the fact that the existing methods including HPLC and bioassay are inappropriate for identifying HAB toxins which poses a serious problem on human health and shellfish industry. Methods A reporter plasmid pEGFP-c-fos containing c-fos promoter and EGFP was constructed and transfected into T24 cells using LipofectAMINE 2000. Positive transfcctants were screened by G418 to produce a pEGFP-c-fos-T24 cell line. After addition of increasing neurotoxic shellfish poison (NSP) or GTX2,3, primary components of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), changes in expression of EGFP in the cell line were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope and quantified with Image-pro Plus software. Results Dose-dependent changes in the intensity of green fluorescence were observed for NSP in a range from 0 to 10 ng/mL and for GTX2,3 from 0 to 16 ng/mL. Conclusion pEGFP-c-fos-T24 can be applied in detecting HAB toxins, and cell-based assay can be used as an alternative for screening sodium channel-specific HAB toxins.展开更多
基金This study was supported by National Basic Research Project No. 2001CB4097 NSFC Projects No.20177023+2 种基金 40076030 CAS Innovation Project No. KZCX2-206 Project of Shandong Province Science Committee No.012110115.
文摘The frequency and scale of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and marine algal toxin incidents have been increasing and spreading in the past two decades, causing damages to the marine environment and threatening human life through contaminated seafood. To better understand the effect of HAB and marine algal toxins on marine environment and human health in China, this paper overviews HAB occurrence and marine algal toxin incidents, as well as their environmental and health effects in this country. HAB has been increasing rapidly along the Chinese coast since the 1970s, and at least 512 documented HAB events have occurred from 1952 to 2002 in the Chinese mainland. It has been found that PSP and DSP toxins are distributed widely along both the northern and southern Chinese coasts. The HAB and marine algal toxin events during the 1990s in China were summarized, showing that the HAB and algal toxins resulted in great damages to local fisheries, marine culture, quality of marine environment, and human health. Therefore, to protect the coastal environment and human health, attention to HAB and marine algal toxins is urgently needed from the environmental and epidemiologicalview.
基金Supported by the Science&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2018FY100200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2106205,U1706217)+1 种基金the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction II(No.GASI-01-ATP-STwin)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2018YFC1407600)。
文摘Lipophilic marine algal toxins(LMATs)are produced by some toxigenic microalgae,which pose a serious threat to marine ecosystem and even human health.The occurrence and environmental control factors of LMATs in the surface seawater and phytoplankton in spring in Laizhou Bay in which Huanghe(Yellow)River estuary is included,in Shandong,East China were investigated.Okadaic acid(OA),pectenotoxin-2(PTX2),dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1),pectenotoxin-2 seco acid(PTX2 SA),DTX2,7-epi-PTX2 SA,PTX11,and 13-desmethyl spirolide C(SPX1)were detected from the surface seawater samples,and PTX2,7-epi-PTX2 SA,OA,DTX2,DTX1,PTX2 SA,and PTX11 were discovered in the phytoplankton samples showed a decreasing trend.The concentrations of∑LMATs in the seawater and phytoplankton ranged 2.03-74.38 ng/L on average of 13.72 ng/L and 0.98-479.27 pg/L on average of 50.20 pg/L,respectively.The joint influence of terrigenous input and internal circulation could promote the growth,toxin production,and toxin release of toxin-producing algae,leading to a higher content of LMATs in the bay nearby the Huanghe River estuary in both seawater and phytoplankton.The concentration of LMATs in spring was higher than that in summer,showing obvious seasonal variation.In addition,no significant correlation between most of the physiochemical parameters and LMAT contents in seawater was revealed by correlation analysis except for the positive correlation between DTX2 and chlorophyll a,OA and NH4-N.However,the increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen content in seawater could enhance the production of OA,DTX1,and DTX2 in phytoplankton due probably to that the inorganic N input could benefit the growth and stimulate toxin production of toxin-producing algae.The result also proved that some PTX2 may be originated from Procentrum spp.and OA,DTXs and part of PTX2 may be originated from Dinophysis spp.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2018FY100200)。
文摘The“harmful algae and algal toxins in coastal waters of China:investigation and database”project(HAATC)is funded(US$2.3 million)by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for 60 months starting on the 1st Jan 2019.Since the 1990s,national projects and other related work have greatly improved harmful algal bloom(HAB)research in China.However,the existing research on HABs is often limited to specific sea areas or specific algal bloom disasters,which is insufficient for understanding the long-term evolution of HAB occurrence under the influence of intensified human activity and global change.The HAATC project intends to determine the overall distribution of marine harmful microalgae and macroalgae,and marine algal toxins(in phytoplankton and shellfish)through a large-scale investigation in the coastal waters of China and continuous investigation in key sea areas.It also aims to observe biotic and abiotic processes during harmful red tides and green tides,and establish an open database and query platform of HABs in China.The research consortium,led by chief scientist Prof.Tian YAN,includes approximately 100 scientists and students.More than 2 years of work have shown the increased distribution of HAB species(including cysts)and algal toxins in China’s coastal waters,the increased occurrence of macroalgae blooms(mainly by Ulva prolifera and Sargassum horneri)in the Southern Yellow Sea,increased amount of causative species being identified due to the use of molecular technologies in taxonomy,and new records of algal toxins such as azaspiracid,cycloimines and neurotoxinsβ-N-methylamino-l-alanine have been detected,which complicates the research in algal toxins and toxicology.Eventually,the project will provide systematic basic data and techniques for the rapid and accurate identification of harmful algae species to support the research,monitoring,and control of harmful algal blooms,as well as seafood safety management in China.
