Potassium-argon/argon-40-argon-39 geochronology of Cenozoic alkali basalts from the South China Sea

Based on the isotopic chronologic results of Cenozoic alkali basalts from the South China Sea, the characteristics of volcanic activi- ty of the South China Sea after spreading were studied. The potassium - argon ages of eight alkali basalt samples from the South China Sea, and the argon - argon ages of two samples among them are reported. Apparent ages of the whole rock are 3.80 to 7. 91 Ma with an average value of 5.43 Ma （potassium- argon, whole rock）, and there is little difference among samples at the same location, e. g. , 4. 76 - 5.78 Ma for location S（M-12. The argon - argon ages for the two samples are 6.06 and 4. 71 Ma, which lie within the age scope of potassium - argon method. The dating results indicate that rock-forming age is from late Miocene to Pliocene, which is consistent with erupting event for alkali basalts from adjacent regions of the South China Sea. Volcanic activities occur after the cessation of spreading of the South China Sea, which are controlled by lithospheric fault and the spreading center formed during the spreading period of the South China Sea. These dating results, combined with geochemical characteristics of these basalts, the published chronological data for the South China Sea and its adjacent regions, and the updated geophysical data near Hainan Island, suggest that after the cessation of spreading of the South China Sea, there occur widely distributing magmatic activities which primarily is alkali basalt, and the volcanic activity continues to Quaternary. The activity may be relative to Hainan mantle plume originated from core/mantle boundary.

Equilibrium between Clinopyroxene and Host Rocks:Implication for the Magmatic Source and Evolution of Alkali Basalts of the Taohekou Formation in the Northern Daba Mountains,China

The Taohekou Formation is a volcanic-sedimentary terrane formed in the early Silurian in the northern Daba Mountains, China. The volcanic rocks, with dominant alkali basalts and minor mantle xenoliths, are enriched in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Geochemical analysis shows that the composition of clinopyroxenes from different lithofacies has a close affinity. There is a liner correlation present in composition of clinopyroxenes （including phenocryst, microcrystal and xenocryst） from coarse porphyritic basalts, pillow or fine porphyritic basalts to amygdaloidal basalts. All the cllnopyroxenes, except the clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, show a similar pattern of trace elements and REE, which indicates that they are likely products of successive fractional crystallization from cognate magma. Clinopyroxenes in mantle xenoliths, however, are mantle xenocrysts. The crystallization pressure of clinopyroxenes gradually decreases from mantle xenolith, deep-seated xenocryst, coarse porphritic basalts, pillow or fine porphritic basalts, to amygdaloidal basalts, which are 1.92-4.41 GPa, 1.18-2.36 GPa, 1.13-2.05 GPa, 0.44-0.62 GPa and 0.14-0.28 GPa respectively. Calculation results suggest that the primary magma originated from a mantle region deeper than 68 km and stagnates in intervals of 37-68 kin, 15-20 km and 5-9 km during its ascent. The alkali basalts are characterized by increasing concentrations of Si and alkaline with the magmatic evolution. Meanwhile, they are markedly enriched in LREE, and the patterns of trace elements and REE are similar to those of oceanic island basalts.

Melt Pockets in Garnet Megacrysts from Cenozoic Alkali Basalts of the Shavaryn Tsaram Vicinity,Mongolia

Garnet megacryst with a multiphase inclusion from intraplate alkali basalts of the Shavaryn Tsaram(Tariat,Mongolia)was the object of the study.This unusual aggregate consists of porous glass,Ti-rich biotite,orthopyroxene,spinel,clinopyroxene,olivine,and ilmenite.Win TWQ 2.32 thermodynamic simulation of this system revealed a few intervals of equilibrium.Pressure and temperature adjustment reflected in the paragenetic minerals of the melt pocket.The capture of already crystallised garnet megacryst was at P=0.8-1 GPa and T=1120-1160℃.Mineral crystallisation inside the melt pocket,accompanied by external inputs,occurred at P=0.75-0.95 GPa;T=790-1120℃.Symplectite assemblage formed in the garnet megacryst due to decomposition at(P=0.55-0.7 GPa;T=850-930℃).The study of the oxygen isotope content in primary garnet and biotite of the melt pocket showed that the δ^(18)O_(VSMOW) values are the same and correspond to that of typical mantle xenoliths.However,the chemical and microcomponent composition of the melt pocket minerals reveals a material that differs from basalts and peridotites.Thus,it has been revealed that the multiphase inclusion in the garnet megacryst formed not only on account of the garnet’s substance,but also due to the entrapped material of the Earth’s interior.