基金supported by grants from the university of Buenos Aires(uBACyT 20020170100199BA)National Council for Science and Technology(CONICET PIP 11220170100539CO).
文摘Degraded water quality from nutrient pollution,physical,biological,and other chemical factors contributes to the development and persistence of many harmful algal blooms(HAB s).The complex dynamics of the HAB s is a challenge to marine ecosystems for the toxic effects reported.The consequences include fish,bird,and mammal mortality,respiratory or digestive tract problems,memory loss,seizures,lesions and skin irritation in many organisms.This review is intended to briefly summarize the recent reported information on harmful marine toxin deleterious effects over the primary organisms of the food web,namely algae,zooplankton and invertebrates.Special focus is made on oxidative stress status of cells and tissues.Even though in situ field research is less controlled than laboratory studies,in which the organisms are directly exposed to the toxins under consideration,both types of approaches are required to fully understand such a complex scenario.On top of that,the contribution of the increasing water temperatures in the sea,as a consequence of the global climate change,will be addressed as a topic for further studies,to evaluate the effect on regulating algal growth,species composition,trophic structure,metabolic stress and function of aquatic ecosystems.
基金Supported by the Science&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2018FY100200)the Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science,Chinese Academy of Science(No.COMS2019Q05)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23050302)the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.2018SDKJ0504)the Sino-Australian Centre for Healthy Coasts(No.2016YFE0101500)。
文摘Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects.While the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s,the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t century.Yet largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called“green tides”)have occurred annually since 2007 in the Yellow Sea.Six people were poisoned and one person died in Lianyungang in 2008 due to ingestion of algal toxins.Moreover,the Yellow Sea experienced co-occurrence of harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides in 2017.This combination of events,rare worldwide,indicates the potential for further deterioration of the marine environment in the Yellow Sea,which may be related to climate change,aquaculture,and other human activities.Using the SYS as an example,we collected data of the frequency and scale of HABs over the years,as well as that of marine algal toxins,and analyzed the trend in the diversity of HABs in the SYS,to explore the causes and impacts of HABs,as well as the interrelationships among dif ferent types of HABs,including harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides.We also attempted to improve our understanding of HAB evolution under the influence of global climate change and intensified human activities.
基金This study was supported by the key project of the National 10th Five-Year Plan Programthe research project title was research and development of red tide microalgal toxin (2001BA707B03)
文摘Objective Impact of the presence of bacteria associated with a marine dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense CI01, on the growth and toxin production of the algae in batch culture was investigated. Methods Pronounced changes in the activities of the algal culture were observed when the culture was treated with different doses of a mixture of penicillin and streptomycin. Results In the presence of antibiotics at the initial concentration of 100 u/mL in culture medium, both algal growth and toxin yield increased markedly. When the concentration of antibiotics was increased to 500 u/mL, the microalgal growth was inhibited, but resumed in a few days to eventually reach the same level of growth and toxin production as at the lower dose of the antibiotics. When the antibiotics were present at a concentration of 1 000 u/mL, the algal growth was inhibited permanently. Conclusions The results indicate that antibiotics can enhance algal growth and toxin production not only through their inhibition of the growth and hence competition for nutrients, but also through their effects on the physiology of the algae.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U0733006, 40976065)973 Plan of China (2010CB428702)
文摘Objective To explore the potential reporter gene assay for the detection of sodium channel-specific toxins in shellfish as an alternative for screening harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins, considering the fact that the existing methods including HPLC and bioassay are inappropriate for identifying HAB toxins which poses a serious problem on human health and shellfish industry. Methods A reporter plasmid pEGFP-c-fos containing c-fos promoter and EGFP was constructed and transfected into T24 cells using LipofectAMINE 2000. Positive transfcctants were screened by G418 to produce a pEGFP-c-fos-T24 cell line. After addition of increasing neurotoxic shellfish poison (NSP) or GTX2,3, primary components of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), changes in expression of EGFP in the cell line were observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope and quantified with Image-pro Plus software. Results Dose-dependent changes in the intensity of green fluorescence were observed for NSP in a range from 0 to 10 ng/mL and for GTX2,3 from 0 to 16 ng/mL. Conclusion pEGFP-c-fos-T24 can be applied in detecting HAB toxins, and cell-based assay can be used as an alternative for screening sodium channel-specific HAB toxins.