Helium and Argon Isotopic Composition of Cenozoic Alkali Basalts and Mantle-Derived Xenoliths from Kuandian, Liaoning Province, China

The noble gas isotopic composition and content data of 2 alkali basalts, 3 lherzolite xenoliths and one clinopyroxene megacryst from the Kuandian region have confirmed the occurrence of a fractionation of noble gases during magmatism. Light noble gases such as He and Ne are high in mobility and appear to be incompatible as compared with heavy ones (such as Kr and Xe). Therefore, light noble gases are abundant in volcanics, especially in the volcanics with bubbles; lherzolite xenoliths have relatively high heavy noble gases. The clinopyroxene megacryst has the lowest abundance of noble gases, probably due to its high P-T origin. Noble gas isotopic composition of the clinopyroxene megacryst reveals that the mantle source beneath the Kuandian area has an MORB-like reservoir with 3He/4He ratio of ～10 Ra (Ra: atmospheric 3He/4He ratio) and 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 345.6. The lherzolite xenoliths possess moderate 3He/4He ratios of 2.59-4.53 Ra, reflecting the loss of primary helium during rock deformation or metasomatism caused by enriched mantle fluids during the up-lifting. The alkali volcanics have very low 3He/4He ratios (0.47-0.61 Ra), indicating a contribution of radiogenic 4He, probably having resulted from crust contamination. Most of the samples have excess 21Ne and 22Ne as compared with atmospheric neon, but Kr and Xe isotopic compositions are indistinguishable from atmospheric values within uncertainties with only individual samples having excess 129Xe, 134Xe and 136Xe.

Fluid Composition and Carbon & Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of Cenozoic Alkali Basalts in Eastern China

The fluid compositions of Cenozoic alkali basalts in eastern China have been determined by the pyrolysis MS method, meanwhile the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of CO 2 released from these samples at different heating temperatures have been analyzed by the vacuum step heating method. The data show the volatile heterogeneity in upper mantle sources and different evolution trends of alkali basaltic magmas in eastern China, and these alkali basaltic magmas may be generated in the oxidizing milieu, as compared with mantle derived xenoliths in these alkali basalts, and exotic volatile components were mixed into these magmas in the process of their formation and development.

Contribution to the Petrography, Geochemistry, and Petrogenesis of Zarqa-Ma’in Pleistocene Alkali Olivine Basalt Flow of Central Jordan

The Zarqa-Ma’in basalt (MB) occurs near a plateau basalt (wadi fills) covering about 15 km2 of Makawir, Ataruz, and Hammat um Hasana cone areas in central Jordan. The tectonic evolution occurred through intraplate volcanism and erupted through fissure systems along the Dead Sea, transforming the fault during Miocene to Pleistocene period. Three stages of eruption of MB have been recorded during Pleistocene from 6 to 0.6 Ma. The petrographic analyses data show that the MB rocks are composed of plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite, including secondary minerals calcite, iddingsite, serpentine, and zeolite. Furthermore, the MB rocks have narrow ranges of major and trace element concentrations, and are of under saturated silica type and belong to sodic alkaline magma series. The geochemical characteristics of MB indicate that MB was derived from a slightly fractionated magma as reflected by its high MgO (6.3 - 11.7 ppm) concentration with Mg number from 0.41 to 0.61, low silica content (40.83 - 47.55 wt%), and high Cr and Ni concentrations (115 - 475 and 105 - 553 ppm, respectively). This basalt exhibited low degree of partial melting (10%) for garnet peridotite mantle source. The model mineral fractionation showed that the MB could be fractionated to clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase.

Preliminary Study of Alkali Activation of Basalt: Effect of NaOH Concentration on Geopolymerization of Basalt

The main objective of this study is to examine the possibility of using fresh basalt powder in the preparation of geopolymer pastes. Four NaOH concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 M were used to alkali activation of basalt. In addition, effect of curing temperature at ambient, 45°C and 65°C were studied. The geopolymer pastes were investigated using FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS techniques as well as compressive strength up to 90 days. The results were shown the compressive strength of prepared geopolymer increased with concentration of alkali activator up to 90 days. On the other hand, the compressive strength of prepared geopolymer pastes were improved with increased curing temperature. The results showed that there was a change in the chemical and mineral structure, due to the reaction of the sodium hydroxide with the different minerals of the basalt. In addition, the Na/Al and Si/Al ratios were completely different from that of the raw basalt. The geopolymerization reactions occurred at the surface basalt and the unreacted basalt particles actually play a supporting role in the geopolymer properties.

Petrogenesis and Geochemistry of Neogene Basalts in Eastern Anhui

The basalt terrain of the Neogene Huangguoshan and. Guiwu Formations of eastern Anhui on the east side of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault belt is one of a few Cenozoic basalt terrains in eastern China for which detailed geochemical study has not been conducted. This paper reports the abundances of major elements and more than 20 trace elements (including REE) of 22 samples and the Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic compositions of 11 samples from the eastern Anhui basalt terrain, thus more or less systematically revealing the geochemical characteristics of this continental basalt suite. The paper discusses the origin of the basalt suite and the character and process of its mantle source. The basalt suite was derived from a heterogeneous continental lithospheric mantle with end members characteristic of the EMI-type oceanic basalt mantle, which was affected by mantle metasomatism (or enrichment of trace elements) and was characterized by a multi-stage evolution under open conditions.

Petrography, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Basalt Flow at Al Azraq Al Shamali Area, East Jordan

Al Azraq Al Shamali (AZS) basaltic rocks were investigated aiming to understand their mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry features, and to achieve that a total of sixteen representative rock samples were selected for both geochemical and petrographic analysis from several sites in the study area. Petrographic characteristics were analyzed by optical microscopy after preparation thin sections for representative rock samples, which show that all basalt samples have minerals comprising: olivine, plagioclase (labradorite), clinopyroxene (augite), opaque’s and some secondary minerals such as Iddingsite, however, the proportions of each mineral vary between samples. Normative mineralogy by using CIPW Norm showed that AZS basalt samples dominated by olivine, Diopside, and nepheline, and AZS basalt can be normatively classified as alkali olivine basalt. Some textures that may be evident on microscopic examination such as porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic, vesicular, intergranular, and ophitic to sub-ophitic texture. X-Ray Fluorescence was used for whole rock major elements analysis (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5 in wt%) and trace element (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ce, Nd and Ba in ppm). Geochemical analysis reveal that the basalt is alkaline and includes into Sodic series. AZS basalt are produced under-saturated within intraplate continental environment. The normalized trace element diagrams suggest that the AZS product of the asthenosphere part of the mantle at >100 km depth. Furthermore, the data of studied samples suggest that these rocks evolved from a melt formed by low degrees of partial melting. Also the geochemical variation trends of (AZS) basaltic samples supposing that the composition of these basalt have been influenced by fractional crystallization, without clear evidences for crustal contamination.

Characterization of Mineralogy, Petrography, Geochemistry and Petrogensis of Basaltic Outcrops in Jurf Ed Darawish Area, Central Jordan

This research was conducted to investigate the mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry and petrogensis of the basaltic flows in Jurf Ed Darawish (JDB) area of central Jordan. Sexton representative basalt rock samples were selected from the studied JDB outcrops. Modally, JDB consists of plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene (diopside), opaque’s, calcite and iddingsite minerals. Petrographically, basalt is holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic fine to medium grained and exhibited aphanitic to porphyritic texture. The common textures of the JDB rock samples were aphanitic, porphyritic, trachytic, glomeroporphyritic, sub ophitic, vesicular, and amygdaloidal. Geochemically, all of the inspected samples of JDB are located within Trachy basalt and plate alkaline basalt. The tectonic setting of JDB was plotted within the calcalkaline basalt and continental basaltic field. The rare-earth elements showed enrichment of the Ba and K, depletion of Ce relative to K, and enrichment of Nb and Pb with depletion of Y and positive Nb, Zr and Ti anomalies. Negative anomalies of Ba, Sr, Ti and P may be attributed to the fractionation of feldspar for Ba and Sr depletion apatite for P depletion. The positive Nb peak conforms to the tertiary as well as to recent continental alkali basalt provinces and acts as an indicator to the JDB product for the lithosphere from upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle.

Mineralogy and the Texture of the Basalt in Hail Region, Saudi Arabia

The study is carried out to list mineralogy and texture of the basalt in Hail region. The basalt flows belong to the Arabian Harrat volcanism. Cenozoic volcanism has produced 13, vast, basaltic fields in western Saudi Arabia, covering a total area of about 100,000 sq. km. The volcanism starts in the late Cretaceous time and continues periodically into the Holocene. The basaltic field presently investigated is known as Harrat Al-Hamad (or Harrat As-Shamah) which lies in northwestern Saudi Arabia, and continues northwards into Jordan. Mineralogical analysis of 20 rock samples indicates that the rocks are products of continental intra-plate magmatism;mostly as coarse-grained silica—under saturated olivine-rich alkali basalt. Mineralogical study shows that rocks are olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene, Nepheline and Opaque minerals. They correspond to alkali olivine basalts. Moreover, the main well-defined texture is intergranular, vesicular and amygdaloidal texture.

玄武岩纤维对单组分碱激发矿渣粉煤灰砂浆性能的影响

碱激发材料虽然具有很多优点,但传统的碱激发材料操作繁琐,且需要提前配置激发剂溶液,难以进行大规模商业生产。而单组分碱激发材料能够有效避免这一问题,可以先将固体激发剂与粉料混合制成半成品,像硅酸盐水泥一样,使用时只需简单加水即可,极大地提高了其商业可行性。另外,由于碱激发材料具有较大的收缩,因此尝试使用单组分碱激发矿渣粉煤灰砂浆,探讨玄武岩纤维掺量对其流动度、抗折强度、抗压强度及干燥收缩的影响,并使用SEM(扫描电镜)分析其微观机理。结果表明:单组分碱激发矿渣粉煤灰砂浆的流动性随着玄武岩纤维掺量的增大而逐渐降低,但其干燥收缩得到了有效降低,且其抗折强度和抗压强度得到了显著提高。

玄武岩纤维在碱介质中的侵蚀机理、性能变化及其耐碱性提升策略的研究进展

玄武岩纤维因具有高弹性模量、高抗拉伸强度等优点,常用于增强材料添加至混凝土、树脂等建筑材料中,能够显著提高基体的各项力学性能。但目前对玄武岩纤维在不同碱性环境下的侵蚀行为仍存在争议,因此,本文通过归纳玄武岩纤维的应用领域特点,以玄武岩纤维处于碱性环境为例,系统总结了玄武岩纤维的原料、化学成分/矿物组成及分类、碱侵蚀机理、碱侵蚀前后化学成分组成及微观结构的改变,以及侵蚀前后的性能差异。同时,总结了提高玄武岩纤维耐碱性的可能路径。综上,针对玄武岩纤维生产过程或表面处理来提高其在复杂环境介质下的耐受性,将会是未来拓展玄武岩纤维应用场景的关键研究方向。

白鹤滩水电站施工期玄武岩骨料碱活性长期跟踪分析

白鹤滩水电站地下洞室混凝土浇筑方量巨大,骨料采用玄武岩细骨料+玄武岩粗骨料的组合方案。为保证白鹤滩水电站地下洞室混凝土的耐久性,2017年11月至2021年8月的白鹤滩水电站主体工程施工期间,按季度连续对玄武岩骨料进行取样、跟踪分析,采用多种试验方法综合评价了其潜在碱活性。试验结果表明:白鹤滩水电站施工期玄武岩骨料中含有杏仁玄武岩、角砾熔岩等多种岩石,部分岩石中存有少量微晶-隐晶石英等活性矿物成分;SEM及EDS微观分析表明,含活性成分玄武岩骨料仅在高温和高碱的条件下才会产生危害性膨胀的碱-骨料反应;使用碱含量<0.60%的低热42.5硅酸盐水泥且掺入≥20%粉煤灰作掺合料的条件下,玄武岩骨料用于地下洞室混凝土工程不会产生危害性的碱-骨料反应。

纤维对碱激发矿渣胶凝材料的影响研究

为了改善碱激发矿渣胶凝材料(AASCM)在韧性方面的问题,通过对掺加不同纤维的碱激发矿渣胶凝材料进行抗压强度试验、抗折强度试验以及三点弯曲试验,研究不同纤维增韧的效果。结果表明3种纤维对碱激发胶凝材料的抗折增韧均有一定的改善且掺量越大效果越好。其中玻璃纤维(GF)增韧效果较差,玄武岩纤维(BF)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维具有相似的效果,而聚乙烯醇纤维表现更加优异,在2.0%的体积掺量下等效弯曲韧性提升了45倍。

短切纤维增强水泥基胶凝材料力学性能研究

为了改善油气井固井用硅酸盐水泥石的性能,通过测试水泥浆工程性能、水泥石力学性能及渗透性,结合SEM和XRD分析其微观结构及水化产物,探讨了两种纤维在增强水泥石力学性能方面的耐温耐久对比及作用机制。结果表明:1.0%的纤维对水泥浆工程性能促进效果最好;90℃下,玄武岩纤维耐温耐久性能较差,在水泥基体中被完全腐蚀,促进水泥水化产物及微裂缝的生成同时增强了水泥石强度,28 d后,水泥石抗压强度相比于空白样提高了16.71%;同龄期下,相比于空白样,耐碱玻璃纤维水泥石抗压强度降低了9.88%,抗折与抗拉强度分别提高了33.43%和23.17%,弹性模量降低了32.38%。表明耐碱玻璃纤维虽然一定程度上抑制了强度的发展,但其能够在水泥基体中稳定存在并能限制微裂缝的产生及扩展,拔出过程中消耗了大量能量,从而提高了水泥石的韧性。

柯坪玄武岩的岩石学、地球化学、Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成与岩石成因

柯坪玄武岩位于塔里木板块西缘,产于下二叠统库普库兹曼组和开派兹雷克组中。岩石化学组成以富集TFeO、TiO2、P2O5和SiO2不饱和为特征。大部分样品属碱性玄武岩系列,个别属拉斑玄武岩系列。它们的稀土元素和微量元素显示了板内拉张环境玄武岩的地球化学特征。εNd(t)=-1.73--3.69,εSr(t)=+27.56-+56.87,206Pb／204Pb=17.87-18.02,207Pb／204Pb=15.45-15.53,208Pb／204Pb=38.22-38.49。Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成证明柯坪玄武岩源自于前寒武纪的富集型大陆岩石圈地幔。而且,这种情况在塔里木盆地及周缘地区十分发育的镁铁质岩浆岩中具有广泛的代表性。据此,可以将新疆南部和北部划分为两个明显不同的同位素地球化学省。南部省以富集型地幔的同位素组成为特征,而北部省以亏损型地幔的同位素组成为特征。分属于这两个省的古生代晚期阶段岩浆岩有可能不是同一个地质过程的产物。

青藏高原羌塘中部蓝片岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

青藏高原羌塘中部的冈玛日 -桃形错地区蓝片岩被认为是板块构造边界的产物 ,通过对其主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征的综合研究 ,其原岩属于洋岛型碱性玄武岩。再结合该地区的地质研究 ,表明在该地区存在一个古特提斯洋 。

湘南宁远地区碱性玄武岩形成时代的新证据:锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年

采自宁远保安圩中心铺和李宅湘的碱性玄武岩中锆石的阴极发光图像显示出自形-半自形的晶形和均匀条带状吸收的特征。大部分锆石具有明显的板状环带,这是中基性岩中岩浆结晶锆石的典型结构。保安圩中心铺锆石的Th/U比值介于0.37～0.95之间,保安圩李宅湘锆石的Th/U比值介于0.43～2.53之间,表明它们都具有岩浆成因的特征。对保安圩中心铺玄武岩中20粒锆石和保安圩李宅湘玄武岩中13粒锆石进行了LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄测定,结果显示,保安圩中心铺34个测定点的206Pb/238U年龄主要集中在204～221Ma之间,加权平均值为212.3Ma±1.7Ma,保安圩李宅湘23个测定点的206Pb/238U年龄主要集中在196～226Ma之间,其加权平均值为205.5Ma±3.0Ma,表明保安圩玄武岩的结晶年龄为晚三叠世。

中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩及幔源捕虏体中的流体组成

中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩及其幔源三辉橄榄岩捕虏体中的流体组分存在差异,幔源二辉橄榄岩形成于以H_2、CO等还原性气体为主的流体环境中,其流体组分以含H_2高、挥发性气体总量低为特征;碱性玄武岩中流体组分以CO_2、SO_2和挥发性气体总量高为特征,在其形成演化过程中有SO_2等氧化性气体的流体加入。碱性玄武岩及二辉橄榄岩捕虏体中的流体组成表明中国东部上地幔源区存在不均一性,碱性玄武岩浆在形成演化上存在地区差异性。中国东部大陆的上地幔中可能存在P_(H_2)较高的区域。